US3147085A - Apparatus for growing whiskers - Google Patents

Apparatus for growing whiskers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3147085A
US3147085A US138101A US13810161A US3147085A US 3147085 A US3147085 A US 3147085A US 138101 A US138101 A US 138101A US 13810161 A US13810161 A US 13810161A US 3147085 A US3147085 A US 3147085A
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United States
Prior art keywords
whiskers
whisker
growth
growth chamber
chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US138101A
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English (en)
Inventor
Gatti Arno
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General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US138101A priority Critical patent/US3147085A/en
Priority to GB29410/62A priority patent/GB970635A/en
Priority to CH1076062A priority patent/CH403717A/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3147085A publication Critical patent/US3147085A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/60—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape characterised by shape
    • C30B29/62—Whiskers or needles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
    • Y10S264/19—Inorganic fiber
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T117/00—Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor
    • Y10T117/10—Apparatus

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 is a somewhat schematic section through an apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view, part in section and part in full, taken along the lines 2-2 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragment of the whisker growth substrate member showing the manner in which whisker growth occurs.
  • the apparatus of the present invention utilizes enclosure means which define a closed whisker growth chamber which has suitable openings for control of the atmosphere present in the chamber.
  • enclosure means which define a closed whisker growth chamber which has suitable openings for control of the atmosphere present in the chamber.
  • heating means capable of vaporizing the material to be used for whisker growth.
  • at least one growth substrate body which is suitably mounted for continuous movement through the hot, vaporizing zone created by the heating apparatus.
  • the final elements of the apparatus are a source of whisker material and a carrier member which functions to transport the material into the heating apparatus for vaporization and subsequent deposition upon the growth substrate means.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings wherein the numeral indicates an enclosure means having an inlet opening 11 and an outlet opening 12.
  • the enclosed chamber defined by member 10 can be referred to as the whisker growth chamber 15 since the vaporization and growth of whiskers occurs entirely within this chamber.
  • heating means here shown as an induction furnace 16, which is secured to the side walls of enclosure 10 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 2 of the drawings.
  • This furnace has a generally rectangular-shaped opening 17 and can be connected to a source of power by means of the electrical wires 18.
  • Furnace 16 defines a heated zone 20 in which vaporization of source material is effected.
  • Source material 25 that is, the material to be grown into whiskers, is transmitted to the heated zone 20 from a suitable source such as the electrically heated crucible 26 by means of a carrier member 27 which is mounted within the growth chamber for movement from the crucible 26 through the heated zone 20.
  • Carrier member 27 is shown in the drawings as being a generally cylindricallyshaped member open at both ends and held for rotation by a pair of idler rolls 28.
  • the carrier is driven by a drive sprocket 29 which engages suitably formed apertures 30 in the body of carrier 27.
  • the carrier 27 will similarly rotate in a clockwise direction so that it contacts the material 25 contained in crucible 26 prior to the time it enters the heated zone 20 of furnace 16.
  • a pair of growth substrate means 31 and 32 have been provided. These elements are also of generally cylindrical shape and extend through the rectangular aperture 17 and heated zone 20 of furnace 16 in the manner indicated. Both are supported by idler rolls 33 and are driven by drive sprockets 34 similar to drive sprocket 29 used in connection with carrier member 27. These sprockets 34 engage suitable apertures 37 formed in the growth substrate cylinders 31 and 32.
  • scraper means which are shown in the drawings as blades 46.
  • blades 46 There are two such blades for each of the growth substrate bodies, since the whiskers grow from both of the surfaces thereof.
  • the manner in which whisker growth occurs can best be seen in FIG. 3 of the drawings where whiskers 41 are shown growing from the opposed surfaces of one of the cylindrical substrate bodies. Collecting trays 45 have been provided heneath each of the scraper blades 40 to collect the whiskers as they are removed from the surfaces of the growth substrate cylinders.
  • alumina whiskers can be produced by placing a quantity of aluminum metal in the crucible 26 where it is maintained in molten condition. The heated zone 20 of furnace 16 would then be placed at a temperature of from about 1300 C. to 1600 C., a temperature of 1500 C. being highly desirable, and the growth chamber 15 continuously supplied with hydrogen having a dew point on the order of 50 F. Since the aluminum requires oxygen to form alumina whiskers, the dew point of the atmosphere is maintained at a level insuring some water vapor.
  • the flow rate of the hydrogen would normally be on the order of 3 c.f.h., although this rate is not particularly critical.
  • Whiskers of other compositions can be grown in the same manner merely by controlling the temperatures and atmospheres.
  • Metal whiskers for instance, can be produced by using a dry atmosphere or a vacuum so that oxidation of the metal does not occur during vaporization and growth.
  • An apparatus for continuously producing metal or metal oxide whiskers comprising, enclosure means defining a whisker growth chamber and including openings providing for the passage of a selected controlled atmosphere into said growth chamber, heating means positioned within said whisker growth chamber defining a vaporizing zone in which the selected whisker material is vaporized, means including a'carrier member mounted within said growth chamber for movement through the vaporizing zone to introduce a supply of whisker material thereinto, growth substrate means mounted within said chamber for continuous movement through the vaporizing zone to provide a base from which crystals may grow, and scraper means mounted in operative relationship with respect to the surfaces of said growth substrate means to effect removal of whiskers therefrom.
  • An apparatus for continuously producing metal or metal oxide whiskers comprising, enclosure means defining a whisker growth chamber and including openings providing for the passage of a selected controlled atmosphere into said growth chamber, heating means positioned within said whisker growth chamber defining a vaporizing zone in which the selected whisker material is vaporized, means including a carrier member mounted within said growth chamber for movement through the vaporizing zone to introduce a supply of whisker material thereinto, generally cylindrical growth substrate means mounted Within said chamber for continuous movement through the vaporizing zone to provide a base from which crystals may grow, and scraper means mounted in operative relationship with respect to the surfaces of said generally cylindrical growth substrate means to eifect removal of whiskers therefrom.
  • An apparatus for continuously producing metal or metal oxide whiskers comprising, enclosure means defining a whisker growth chamber and including openings providing for the passage of a selected controlled atmosphere into said growth chamber, electrical resistance heating means positioned within said whisker growth chamber and defining a vaporizing zone in which whisker material is vaporized, means including a continuous carrier mounted to carry a supply of whisker material from a source thereof through the heated vaporizing zone, growth substrate means mounted within said chamber for continuous movement through the vaporizing zone to provide a base from which whiskers may grow, and scraper means mounted in operative relationship with respect to the surfaces of said growth substrate means to effect removal of whiskers therefrom.
  • An apparatus for continuously producing metal or metal oxide whiskers comprising, enclosure means defining a whisker growth chamber and including openings providing for the passage of a selected controlled atmosphere into said growth chamber, heating means secured to said enclosure means within said whisker growth chamber defining a vaporizing zone in which Whisker material is vaporized, a source of whisker material contained within said growth chamber, a generally cylindrical carrier rotatably mounted in contact with the supply of whisker material, generally cylindrical growth substrate means rotatably mounted within said chamber for continuous movement through the vaporizing zone to provide a base from which whiskers may grow, and scraper means mounted in operative relationship with respect to the surfaces of said cylindrical substrates to effect removal of whiskers therefrom.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
US138101A 1961-09-14 1961-09-14 Apparatus for growing whiskers Expired - Lifetime US3147085A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US138101A US3147085A (en) 1961-09-14 1961-09-14 Apparatus for growing whiskers
GB29410/62A GB970635A (en) 1961-09-14 1962-07-31 Apparatus for growing whiskers
CH1076062A CH403717A (de) 1961-09-14 1962-09-11 Einrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Züchten von Einkristallen

