US3066232A - Ultrasonic transducer - Google Patents

Ultrasonic transducer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3066232A
US3066232A US819955A US81995559A US3066232A US 3066232 A US3066232 A US 3066232A US 819955 A US819955 A US 819955A US 81995559 A US81995559 A US 81995559A US 3066232 A US3066232 A US 3066232A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
transducer
back plate
ultrasonic
horn
acoustical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US819955A
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English (en)
Inventor
Norman G Branson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Branson Ultrasonics Corp
Original Assignee
Branson Ultrasonics Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Branson Ultrasonics Corp filed Critical Branson Ultrasonics Corp
Priority to US819955A priority Critical patent/US3066232A/en
Priority to CH658960A priority patent/CH385528A/de
Priority to FR829677A priority patent/FR1260903A/fr
Priority to GB20511/60A priority patent/GB957802A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3066232A publication Critical patent/US3066232A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
    • B06B1/0607—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements
    • B06B1/0611—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements in a pile
    • B06B1/0618—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements in a pile of piezo- and non-piezoelectric elements, e.g. 'Tonpilz'
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S29/00—Metal working
    • Y10S29/046—Vibration

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved ultrasonic transducer. More particularly, it relates to an ultrasonic transducer assembly which includes mass loaded ceramic elements and an integral acoustic horn.
  • the transducer assembly is a resonant unit, and one feature of the invention is that no cements or fluid couplants are required at the interfaces of the various elements of the assembled transducer.
  • Ceramic materials such as barium titanate are characterized as being ferroelectric since the crystal domains of the material may be polarized through the application of a large electric field and a residual polarization will remain in the material when the field is removed. These materials, when polarized, exhibit piezoelectric properties.
  • materials such as barium titanate have relatively low Curie temperatures, at which they become depolarized and lose their piezoelectric properties.
  • the Curie temperature of barium titauate varies from between 120 degrees to 130 degrees centigrade. Because these materials are heated when an alternating field is applied, which produces the ultrasonic energy when they are used as a transducer, the maximum power output of ceramic transducers is limited by the Curie temperature. It is therefore desirable to use ceramic materials having high Curie temperatures in ultrasonic transducers.
  • PZT Lead Titanate Zirconate
  • Lead Titanate Zirconate is, however, substantially more expensive than prior materials, such as barium titanate, and this expense has in the past limited its use in u'trasonic transducers.
  • One reason for prohibitive cost of employing PZT in ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonic cleaning apparatus is that in such apparatus it is desirable, in order to produce optimum cavitation in the cleaning fluids, that the transducer be operated at a relatively low ultrasonic frequency, of about 20 kilocycles, at which frequency a resonant plate of PZT would be approximately three inches thick.
  • a backing plate cannot be cemented to a piece of PZT by the couplants now used because these couplants do not stand up under the very high pressures, of from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per square inch, generated at the interface between the mass of the backing plate and the mass of the rest of the transducer when the PZT material is operated at maximum power.
  • the novel ultrasonic transducer configuration. of the present invention solves the above problems and makes full use of the high power capabilities of PZT by placing two thin discs of PZT material between a massive back plate and a conical acoustic horn which acts as a front plate.
  • the horn and back plate have a plurality of screws passing between them under great tension which hold the active material and massive plates together as a unit.
  • the driving potential is applied to a conducting plate between the two discs and the front plate and back plate are kept at ground potential, thus eliminating many insulation problems.
  • Solid soft precious metal films are placed between the elements of the transducer to eliminate the need for fluid couplants.
  • a further object of the inventon is to reduce the power to area ratio at the face of transducers using high power materials such as PZT to be'ow that which causes cavitations at the transducer-sonic medium interface while still utilizing the maximum power characteristics of the transducer material.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an acoustically and electrically resonant ultrasonic transducer of the above character.
  • FIGURE 1 is a side view of the ultrasonic electroacoustical transducer of the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 is an exploded view of the transducer of FIGURE 1; and, FIGURE 3 is a sectional view partially cut away of 3 the transducer of FIGURE 1, selected parts of the transducer being shown to an enlarged scale, taken along line 3-3 of FIGURE 1.
  • the ultrasonic transducer of the present invention comprises two flat discs of piezoelectric material, preferably a ceramic having high power capabilities such as PZT, mounted between an aluminum acoustic horn one-quarter of a wave-length long, in terms of the resonant mode of the transducer, and a steel back plate which together with the piezoelectric disc forms a unit onequarter wavelength in thickness.
