US3250236A - Combustion apparatus and method of operation - Google Patents

Combustion apparatus and method of operation Download PDF

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Publication number
US3250236A
US3250236A US312202A US31220263A US3250236A US 3250236 A US3250236 A US 3250236A US 312202 A US312202 A US 312202A US 31220263 A US31220263 A US 31220263A US 3250236 A US3250236 A US 3250236A
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United States
Prior art keywords
coal
gas
combustion
mixing
duct
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Expired - Lifetime
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US312202A
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English (en)
Inventor
Zelinski Joseph John
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Avco Corp
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Avco Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US312202A priority Critical patent/US3250236A/en
Priority to GB28705/64A priority patent/GB1004821A/en
Priority to CH1033764A priority patent/CH431789A/de
Priority to DE19641451567 priority patent/DE1451567A1/de
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Publication of US3250236A publication Critical patent/US3250236A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K44/00—Machines in which the dynamo-electric interaction between a plasma or flow of conductive liquid or of fluid-borne conductive or magnetic particles and a coil system or magnetic field converts energy of mass flow into electrical energy or vice versa
    • H02K44/08—Magnetohydrodynamic [MHD] generators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B5/00—Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
    • C21B5/001—Injecting additional fuel or reducing agents
    • C21B5/003—Injection of pulverulent coal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/32—Technologies related to metal processing using renewable energy sources

