US3034972A - Electrolytic production of aluminum - Google Patents

Electrolytic production of aluminum Download PDF

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Publication number
US3034972A
US3034972A US724595A US72459558A US3034972A US 3034972 A US3034972 A US 3034972A US 724595 A US724595 A US 724595A US 72459558 A US72459558 A US 72459558A US 3034972 A US3034972 A US 3034972A
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cell
electrolyte
lithium
aluminum
current
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Robert A Lewis
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Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp
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Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp
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Priority to US724595A priority Critical patent/US3034972A/en
Priority to GB8432/59A priority patent/GB902485A/en
Priority to FR790679A priority patent/FR1227482A/fr
Priority to DEK37367A priority patent/DE1144928B/de
Priority to BE590384A priority patent/BE590384Q/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ⁇ the production of aluminum by electrolytic reduction of an aluminum-containing compound, e.g. alumina. More particularly, the invention relates to an improved method for the electrolytic production of aluminum.
  • the production of aluminum by electrolysis of an aluminum-containing compound, e.g. alumina, dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte, e.g. cryolite, and deposition at the cathode is a very o ld process.
  • the alumina is broken down into its components; the oxygen is liberated at the anode and the aluminum -is deposted at the cathode, which forms the bottom of the electrolytic cell.
  • the pool of molten aluminum which is ormed in the bottom portion of the cell in eftect constitutes the cathode of the cell.
  • the total voltage drop across the cell is about 4.5 to about volts with a voltage drop between the anode and cathode of about 3.5 to about 4 volts.
  • the Voltage drop between the anode and cathode is composed of (1) the voltage required to overcome the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte and (2) the sum of the reversible decompositon voltage required for the cell reaction and the polarization voltages.
  • the voltage required, eg., in (l) above may be about 2 volts While the voltage of (2) may be about 1.7 volts.
  • the remainder of the cell voltage is required to overcome the resistance of the lining, the external conductors and connections, the anode, anode effects, and various contact resistances. Power Consumption per pound of aluminum produced generally falls within the range of ⁇ from about 7.5 to 8.5 kilowatt-hours (lswh).
  • the current efliciency (or Faraday effieiency) of the aluminum reduction process is only about 80 to 88% of the theoretical.
  • This relatively low efiiciency is due to a number of causes, particularly the formation of a "metal tog" at the aluminum cathode and recombination of the anodic and cathodic products, which are brought together by stirring and difl usion.
  • the formation and reoxidation of cathodic metal tog are more active the higher the 'temperature of the metal and the electrolyte, and the current efficiency thus becomes lower. Oonsequently, the
  • the minimum power required to produce alurninum metal may be calculated by the following equation:
  • Equation 2 may be expressed by AH (3) 23,070n
  • Equation 4 The heat of reaction evolved in Equation 4 is expressed by:
  • Equation 6 assuming a current etficiency of about 80 to 85% and a voltage drop across the cell of about 4.5 to 5 volts, which figures are representative for operation in the aluminum reduction industry, it is seen that the power eficiency is on the order of 30 to 35%. Consequently, the major part of the total power supplied to the cell is not utilized in producing aluminum.
  • aluminum fluoride due to its volatilty, can be used only in restricted amounts, e.g. up to in excess of the stoichiometric amount of aluminurn fluoride in cryolite. Therefore, calcium fiuoride has been used in amounts of up to l2.5% to further lower the liquidus which has been partly lowered by the addition of aluminum fluoride.
  • the practical limit of solublity of alumina is about 8% and, also, the alumina content diminishes as the electrolysis proceeds.
  • the addition of calciurn fiuoride as well as the additions of aluminum fluoride and alumina undesirably reduce the conductivity of the electrolyte.
  • ealeium fluorde undesirably reduces the density differential between the electrolyte and the molten aluminum.
  • potassium fluoride or cryolite and lithium fluoride or cryolite as a substitute for the sodium fluoride or sodium cryolite constituent of the electrolyte or as an additive thereto. It should also be noted that in an attempt to reduce heat generation of the cell, in order to increase power efiiciency, there has been a steady reduction in the industry in current density used in operation of electrolytic cells.