  • a plurality of screws between the back plate and the horn are uniformly tightened to great tension and hold the unit together under substantial pressure.
  • Precious metal films are used between the various elements of' the transducer to acoustically couple them together, and to provide low resistance electrical contact with opposite faces of the active piezoelectric elements.
  • the ultrasonic transducer of the present invention designed for use as a resonant transducer at 20 kilocycles, there are two ceramic discs, 12 and 14 respectively, of PZT, each of which is a quarter of. an inch thick and approximately one and one-half inches in diameter.
  • the ceramic discs 12 and 14 have their flat surfaces, 16-17 and 18-19 respectively, plated with a soft. precious metal. such as gold, platinum or silver, which will not readily oxidize and is a good conductor of electricity.
  • a soft. precious metal such as gold, platinum or silver
  • a plurality of cylindrical holes 22 are drilled through the back plate 20 near its peripheral cylindrical wall.
  • the front face 23 of the back plate 20 may be plated with precious metal, as are the ceramic surfaces 16-17 and 18-19.
  • a front plate 24 is made of aluminum shaped into a frustum of a cone.
  • the front plate 24, which serves as an acoustic horn for the transducer, is 2 inches thick along its axis.
  • the small end 26 of the horn 24 is 2 inches in diameter and the large end 28 is 3 inches in diameter.
  • a plurality of tapped holes 30 are located near the periphery of the small end 26 of the horn 24 and correspond in position to the holes 22 in the back plate 20.
  • the small end of the horn 24 may be plated with precious metal as are the ceramic surfaces 16-17 and 18-19.
  • Aninert metallic sheet 32 which may be of nickel, is clamped between the two discs 12 and 14 and serves as one of the electrical conductors of the transducer.
  • a plurality of screws 34 pass through the holes 22 in the back plate 20 and thread into the tapped holes 30 in the horn 24.
  • the screws are preferably /32 screws made of stainless steel and are uniformly tightened to approximately 30 inch-pounds torque.
  • An electrical connector 36 is attached to the transducer by one of the screws 34.
  • the soft metal films at the faces 16-17 and 18-19 of the ceramic discs 12 and 14, and the corresponding films at the faces 23 and 26 of the back plate and horn 24, flow and serve as the couplants between the interfaces of the back plate 20 and the disc 12, the disc 12 and the nickel sheet 32, the nickel sheet 32 and the disc 14, the disc 14 and the front plate horn 24, combining the various elements of the transducer into a unified acoustical unit.
  • the discs 12 and 14 are of ceramic material, as in the present embodiment, they may be plated by the manufacturer in order to facilitate their polarization, and this plating of gold, silver or platinum may serve as the coupling film. However, if unplated if discs are used precious metal foils may be inserted between the elements, or the surfaces 23 and 26 and the sheet 32 may be thickly plated.
  • the completed unit shown in FIGURE 1, is attached to the side walls of an ultrasonic cleaning tank by bolting it to the tank, or by an adhesive bond between the front face 28 of the horn 24 and the cleaning tank wall, or in any other convenient manner.
  • the whole transducer is one-half wavelength thick from the back face 38 of the back plate 20 to the front face 28 of the horn 24 and is therefore resonant, when the transducer is operated at 20 kilocycles.
  • the horn 24 is one-quarter wavelength thick between the small end 26 and the large end 28, at resonance.
  • the ceramic discs 12 and 14 would freely resonate individually at 300 kilocycles in their thickness mode.
  • the back plate 20, ceramic disc 12, nickel sheet 32 and ceramic disc 14 form a unit which is one-quarter wavelength thick in terms of the resonant mode of the transducer.
  • the whole transducer is one-half Wavelength in total thickness.
  • the screws 34 stretch approximately one thousandth of an inch when they are tightened and vary in length over a few ten thousandths of an inch when the transducer is operated.
  • the screws 34 act as springs between the masses of the back plate 20 and the horn 24, and they are preferably of proper dimension and elasticity to allow the back plate 20 and the horn 24 to mechanicallv resonate at the resonant frequency of the transducer.
  • the aluminum front plate horn 24 has an acoustic impedance which is approximately intermediate between that of the disc 14 and water or any of the other common ultrasonic cleaning fluids so that, when the transducer is coupled to a cleaning tank, maximum power is transmitted into the ultrasonic medium within the tank.
  • Other materials than aluminum having the proper acoustic impedance may of course be used for the horn 24.
  • the enlarged area of the front face 28 of the front plate horn 24 allows the acoustic energy which is imparted to the small end 26 of the horn 24 to be distributed over the large end 28 before it is coupled into the ultrasonic medium, thus facilitating the introduction of acoustical energy to a large volume of fluid.
  • the large end 28 is large enough so that when the transducer is used at maximum permissible power, the sound intensity at that end is less than that which will produce cavitation at the coupled surface of the ultrasonic medium to which the energy is imparted. In this way maximum utilization of the PZT is achieved without producing cavitation at the transducersonic medium interface.
  • the shape of the horn 24 because of the shortness of the horn (one-quarter wavelength) and because a single frequency is to be utilized in the transducer, it is unnecessary that the horn 24 be in any other acoustical shape than conical.
  • the angle of the cone is not critical, it merely must be large enough to allow the proper increase in area between the small end 26 and the large end 28 of the horn 24 when the horn is one-quarter wavelength long.