Definitions

  • a primary gas which typically is air and pulverized coal are mixed with preheated, oxygen-enriched secondary air to produce a homogeneous mixture before combustion.
  • the mixing is accomplished in mixing means wherein the preheated, oxygen-enriched air is preferably accelerated to high velocities in the throat of a nozzle, at which point the primary gas pipe is placed to give a large velocity dilference between the stream of primary gas plus pulverized coal and the stream of secondary air.
  • the mixture of pulverized coal with the preheated, oxygen-enriched air causes the release of volatile matter from the coal which is evenly distributed in the divergent portion of the mixing nozzle prior to ignition. This combustible mixture is ignited and the combustion thereof stabilized by a fiameholder at the inlet of the combustion chamber.
  • FIGURE 1 is a longitudinal sectional view through combustion apparatus constructed and arranged accord ing to the invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of a modification of the mixing means
  • FIGURE 3 is an end view taken on line 3 -3 of FIGURE 1;
  • FIGURE 4 is a side view with the parts broken away of another modification of the mixing means.
  • FIGURE 5 is an end view taken on line 55 of FIGURE 4.
  • FIG- URE 1 there is shown a duct 11 defining a path of a combustion-supporting secondary gas supplied from a compressor generally designated 12. After leaving the compressor 12, the secondary gas is heated in a preheater 13 of conventional design to a temperature sufficient to effect the release of combustible volatile matter in coal. Coupled to the outlet end of 14 of the duct 11 is mixing means 15 shown in the form of a nozzle having a convergent portion 16 for receiving the secondary gas from duct 11 and further increasing its velocity and a divergent portion 17 for exhausting and effecting high pressure recovery of the secondary gas. Coupled to the outlet end 18 of the mixing means 15 is a combustion chamber generally designated by the numeral 21.
  • a flameholder 22 is disposed at the inlet end of the combustion chamber 21.
  • a pipe 23 is disposed in the duct 11 for supplying from a suitable source (not shown) pulverized fuel in preferably a combustion-supporting primary 'gas to the convergent portion 16 of the mixing means 15.
  • the pipe 23 terminates in the convergent portion 16 at or slightly upstream of the throat 24 of the mixing means.
  • the pulverized coal may be introduced with a small amount of primary gas as compared to the amount of secondary gas and at a velocity of about fifty feet per second or more.
  • the primary gas may be equal to about %--%i of the coal b Weight.
  • mixing means 15 Two functions are accomplished in the mixing means 15. Firstly, mixing of the secondary air and primary air plus coal takes place in the throat 24 and secondly, the preheated oxygen-enriched secondary air causes release of combustible volatile matter from the coal. Because of the homogeneity of the mixture of coal with the preheated, oxygen-enn'ched air, the mixture of combustible matter released from the coal will be evenly distributed in the secondary air. This combustible mixture is ignited and the combustion thereof stabilized by a conventional flameholder.
  • the flameholder may be of the solid body type placed in the high velocity gas stream at the outlet 18 of the mixing means 15 which provides in its wake a recirculation zone where combustible gases can reside long enough to burn to a high degree of combustion efiiciency and act as the ignition source from which flame spreads 'leave the combustion chamber.
  • combustion chamber 21 at high pressure and high velocity.
  • the inner surface temperature of the combustion chamber may be controlled in conventional manner by the provision of cooling, selection of suitable refractory materials and the manner of construction.
  • the shape of the combustion chamber is not critical and further, the combustion gases may, if desired, be accelerated to higher velocities by a convergent or convergent-divergent nozzle as they Initial combustion may be effected in a conventional manner, as by spark plug 25.
  • the geometry of the flameholder 22 may be varied as desired. While FIGURE 1 and FIGURE 3 show a cruciform shape for the flameholder, other geometries may be used such as, for example, a single bar, a grid, an annulus, or a series of concentric annuli, either in one plane or staggered in the direction of gas flow.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the flameholder bar may be circular, rectangular, triangular, hemispherical, or ony other suitable geometrical shape.
  • the shape of the duct for conveying the secondary air can be of any geometric shape although it has been shown as circular in FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 2 shows a modified form for introducing the pulverized coal.
  • the coal is preferably fed under pressure through a second duct 31.
  • the coal may be gravity fed if desired.
  • the duct 11, shown as cylindrical, communicates with a rectangular section 32 whose width dimension W is substantially greater than its height dimension H.
  • the height dimension H is in the direction of flow of coal and is small as compared to the width dimension W to provide efficient mixing of the coal and secondary air.
  • the rectangular section 3-2 is connected to the duct .11 and combustion chamber 21 by respectively transitions 33 and 34. This arrangement shown in FIGURE 2 is satisfactory where mixing is required only for a short distance.
  • FIGURES 4 and 5 A further modification for introducing the pulverized coal is shown in FIGURES 4 and 5.
  • a plurality of pipes 41 project into the duct ⁇ 1-1 in a plane normal to the direction of flow through the duct 11.
  • the pipes 41 terminate at spaced points adjacent the inner periphery of duct 11 such that the coal is introduced into the heated secondary air at spaced points lying ona circumference having a diameter about three fourths of that of the duct 11.
  • the coal is preferably supplied under pressure to the pipes 41 from a hopper 42. Further, the coal may be fed on the periphery of concentric circles if desired.
  • pulverized coal was supplied through pipe 23 by a primary air stream at a temperature of 100 F. and a velocity of fifty feet per second.
  • the ratio of primary air to coal was set at 4 to 1 with the primary air amounting to 3% of the total flow.
  • Distribution of the coal in the secondary air which was heated to a temperature of 1500 F. was accomplished in the mixing means 15 by the high relative velocity between the primary and secondary air.