  • the usual electrolyte composition consists essentially of a mixture of the fluorides of sodium and aluminum in which alumina is dissolved.
  • electrolyte compositions consist essentially of cryolite and alumina and fall within the ranges, in percent by weight of electrolyte, of sodium cryolite (Na AlF to alum'num fiuoride (AlF )-O to 10%, calcium fiuorde (CaF )-5 to and alumina (Al O -2 to 6%.
  • the electrolyte composition is generally restricted to a sodium fiuoride to aluminum fiuoride weight ratio in the range of between 1.20 to 1.50 and the calcium fluoride content restricted to an amount within the range of 7 to 9%.
  • the freezing point of electrolyte compositions in the ranges set forth above is on the order of about 950 C. to 960 C.
  • the temperature of the electrolyte generally is maintained above about 965 C. to avoid Operating difficulties due to excessive freezing and thickening of the electrolyte crust which forms over the rnolten electrolyte and the occurrence of ledges covering the interor sides and part of the bottom of the lning.
  • Operating temperatures on the order of 965 C. to 975 C. are generally used in the industry today. Higher temperatures present difliculties due to reduced current eficiency resulting from two factors. One factor is the effect of temperature itself which reduces the current efliciency as temperature is increased.
  • Equation 8 all of the factors are theoretically varable, but from a practical standpoint only d, current density, may be varied a considerable amount.
  • the temperature cannot be increased for the purpose of reducing the specific resistivity because, as stated previously, an increase in temperature will result in lower current efficiency.
  • the reduction of anode-cathode distance, l would result in increased reoxidation of the cathodic metal. consequently,
  • the current density becomes the basic characteristic of the cell, and a reduction of current density has been the means used for reducing the heat generated in the cell;
  • a further object of this invention is to provide an improved method for the electrolytic production of aluminum metal Wherein the electrolytic cell productive capacity is increased with little or no increase in power Consumption per pound of aluminum metal produced and With a decrease in capital investment, maintenance, administration, and labor costs per pound of aluminum metal produced.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide an improved method or the electrolytic production of aluminum which results in better heat dissipation, greater current efficency and lower carbon Consumption per pound of aluminum produced.
  • an electrolytic cell Operating with a given Voltage drop across the cell can be operated with significantly greater productive ⁇ Capacity or output and with better heat dissipation, greater current efiiciency, and lower carbon consumption by carrying out the reducton of the aluminum-containing compound, eg.
  • alumina by a method Wherein a molten salt electrolyte consisting essentially of cryolite and alumina is modified by the presence of or containing a predetermined amo-unt of a lithium-containing compound and wheren use is made of a substantally increased current or, in other Words, Where there is established a current flow so that the resultant voltage drop across the cell is maintained at least substantially as great as that existing in the cell devoid of the lithium addition to the electrolyte.
  • the power 'Consumption per pound of aluminum produced 'generally is substantially the same as that for conventional cells.
  • the present invention also contemplates in some instances using a cell voltage and power Consumption greater than that of conventional cells but wherein the extent of pro-fit from increased production far eXceeds the added cost of power.
  • An even greater increase in produotive capacity of electrolytic reduction cells can be achieved by, in addition to the above features, passing electric current through such electrolyte from the anode to at least one cathodic currentconducting element exposed to the pool of molten aluminum at the base of the cell, which pool in effect constitutes the cathode, and wherein at least that portion of such element in 'contact with the molten aluminum consists essentially of a material possessing a low electrical resistivity, a low solubilty in molten aluminum and molten electrolyte under cell Operating conditions, is wettable by molten aluminum under cell Operating conditions, and has good stability under the conditions existing at the cathode of the cell.
  • the expression consists essentially, as used hereinafter in the specification and claims, means that the portion of the element made of one or more of the carbides and :borides referred to above does not contain other substances in amounts sufficient materially to aflect the desirable characteristics of the current-conducting element, although other substances may .be present in minor amounts which do not materially affect such desirable char acteristics, for example, small proportions of oxygen, iron, or nitrogen in titanium boride. It is preferred that the refractory materials in the current-conducting elements be essentially free from elements or compounds which would lead to undesirable contamination of the aluminum produced. Nevertheless, the current-conducting elements may contain initially, among others, certain compounds which dissolve out when the element is first put into use and which do not materially afiect the element.