  • the back plate 20 in the case of the transducer illustrated, is made of cold rolled steel, so that as previously stated, a large mass of material may be added to the transducer in a relatively small volume. However, any other convenient very dense material could be used as the back plate 20. This large mass, which reduces the resonant frequency of the transducer, facilitates the use of relatively inexpensive thin discs of piezoelectrical material.
  • the transducer is excited by applying an oscillating electrical potential between the terminal 36 and the nickel plate 32. This produces a field between the back plate 20 and the nickel plate 32 which excites the disc 12, and a field of opposite polarity between the horn 24 and the nickel plate 32.
  • the screws 34 serve as conductors between the back plate 20 and the horn 24.
  • the transducer When the transducer is operated in air at resonance, its impedance is primarily resistive and approximately 100 ohms. When submerged, the impedance may be as much as ten times this.
  • the transducer consumes 1 watt of power at approximately volts excitation when operated in air and has a quality factor or Q of between 200 and 400 when so operated. When operated coupled to a tank, the Q will be lowered to between 10 and 30.
  • An ultrasonic transducer comprising, in combination, means for transforming electrical oscillations into elastic vibrations, a front plate, a back plate, conductive elastic means under tension between said plates and forming a conductive connection between said plates, said transforming means having a first face in contact with said front plate and having a second opposed face in contact with said back plate, soft solid substantially nonoxidizing metal films at the interfaces of said transforming means and said plates, a first signal terminal connected to said back plate and a second signal terminal connected to a point between said faces whereby said metal films provide optimum acoustical and electrical coupling between said plates and said transforming means.
  • An ultrasonic transducer comprising in combina tion, piezoelectric means for transforming electrical oscillation into mechanical vibration, said piezoelectric means including at least one lead titanate zirconate transducer element a conductive front plate and a conductive back plate sandwiching said piezoelectric means, said front plate being in the shape of an acoustical horn, conductive means for electrically connecting said front plate and said back plate, and for holding said front plate, said piezoelectric means and said back plate together under tension to form a unified acoustical unit whereby the compression forces of said holding means provide optimum acoustical coupling between said piezoelectric means and said plates at first signal terminal connetced to said back plate and a second signal terminal connected to a point on said piezoelectric means intermediate said front and back plate.
  • the ultrasonic transducer defined in claim 2 for use in imparting ultrasonic energy into a medium; in which said front plate horn extends to one-half the acoustical length of said unified acoustical unit and is fabricated of a material having an acoustical impedance intermediate between that of said piezoelectric means and the acoustical impedance of the medium to which the ultrasonic energy is to be imparted.
  • the ultrasonic transducer of claim 2 in which said means for holding said front plate, back plate, and piezoelectric means together comprises a plurality of adjustable members in tension between said front plate and said back plate.
  • a resonant ultrasonic transducer comprising, in combination, two piezoelectric discs separated by a thin disc conductor of substantially the same diameter as said discs, a dense shallow cylinder of larger diameter than said discs forming a back plate therefor, said back plate and said disc forming a unit one-quarter wavelength thick in terms of the resonant mode of the transducer, a frustoconical acoustical horn one-quarter wavelength thick in terms of said resonant mode forming the front plate of the transducer, the small diameter end of said horn being adjacent to said piezoelectric discs, a plurality of screws between said back plate and said front plate in tension holding the transducer together as a unified acoustical unit, and soft solid slowly oxidizing metal films at the interfaces of said discs and plates.
  • An ultrasonic transducer comprising, in combination, a pair of piezoelectric elements separated by a conductive member, an electrically conductive front plate, an electrically conductive back plate, a plurality of electrically conducting elastic members joining and electrically connecting said front plate and said back plate, said piezoelectric elements being sandwiched :therebetween under a compression greater than the maximum internal pressures generated by said piezoelectric elements to form a unified acoustical unit, relatively thin films of soft substantially non-oxidizing metal between the piezoelectric elements and each of said plates and between each of said piezoelectric elements and said conductive member, whereby compression forces exerted by said elastic members provide acoustical coupling of said plates to said piezoelectric elements through said metal, while permitting mechanical resonance of said plates and means for applying an electrical signal between said conductive member and said back plate.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
US819955A 1959-06-12 1959-06-12 Ultrasonic transducer Expired - Lifetime US3066232A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US819955A US3066232A (en) 1959-06-12 1959-06-12 Ultrasonic transducer
CH658960A CH385528A (de) 1959-06-12 1960-06-09 Ultraschallerzeuger
FR829677A FR1260903A (fr) 1959-06-12 1960-06-10 Transducteur ultrasonique
GB20511/60A GB957802A (en) 1959-06-12 1960-06-10 Improvements in or relating to ultrasonic transducers