  • the secondary air comprised a nitrogen-oxygen mole ratio of 2.
  • the mixing and volatilization of gases from the coal by the hot secondary air produced a homogeneous combustible mixture which was not ignited until it reached the flameholder 22. Ignition and stabilization of the homogeneous combustible mixture was provided by flameholder 22. At the flameholder 22, the flame spreads into the mixture and combustion is completed in the remainder of the combustion chamber 21.
  • the high temperature products of combustion were exhausted from the combustion chamber at sonic velocity through a convergent nozzle (not shown).
  • the physical dimensions of a combustion chamber are dictated by the exit nozzle size, the operating conditions, and the residence time of the products of combustion in the combustion chamber.
  • an exit nozzle area of the combustion chamber was chosen as 3 square inches to be compatible with existing hardware.
  • a combustion chamber pressure of 4 atmospheres required a mass flow rate of 1.3 pounds per second with a residence time of the products of combustion in the combustion chamber of the order of 60 milliseconds.
  • the combustion chamber had a diameter of 10 inches and a length of 36 inches.
  • Rapid mixing in the mixing means 15 is achieved by a high relative velocity between the primary and secondary air.
  • the throat 24 was sized at 1.70 inches to give a flow Mach number of 0.5, thereby setting the velocity of hot gas in the throat at 1080 feet per second.
  • High pressure recovery in the mixing means was obtained by providing an initial expansion half angle of 5 as shown in FIGURE 1. At a diameter of 3 inches, the expansion half angle was increased to 10. From a diameter of 4 inches to a full diameter of 10 inches, the expansion half angle was set at 15.
  • the distance from the end of the primary air pipe 23 to the throat 24 was 1.7 inches.
  • the distance from the throat 24 to the 4 inch station, designated by the numeral 43 was 13 inches.
  • the distance from the 4 inch station to the 10 inch station, designated by the numeral 44 was 11 inches.
  • the residence time of the gas in the mixing means from the throat 24 to the maximum diameter varied substantially linearly from 0 to 3.6 millisecond-s, with a residence time of about 2.0 milliseconds from the throat 24 to the flameholder 22.
  • Pulverized coal will ignite spontaneously in a combustion supporting medium at about 200 F. While this temperature is suflicient to effect release of volatile matter from the coal, preheat temperatures of about 1500 F. and oxygen enrichment are necessary to produce products of combustion having temperatures of the order of 5000 F.
  • the distance from the point of injection of the coal to the flameholder should be consistent with a gas residence time between the point of injection of the coal and the flameholder sufficient to provide mixing of the gases and coal and release of volatile matter from the coal before spontaneous combustion can occur.
  • the present invention permits the burning of pulverized coal and closer control over the combustion process than is possible with conventional equipment. Except for initial ignition of the mixture, as for example by the spark plug 25, or, alternately, by means which is integrated with the flameholder, no pilot burner or warm-up time is needed. The ignition .point and a stable flame front is fixed by the flameholder whose design may be determined by the type of coal being used. Because homogeneity in the combustion supporting medium is established before ignition, no effort need be spent or additional apparatus utilized to mix hot gases and secondary air in the com-' busti-on chamber. Further, volumetric-heat release rates are higher than in conventional systems due to the aforementioned homogeneity and volatilization of the coal prior to ignition.
  • combustion apparatus for burning pulverized coal the combination comprising:
  • mixing means having an inlet end for receiving said heated gas from said duct and pulverized coal and an outlet end for exhausting said gas and coal at subsonic velocities;
  • mixing means having an inlet end for receiving said heated gas fromsaid duct and pulverized coal and an outlet end for exhausting said gas and coal at subsonic velocities;
  • mixing means having an inlet end for receiving said heated gas from said duct and pulverized coal and an outlet end for exhausting said gas and coal at subsonic velocities;
  • mixing means having an inlet end for receiving said heated secondary gas from said duct and pulverized coal in a primary gas and an outlet end for exhausting said secondary gas, coal and primary gas at subsonic velocities;
  • said mixing means having a length in the direction of flow of said gas sufficient to provide mixing of said heated primary gas and said coal and release of volatile matter from said coal before spontaneous combustion can occur;
  • mixing means having a first inlet for receiving said heated gas from said duct, a second inlet adjacent said first inlet for receiving pulverized coal and an outlet end for exhausting said gas and coal at subsonic velocities;
  • flameholding means disposed at the inlet of said combustion chamber for igniting and stabilizing combustion of the mixture of said gas, coal and volatile matter received from said mixing means whereby said maximum flame temperatures are provided in said combustion chamber.
  • said mixing means comprises a convergent first inlet portion and a coaxial divergent portion and said pipes are located in said convergent portion.
  • said mixing means comprises a convergent first inlet portion, a coaxial divergent outlet portion, and said second inlet comprises a pipe terminating coaxially in said convergent portion upstream of the junction of said convergent and divergent portions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
US312202A 1963-09-27 1963-09-27 Combustion apparatus and method of operation Expired - Lifetime US3250236A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US312202A US3250236A (en) 1963-09-27 1963-09-27 Combustion apparatus and method of operation
GB28705/64A GB1004821A (en) 1963-09-27 1964-07-10 Improvements in or relating to the combustion of pulverized coal
CH1033764A CH431789A (de) 1963-09-27 1964-08-07 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von pulverisierter Kohle
DE19641451567 DE1451567A1 (de) 1963-09-27 1964-08-07 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von pulverisierter Kohle