  • That portion of the element consisting essentially of one or more of the above mentioned refractory materials should be composed of at least by Weight of such materials.
  • the elements have been found to possess a relatively high electrical conductivity (substantially better than that of canbon), a good resistance to attack by molten electrolyte, a very low solubility in molten aluminum at cell Operating temperatures, are Wet by molten aluminum under cell Operating conditions, and have a resistance to oxidation considerably better than that of carbon. Such elements can he produced in suitable forms With good mechanical properties.
  • the modification of the electrolyte or bath by the presence of lithiurn can be accomplished by an addition or incorpor-ation of a suitable lithiu-m-containing material to the conventional molten electrolyte in the cell or as a substitnte for calcium fiuon'de or soclium uoride or both.
  • the lithium-containing material may be incorporated by making up the electrolyte completely outside of the cell.
  • the oalcium fluoride can be maintained at a minium and in the preferred operation of the invention the electrolyte should not include intentionally added calciurn fluon'de.
  • lithium should he present in the electrolyte in an amount equal to that resulting from the addition of lithiurn fluoride in an amount from about 2% to 20% by Weight of the molten electrolyte, preferably from about 3 to 8%.
  • the lithium material may take the form of various compounds which are compatible With the other electrolyte con-stituents and do not introduce excessive amounts of impurities into the cell.
  • use can be made of lithium fluoride, lithium aluminum fluoride (lithiurn cryolite), lithium canbonate, lithium hydroxide, or lithium aluminate. In providing the necessary lithium content in the electrolyte, such compounds can be used singly or in combirration.
  • the end result in the molten electrolyte will be the same.
  • various lithium-containing compourds are suitable. for purposes of the present invention, from the standpont of handling, moisture pick-up, gas evolution, etc., the presently preferred source materials are lithium fluoride, lithium cryolite, and lithium aluminate.
  • the present invention invoives the presence of lithium in the electrolyte in a predetermiued amount coupled with maintenance of a voltage drop across the cell at least substantially equal to that existing in the cell devoid of the lithium content in the electrolyte.
  • the present invention utilizes a substantially increased current so that the resultant voltage drop is at least substantially as great as the first named voltage drop of the cell devoid of the lithium content.
  • the current is maintained at greater than a increase over normal operation, that is, operation of the cell devoid of the lithium content in the electrolyte.
  • the anode current density used in the operation of the conventional pre-bake cells is in the range of from about 6.0 to 8.0 arnperes per square inch and in the case of the conventional Soderberg cells, in the range of fromabout 4.5 to 6.5 amperes per square inch.
  • the anode current density determinations cited herein are calculated by dividing the current supplied to the cell by the nominal bottom ⁇ area of the anodes.
  • the significant increase in productive Capacity of the reduction cell is believed primarily due to the lower electrolyte resistance and to an increase in heat dissipation of the cell. Moreover, it is believed that the increased heat dissipitation of the cell is due to less bottom and side ledging :and a thinner top crust.
  • the initial freezing points of the lithium-'containing electrolytes are substantially lower than those of the conventional electrolytes.
  • the freezing point of an electrolyte containing 3% lithium fiuoride is about 940 C.
  • an electrolyte containing 7% lithium fiuoride has a freezing point of about 890 C. Therefore, with the lithium addition it is practical to use a lower Operating temperature. It has been found that with an electrolyte consisting of 34% lithium cryolite (corresponding to about 165% lithium fiuoride), 65% sodium cryolite and 1% alumina, operation of the cell could be car'ied out at 845 C.
  • the freezing point was such that operation of the cell could be carried out at 910 C.
  • the alumina solubility and solution rate is decreased; however, with the improvement of feeding techniques these higher additions will be of considerable value to the reduction operation.
  • the cell Operating temperature nay be from about 910 C. to 955 C.