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US819955A US3066232A (en) 1959-06-12 1959-06-12 Ultrasonic transducer

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CH (1) CH385528A (de)
GB (1) GB957802A (de)

Cited By (43)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3117768A (en) * 1960-11-21 1964-01-14 Branson Instr Ultrasonic transducers
US3140859A (en) * 1961-01-17 1964-07-14 Internat Ultrasonics Inc Electroacoustic sandwich transducers
US3187207A (en) * 1960-08-08 1965-06-01 Giannini Controls Corp Transducers
US3218488A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-11-16 Branson Instr Transducer
US3240963A (en) * 1962-01-04 1966-03-15 Coal Res Inst Apparatus for generating ultrasonic vibrations in liquids
US3281612A (en) * 1962-09-12 1966-10-25 List Hans Piezoelectric device, particularly a force measuring instrument and the process of manufacturing same
US3370186A (en) * 1965-02-05 1968-02-20 Blackstone Corp Ultrasonic transducers
US4352459A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-10-05 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having an axially-extending liquid feed passage
US4434384A (en) 1980-12-08 1984-02-28 Raytheon Company Ultrasonic transducer and its method of manufacture
US4658154A (en) * 1985-12-20 1987-04-14 General Electric Company Piezoelectric relay switching circuit
US4895290A (en) * 1980-12-08 1990-01-23 Raytheon Company Method for bonding materials
US5834871A (en) * 1996-08-05 1998-11-10 Puskas; William L. Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US6016821A (en) * 1996-09-24 2000-01-25 Puskas; William L. Systems and methods for ultrasonically processing delicate parts
DE19906468A1 (de) * 1999-02-16 2000-08-31 Bosch Gmbh Robert Piezoelektrischer Aktor
US6127770A (en) * 1996-01-20 2000-10-03 Forschungszentrum Karlsrahe Gmbh Pressure wave sensor
US6313565B1 (en) 2000-02-15 2001-11-06 William L. Puskas Multiple frequency cleaning system
US6822372B2 (en) 1999-08-09 2004-11-23 William L. Puskas Apparatus, circuitry and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound waves
US20040256952A1 (en) * 1996-09-24 2004-12-23 William Puskas Multi-generator system for an ultrasonic processing tank
US20050017599A1 (en) * 1996-08-05 2005-01-27 Puskas William L. Apparatus, circuitry, signals and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US7019439B2 (en) 2001-07-30 2006-03-28 Blackstone-Ney Ultrasonics, Inc. High power ultrasonic transducer with broadband frequency characteristics at all overtones and harmonics
US20060086604A1 (en) * 1996-09-24 2006-04-27 Puskas William L Organism inactivation method and system
US20070205695A1 (en) * 1996-08-05 2007-09-06 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals, probes and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US7336019B1 (en) 2005-07-01 2008-02-26 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals, probes and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US20080047575A1 (en) * 1996-09-24 2008-02-28 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals and methods for cleaning and processing with sound
US20080063718A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Delivery Systems For Delivering Functional Compounds to Substrates and Processes of Using the Same
US20080061000A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic Treatment System For Separating Compounds From Aqueous Effluent
US20090014393A1 (en) * 2007-07-12 2009-01-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Treatment chamber for separating compounds from aqueous effluent
US20090014377A1 (en) * 2007-07-12 2009-01-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber having electrode properties
US20090168590A1 (en) * 2007-12-28 2009-07-02 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing antimicrobial formulations
US20090165223A1 (en) * 2007-12-27 2009-07-02 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for applying one or more treatment agents to a textile web
US20090166177A1 (en) * 2007-12-28 2009-07-02 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing emulsions
US20100044452A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2010-02-25 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic liquid treatment and delivery system and process
US20100150859A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2010-06-17 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Methods of preparing metal-modified silica nanoparticles
US20100152042A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2010-06-17 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Compositions comprising metal-modified silica nanoparticles
US20100206742A1 (en) * 2007-12-05 2010-08-19 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for treating hydrogen isotopes
US8057573B2 (en) 2007-12-28 2011-11-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for increasing the shelf life of formulations
US8206024B2 (en) 2007-12-28 2012-06-26 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for particle dispersion into formulations
US8454889B2 (en) 2007-12-21 2013-06-04 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Gas treatment system
US8616759B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2013-12-31 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment system
US8858892B2 (en) 2007-12-21 2014-10-14 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Liquid treatment system
US9421504B2 (en) 2007-12-28 2016-08-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing emulsions
US10702889B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2020-07-07 Cedrat Technologies Modular, submersible ultrasonic tubular transducer
US11975358B1 (en) 2021-06-24 2024-05-07 Cleaning Technologies Group, Llc Ultrasonic RF generator with automatically controllable output tuning