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US312202A US3250236A (en) 1963-09-27 1963-09-27 Combustion apparatus and method of operation

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CH (1) CH431789A (de)
DE (1) DE1451567A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1004821A (de)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3358624A (en) * 1965-10-07 1967-12-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Coal burning arrangement for mhd generators
US4057021A (en) * 1975-06-20 1977-11-08 Fritz Schoppe Combustion of pulverized coal
US4186669A (en) * 1977-09-22 1980-02-05 Cowan Frederick C Coal burning process
US4221174A (en) * 1978-05-16 1980-09-09 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Direct ignition of a fluctuating fuel stream
US4241673A (en) * 1979-11-05 1980-12-30 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Direct ignition of pulverized coal
EP0026509A3 (en) * 1979-10-02 1981-10-14 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Process for the partial combustion of solid fuel and burner for carrying out the process
US4412496A (en) * 1982-04-27 1983-11-01 Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. Combustion system and method for a coal-fired furnace utilizing a low load coal burner
FR2530666A1 (fr) * 1982-03-31 1984-01-27 Kobe Steel Ltd Procede et appareil d'injection de combustible solide et bruleur pour haut-fourneau
US4448135A (en) * 1981-11-16 1984-05-15 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Inline air-coal separator
US4457241A (en) * 1981-12-23 1984-07-03 Riley Stoker Corporation Method of burning pulverized coal
WO1986000387A1 (en) * 1984-06-29 1986-01-16 Power Generating, Inc. Pressurized cyclonic combustion method and burner for particulate solid fuels
US4596198A (en) * 1983-05-18 1986-06-24 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Slag reduction in coal-fired furnaces using oxygen enrichment
US4630554A (en) * 1982-05-14 1986-12-23 T.A.S., Inc. Pulverized solid fuel burner and method of firing pulverized fuel
US4671192A (en) * 1984-06-29 1987-06-09 Power Generating, Inc. Pressurized cyclonic combustion method and burner for particulate solid fuels
US4765258A (en) * 1984-05-21 1988-08-23 Coal Tech Corp. Method of optimizing combustion and the capture of pollutants during coal combustion in a cyclone combustor
US4800825A (en) * 1987-08-31 1989-01-31 Trw Inc. Slagging-combustor sulfur removal process and apparatus
US4873930A (en) * 1987-07-30 1989-10-17 Trw Inc. Sulfur removal by sorbent injection in secondary combustion zones
US4920898A (en) * 1988-09-15 1990-05-01 Trw Inc. Gas turbine slagging combustion system
US6174160B1 (en) 1999-03-25 2001-01-16 University Of Washington Staged prevaporizer-premixer
EP1939305A1 (de) * 2006-12-29 2008-07-02 L'AIR LIQUIDE, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Verfahren zur Herstellung von Roheisen in einem Hochofen
US20160153657A1 (en) * 2014-11-28 2016-06-02 Alstom Technology Ltd Combustion system for a boiler

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3436624A1 (de) * 1984-10-05 1986-04-10 Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, 2000 Hamburg Vorrichtung zur erzeugung zuendfaehiger feststoff/gas-suspensionen