  • the amount of super-heat (that is, the heat in excess of that required for melting) in the electrolyte of the invention While still maintaining a lower Operating temperature, may be substantially greater than that existing in a conventional cell This may account at least in part for less bottom ledging, lower cathode resistance and thinner top crust permitting better disspation of heat.
  • the lower Operating temperature of reduction cells according to the present -invention results in a lower net carbon consumption from anodes per pound of aluminum produced.
  • the lithium additions to the electrolyte elfect a greater density differential between the electrolyte and the aluminum metal.
  • a greater density differential between the electrolyle and the aluminum metal reduces the tendency for metal to rise into the electrolyte under forces caused 'by electromagnetic fields, discharge of anode gases, and thermal convection. This not only allows for better se'paration of the metal from the electrolyte but also has a clamping effect on the tunbulence induced in the metal and the electrolye by the magnetic fields resulting from the heavy electrical Currents. Turbulence from electromagnetic forces, which becomes particularly acute in large size cells, results in reoxidation of the metal which will seriously impair the current efliciency. With the clamping of the turbulence by the lithium-containing electrolyte, the working distance, that is, the anode-Cathode distance, can be decreased.
  • Table I sets fcrth comparative, average Operating data between two groups of nine conventional horizontalstud Soderberg cell-s in a commercial operation, one group Operating with and one group without the presence of lithium in the electrolyte or bath.
  • Table I'I records data which shows a comparison between pre-bake cells, and without the presence of lithium in the electrolyte.
  • FIG. 1 is a metal shell, generally steel, within which is disposed in the usual manner an insulating layer 2 which can be any desired material, e.g. alumina, bauxite, clay, aluminum silicate brick, etc. Within the insulating layer 2 is disposed cell lining 3 which can be of any desired material, eg., carbon, alum'na, fused alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide or other desired materials.
  • insulating layer 2 which can be any desired material, e.g. alumina, bauxite, clay, aluminum silicate brick, etc.
  • cell lining 3 which can be of any desired material, eg., carbon, alum'na, fused alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide or other desired materials.
  • the lining is made up of a plurality of carbon blocks or is a rammed carbon mixture or a combination of a ramrned carbon rniXture for the bottom of the -lining with side and end walls constructed of blocks of carbon.
  • the side and end walls can be constructed of blocks of silicon carbide or other suitable refractory.
  • the -lining 3 defines a chamber which contains a pool of molten aluminum 4 and a body of molten electrolyte or bath 5, as described.
  • electrolyte 5 and aluminum pool 4 are both in the molten state.
  • anode 6 of the conventional carbon type Suspended from above the electrolyte, and partially immersed therein, is anode 6 of the conventional carbon type and which can be either of the "pre-bake” or Soderberg (self-baking) type known to the art.
  • Molten electrolyte 5 is covered by a crust 7 which consists essentially of frozen electrolyte constituents and additional alumina. As alumina is consumed in electrolyte 5, the frozen crust is broken and more alumina fed into the electrolyte.
  • the anode is connected by suitable means (not shown) to the positive pole of a source of supply of electrolyzing current.
  • cathodic current-conducting elements 8 For purposes of completing the electric circuit use is made of cathodic current-conducting elements 8.
  • the elements 8 extend through suitable openings provided in the metal shell insulation layer and lining with the inner end thereof projecting into the pool of molten aluminum. The outer ends of such elements are connected by suitable means to negative bus-bars 9.
  • such elements may be made up entirely of the refractory hard metal, as described, or only in part, it being essential that that portion of the surface of the end of the element which is in contact with the pool of molten aluminum and electrolyte consists essentially of such materials.
  • the negative currentconducting elements can take the form of a sheet, plate, or other suitable shape and, also, Where in efiect it would function as the cathode of the electrolytic cell in place of the pool of molten aluminum.
  • Table III Examples of practice of the present invention, and involving use of a reduction cell structure similar to that schernatically shown in the drawings, are set forth in Table III below.
  • Table III data are given for two pre-bake cells (A and B) employing refractory hard metals as cathodic current-conducting elements and having lithium present in the electrolyte.
  • Operating data are given for a prebake cell not employing refractory hard metal cathodic current-conducting elements and not involving a lithium-containing electrolyte.