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FR2536622B1 (fr) * 1982-11-19 1986-03-07 Thomson Csf Hydrophone de vitesse

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US2514080A (en) * 1945-01-10 1950-07-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of obtaining high velocity with crystals
US2497666A (en) * 1945-05-04 1950-02-14 Brush Dev Co Electrode for piezoelectric crystals
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US2834158A (en) * 1955-01-28 1958-05-13 Gulton Ind Inc Ultrasonic drill
US2947889A (en) * 1956-08-27 1960-08-02 Gen Ultrasonics Company Electromechanical transducer system

Cited By (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3187207A (en) * 1960-08-08 1965-06-01 Giannini Controls Corp Transducers
US3117768A (en) * 1960-11-21 1964-01-14 Branson Instr Ultrasonic transducers
US3140859A (en) * 1961-01-17 1964-07-14 Internat Ultrasonics Inc Electroacoustic sandwich transducers
US3218488A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-11-16 Branson Instr Transducer
US3240963A (en) * 1962-01-04 1966-03-15 Coal Res Inst Apparatus for generating ultrasonic vibrations in liquids
US3281612A (en) * 1962-09-12 1966-10-25 List Hans Piezoelectric device, particularly a force measuring instrument and the process of manufacturing same
US3370186A (en) * 1965-02-05 1968-02-20 Blackstone Corp Ultrasonic transducers
DE1263373B (de) * 1965-02-05 1968-03-14 Blackstone Corp Ultraschallschwinger
US4352459A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-10-05 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having an axially-extending liquid feed passage
US4434384A (en) 1980-12-08 1984-02-28 Raytheon Company Ultrasonic transducer and its method of manufacture
US4895290A (en) * 1980-12-08 1990-01-23 Raytheon Company Method for bonding materials
US6288476B1 (en) 1981-02-10 2001-09-11 William L. Puskas Ultrasonic transducer with bias bolt compression bolt
US4658154A (en) * 1985-12-20 1987-04-14 General Electric Company Piezoelectric relay switching circuit
US6127770A (en) * 1996-01-20 2000-10-03 Forschungszentrum Karlsrahe Gmbh Pressure wave sensor
US5834871A (en) * 1996-08-05 1998-11-10 Puskas; William L. Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US20070205695A1 (en) * 1996-08-05 2007-09-06 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals, probes and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US8075695B2 (en) 1996-08-05 2011-12-13 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals, probes and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US7211928B2 (en) 1996-08-05 2007-05-01 Puskas William L Apparatus, circuitry, signals and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US6181051B1 (en) 1996-08-05 2001-01-30 William L. Puskas Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US6002195A (en) * 1996-08-05 1999-12-14 Puskas; William L. Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US20050017599A1 (en) * 1996-08-05 2005-01-27 Puskas William L. Apparatus, circuitry, signals and methods for cleaning and/or processing with sound
US6946773B2 (en) 1996-08-05 2005-09-20 Puskas William L Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US6433460B1 (en) 1996-08-05 2002-08-13 William L. Puskas Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US20020171331A1 (en) * 1996-08-05 2002-11-21 Puskas William L. Apparatus and methods for cleaning and/or processing delicate parts
US6538360B2 (en) 1996-08-05 2003-03-25 William L. Puskas Multiple frequency cleaning system
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CH385528A (de) 1964-12-15
GB957802A (en) 1964-05-13

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