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US138101A US3147085A (en) 1961-09-14 1961-09-14 Apparatus for growing whiskers

Publications (1)

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US3147085A true US3147085A (en) 1964-09-01

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US (1) US3147085A (de)
CH (1) CH403717A (de)
GB (1) GB970635A (de)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3240560A (en) * 1962-10-25 1966-03-15 Corning Glass Works Method of making gamma-alumina fibers
US3314759A (en) * 1963-09-21 1967-04-18 Agency Ind Science Techn Magnesia fiber product and a method for manufacturing the same
US3326636A (en) * 1965-02-15 1967-06-20 United States Steel Corp Method of making magnesium oxide fibers
US3341285A (en) * 1964-07-16 1967-09-12 Horizons Inc Process for preparing alumina wool
US3371993A (en) * 1964-12-21 1968-03-05 Corning Glass Works Method of making magnesium oxide fibers
US3421851A (en) * 1964-06-10 1969-01-14 Gen Technologies Corp Method of growing alpha-alumina single crystal ribbons
US3476641A (en) * 1965-06-01 1969-11-04 Gen Technologies Corp High-strength single crystal whisker paper composites and laminates
US3647524A (en) * 1969-07-18 1972-03-07 Dow Chemical Co Vapor phase metal plating process
US3658469A (en) * 1969-10-16 1972-04-25 Robert H Kelsey Continuous production of alumina whiskers
US3678888A (en) * 1969-02-28 1972-07-25 British Iron Steel Research Material depositing apparatus
US3775061A (en) * 1965-08-19 1973-11-27 J Glass Apparatus for making fibers
US3808087A (en) * 1967-09-26 1974-04-30 Gen Technologies Corp Surface-treated lamination structures
US3870577A (en) * 1970-10-09 1975-03-11 Us Navy Process for making whisker-like crystals of ammonium perchlorate
US3969545A (en) * 1973-03-01 1976-07-13 Texas Instruments Incorporated Light polarizing material method and apparatus
US4443412A (en) * 1981-04-24 1984-04-17 Santrade, Ltd. Crystallizing apparatus
US6079276A (en) * 1995-02-28 2000-06-27 Rosemount Inc. Sintered pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
US6484585B1 (en) 1995-02-28 2002-11-26 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
US6505516B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-14 Rosemount Inc. Capacitive pressure sensing with moving dielectric
US6508129B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-21 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor capsule with improved isolation
US6516671B2 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-02-11 Rosemount Inc. Grain growth of electrical interconnection for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
US6520020B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-02-18 Rosemount Inc. Method and apparatus for a direct bonded isolated pressure sensor
US6561038B2 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-05-13 Rosemount Inc. Sensor with fluid isolation barrier
US6848316B2 (en) 2002-05-08 2005-02-01 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor assembly