  • the power efliciences of the examples in Table III are 34%, 34% and 368% for the prebake cell without refractory hard metal cathodc current-conducting elements, Cell A, and Cell B, respectively.
  • the cell voltage drops are within the range of about 4.5 to 5.5 volts.
  • the invention s also applicable to other electrolytic cells, for example a multiple-cell aluminum reduction furnace having inclined bipolar electrodes as disclosed in French Patent l,1l9,832 and a cell employing sloping cathode walls as disclosed in French Patent l,ll9,82i.
  • a multiple-cell aluminum reduction furnace having inclined bipolar electrodes as disclosed in French Patent l,1l9,832 and a cell employing sloping cathode walls as disclosed in French Patent l,ll9,82i Manifestly, from these significant increases in productive Capacity or output stern important economic advantages.
  • Capital investment in electrolytic furnaces per pound of aluminum produced will be decreased. Also, labor, maintenance, and administration costs per pound of aluminum produced will be substantially reduced.
  • said lithiumcontaining material is at least one substance selected from the group consisting of lithium fluoride, lithium cryolite, lithium aluminate, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide.
  • lithium-containing material in said elect'olyte in an amount to provide in said electrolyte a ljthium content equal to that resulting from an addition of lithium fluoride in an amount from about 2 to 20% by Weight of the electrolyte and establishing a current flow so that the voltage drop is at least substantially as great as said first named voltage drop, the temperature of the lithummodified electrolyte being above about 845 C.
  • a method of increasing the output of an electrolytic alumirum reduction cell comprising the steps of passing a current from a carbon anode through a m'olten salt electrolyte consistng essentially of cryolite and alumina, and to a molten aluminurn cathode, ⁇ said electrolytevcontaining a lithiurn content equal to ⁇ that resulting from the addition of lithum fluoride in an amount from about 2 to 20% by weight of the electrolyte; and increasing the current u References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 400,664 Hall Apr. 2, 1889 886,757 Blackmore May 5, 1908 1,566,694 Railsback Dec.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
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US724595A 1958-03-28 1958-03-28 Electrolytic production of aluminum Expired - Lifetime US3034972A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US724595A US3034972A (en) 1958-03-28 1958-03-28 Electrolytic production of aluminum
GB8432/59A GB902485A (en) 1958-03-28 1959-03-11 Improvements in or relating to the electrolytic production of aluminium
FR790679A FR1227482A (fr) 1958-03-28 1959-03-27 Procédé de fabrication de l'aluminium par réduction électrolytique de l'alumine
DEK37367A DE1144928B (de) 1958-03-28 1959-03-28 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminium in einer Aluminiumelektrolysezelle
BE590384A BE590384Q (fr) 1958-03-28 1960-05-02 Procédé de fabrication de l'aluminium par réduction électrolytique de l'alumine.

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DE (1) DE1144928B (fr)
FR (1) FR1227482A (fr)
GB (1) GB902485A (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3294656A (en) * 1961-10-17 1966-12-27 Alusuisse Method of producing aluminium
US3380897A (en) * 1964-11-16 1968-04-30 Reynolds Metals Co Method of determining ore concentration
US3996117A (en) * 1974-03-27 1976-12-07 Aluminum Company Of America Process for producing aluminum
US4098651A (en) * 1973-12-20 1978-07-04 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Continuous measurement of electrolyte parameters in a cell for the electrolysis of a molten charge
RU2180020C2 (ru) * 2000-01-12 2002-02-27 Закрытое акционерное общество "КЛАФТ-ДЕК" Корректирующая литийсодержащая добавка к электролиту для получения алюминия
RU2255144C2 (ru) * 2003-04-16 2005-06-27 Открытое акционерное общество "Сибирский научно-исследовательский, конструкторский и проектный институт алюминиевой и электродной промышленности" (ОАО "СибВАМИ") Способ пуска алюминиевого электролизера
RU2266986C1 (ru) * 2004-06-15 2005-12-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Инженерно-технологический центр" Электролит для получения алюминия
CN102899688A (zh) * 2012-10-26 2013-01-30 中南大学 一种低温铝电解质

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1187808B (de) * 1963-08-17 1965-02-25 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Verfahren zur Verringerung der Fluoremission bei der Herstellung von Aluminium durch Schmelzflusselektrolyse

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US400664A (en) * 1886-07-09 1889-04-02 M Hall Charles Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis
US886757A (en) * 1904-08-22 1908-05-05 Henry Spencer Blackmore Art of reducing aluminium and other metals.