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB218701A (en) * 1923-02-14 1924-07-14 Ludwig Grote Burner for pulverulent fuel
US2908733A (en) * 1954-09-28 1959-10-13 Texaco Development Corp Process for conducting gaseous reactions

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB218701A (en) * 1923-02-14 1924-07-14 Ludwig Grote Burner for pulverulent fuel
US2908733A (en) * 1954-09-28 1959-10-13 Texaco Development Corp Process for conducting gaseous reactions

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3358624A (en) * 1965-10-07 1967-12-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Coal burning arrangement for mhd generators
US4057021A (en) * 1975-06-20 1977-11-08 Fritz Schoppe Combustion of pulverized coal
US4186669A (en) * 1977-09-22 1980-02-05 Cowan Frederick C Coal burning process
US4221174A (en) * 1978-05-16 1980-09-09 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Direct ignition of a fluctuating fuel stream
EP0026509A3 (en) * 1979-10-02 1981-10-14 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Process for the partial combustion of solid fuel and burner for carrying out the process
US4241673A (en) * 1979-11-05 1980-12-30 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Direct ignition of pulverized coal
US4448135A (en) * 1981-11-16 1984-05-15 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Inline air-coal separator
US4457241A (en) * 1981-12-23 1984-07-03 Riley Stoker Corporation Method of burning pulverized coal
FR2530666A1 (fr) * 1982-03-31 1984-01-27 Kobe Steel Ltd Procede et appareil d'injection de combustible solide et bruleur pour haut-fourneau
US4412496A (en) * 1982-04-27 1983-11-01 Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. Combustion system and method for a coal-fired furnace utilizing a low load coal burner
US4630554A (en) * 1982-05-14 1986-12-23 T.A.S., Inc. Pulverized solid fuel burner and method of firing pulverized fuel
US4596198A (en) * 1983-05-18 1986-06-24 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Slag reduction in coal-fired furnaces using oxygen enrichment
US4765258A (en) * 1984-05-21 1988-08-23 Coal Tech Corp. Method of optimizing combustion and the capture of pollutants during coal combustion in a cyclone combustor
WO1986000387A1 (en) * 1984-06-29 1986-01-16 Power Generating, Inc. Pressurized cyclonic combustion method and burner for particulate solid fuels
US4671192A (en) * 1984-06-29 1987-06-09 Power Generating, Inc. Pressurized cyclonic combustion method and burner for particulate solid fuels
US4724780A (en) * 1984-06-29 1988-02-16 Power Generating, Inc. Pressurized cyclonic combustion method and burner for particulate solid fuels
US4873930A (en) * 1987-07-30 1989-10-17 Trw Inc. Sulfur removal by sorbent injection in secondary combustion zones
US4800825A (en) * 1987-08-31 1989-01-31 Trw Inc. Slagging-combustor sulfur removal process and apparatus
US4920898A (en) * 1988-09-15 1990-05-01 Trw Inc. Gas turbine slagging combustion system
US6174160B1 (en) 1999-03-25 2001-01-16 University Of Washington Staged prevaporizer-premixer
EP1939305A1 (de) * 2006-12-29 2008-07-02 L'AIR LIQUIDE, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Verfahren zur Herstellung von Roheisen in einem Hochofen
WO2008080922A3 (en) * 2006-12-29 2008-09-12 Air Liquide Process for making pig iron in a blast furnace
CN101573456B (zh) * 2006-12-29 2011-05-25 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司 用于在高炉中制造生铁的方法
US20160153657A1 (en) * 2014-11-28 2016-06-02 Alstom Technology Ltd Combustion system for a boiler
US10948182B2 (en) * 2014-11-28 2021-03-16 General Electric Technology Gmbh Combustion system for a boiler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1451567A1 (de) 1970-06-18
GB1004821A (en) 1965-09-15
CH431789A (de) 1967-03-15

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