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2538540A (en) * 1944-06-22 1951-01-16 Kraft Foods Co Distillation apparatus
US2608472A (en) * 1948-01-29 1952-08-26 Stokes Machine Co Sublimation apparatus
US2683676A (en) * 1950-01-13 1954-07-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Production of germanium rods having longitudinal crystal boundaries
US2836524A (en) * 1955-12-21 1958-05-27 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for the production of single crystals
US2904412A (en) * 1953-12-28 1959-09-15 Phillips Petroleum Co Crystal separation and purification

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2538540A (en) * 1944-06-22 1951-01-16 Kraft Foods Co Distillation apparatus
US2608472A (en) * 1948-01-29 1952-08-26 Stokes Machine Co Sublimation apparatus
US2683676A (en) * 1950-01-13 1954-07-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Production of germanium rods having longitudinal crystal boundaries
US2904412A (en) * 1953-12-28 1959-09-15 Phillips Petroleum Co Crystal separation and purification
US2836524A (en) * 1955-12-21 1958-05-27 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for the production of single crystals

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3240560A (en) * 1962-10-25 1966-03-15 Corning Glass Works Method of making gamma-alumina fibers
US3314759A (en) * 1963-09-21 1967-04-18 Agency Ind Science Techn Magnesia fiber product and a method for manufacturing the same
US3421851A (en) * 1964-06-10 1969-01-14 Gen Technologies Corp Method of growing alpha-alumina single crystal ribbons
US3341285A (en) * 1964-07-16 1967-09-12 Horizons Inc Process for preparing alumina wool
US3371993A (en) * 1964-12-21 1968-03-05 Corning Glass Works Method of making magnesium oxide fibers
US3326636A (en) * 1965-02-15 1967-06-20 United States Steel Corp Method of making magnesium oxide fibers
US3476641A (en) * 1965-06-01 1969-11-04 Gen Technologies Corp High-strength single crystal whisker paper composites and laminates
US3775061A (en) * 1965-08-19 1973-11-27 J Glass Apparatus for making fibers
US3808087A (en) * 1967-09-26 1974-04-30 Gen Technologies Corp Surface-treated lamination structures
US3678888A (en) * 1969-02-28 1972-07-25 British Iron Steel Research Material depositing apparatus
US3647524A (en) * 1969-07-18 1972-03-07 Dow Chemical Co Vapor phase metal plating process
US3658469A (en) * 1969-10-16 1972-04-25 Robert H Kelsey Continuous production of alumina whiskers
US3870577A (en) * 1970-10-09 1975-03-11 Us Navy Process for making whisker-like crystals of ammonium perchlorate
US3969545A (en) * 1973-03-01 1976-07-13 Texas Instruments Incorporated Light polarizing material method and apparatus
US4443412A (en) * 1981-04-24 1984-04-17 Santrade, Ltd. Crystallizing apparatus
US6079276A (en) * 1995-02-28 2000-06-27 Rosemount Inc. Sintered pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
US6082199A (en) * 1995-02-28 2000-07-04 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor cavity etched with hot POCL3 gas
US6089097A (en) * 1995-02-28 2000-07-18 Rosemount Inc. Elongated pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
US6484585B1 (en) 1995-02-28 2002-11-26 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor for a pressure transmitter
US6505516B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-14 Rosemount Inc. Capacitive pressure sensing with moving dielectric
US6508129B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-01-21 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor capsule with improved isolation
US6516671B2 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-02-11 Rosemount Inc. Grain growth of electrical interconnection for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
US6520020B1 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-02-18 Rosemount Inc. Method and apparatus for a direct bonded isolated pressure sensor
US6561038B2 (en) 2000-01-06 2003-05-13 Rosemount Inc. Sensor with fluid isolation barrier
US6848316B2 (en) 2002-05-08 2005-02-01 Rosemount Inc. Pressure sensor assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB970635A (en) 1964-09-23
CH403717A (de) 1965-12-15

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