US1566694A (en) * 1925-12-22 Method of electrolytically producing aluminum
US1709759A (en) * 1926-01-27 1929-04-16 Aluminum Ind Ag Process of producing aluminum
US2062340A (en) * 1932-04-26 1936-12-01 Weaver Ida Shur Means for and method of producing aluminum
GB687758A (en) * 1951-02-27 1953-02-18 Ind De L Aluminium Sa A process for producing molten aluminium by electrolysis of aluminium chloride
FR1149468A (fr) * 1955-03-10 1957-12-26 British Aluminium Co Ltd Perfectionnements aux éléments d'amenée du courant dans les cuves électrolytiques pour la production d'aluminium
US2919234A (en) * 1956-10-03 1959-12-29 Timax Associates Electrolytic production of aluminum

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE829504C (de) * 1948-11-19 1952-07-10 Hans Grothe Dr Ing Verfahren zur elektrolytischen Gewinnung von Aluminium
AT182531B (de) * 1951-08-03 1955-07-11 British Aluminium Co Ltd Stromzuführung für eine Elektrolysierzelle zur Herstellung oder Raffinierung von Aluminium sowie damit ausgestattete Zellen und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Stromzuführungen
AT196136B (de) * 1954-01-14 1958-02-25 British Aluminium Co Ltd Stromführungselement für elektrolytische Zellen zur Herstellung oder Reinigung von Aluminium

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1566694A (en) * 1925-12-22 Method of electrolytically producing aluminum
US400664A (en) * 1886-07-09 1889-04-02 M Hall Charles Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis
US886757A (en) * 1904-08-22 1908-05-05 Henry Spencer Blackmore Art of reducing aluminium and other metals.
US1709759A (en) * 1926-01-27 1929-04-16 Aluminum Ind Ag Process of producing aluminum
US2062340A (en) * 1932-04-26 1936-12-01 Weaver Ida Shur Means for and method of producing aluminum
GB687758A (en) * 1951-02-27 1953-02-18 Ind De L Aluminium Sa A process for producing molten aluminium by electrolysis of aluminium chloride
FR1149468A (fr) * 1955-03-10 1957-12-26 British Aluminium Co Ltd Perfectionnements aux éléments d'amenée du courant dans les cuves électrolytiques pour la production d'aluminium
US2919234A (en) * 1956-10-03 1959-12-29 Timax Associates Electrolytic production of aluminum

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3294656A (en) * 1961-10-17 1966-12-27 Alusuisse Method of producing aluminium
US3380897A (en) * 1964-11-16 1968-04-30 Reynolds Metals Co Method of determining ore concentration
US4098651A (en) * 1973-12-20 1978-07-04 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Continuous measurement of electrolyte parameters in a cell for the electrolysis of a molten charge
US3996117A (en) * 1974-03-27 1976-12-07 Aluminum Company Of America Process for producing aluminum
RU2180020C2 (ru) * 2000-01-12 2002-02-27 Закрытое акционерное общество "КЛАФТ-ДЕК" Корректирующая литийсодержащая добавка к электролиту для получения алюминия
RU2255144C2 (ru) * 2003-04-16 2005-06-27 Открытое акционерное общество "Сибирский научно-исследовательский, конструкторский и проектный институт алюминиевой и электродной промышленности" (ОАО "СибВАМИ") Способ пуска алюминиевого электролизера
RU2266986C1 (ru) * 2004-06-15 2005-12-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Инженерно-технологический центр" Электролит для получения алюминия
CN102899688A (zh) * 2012-10-26 2013-01-30 中南大学 一种低温铝电解质

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BE590384Q (fr) 1960-09-01
GB902485A (en) 1962-08-01
DE1144928B (de) 1963-03-07

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