US3348488A - Distributor fuel injection pump with precharging and pilot injection - Google Patents

Distributor fuel injection pump with precharging and pilot injection Download PDF

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US3348488A
US3348488A US512092A US51209265A US3348488A US 3348488 A US3348488 A US 3348488A US 512092 A US512092 A US 512092A US 51209265 A US51209265 A US 51209265A US 3348488 A US3348488 A US 3348488A
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fuel
delivery
injection
pump
pressure chamber
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US512092A
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George D Wolff
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Allis Chalmers Corp
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Allis Chalmers Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M45/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship
    • F02M45/02—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship with each cyclic delivery being separated into two or more parts
    • F02M45/04—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship with each cyclic delivery being separated into two or more parts with a small initial part, e.g. initial part for partial load and initial and main part for full load
    • F02M45/06—Pumps peculiar thereto
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M41/00—Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor
    • F02M41/08—Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor the distributor and pumping elements being combined
    • F02M41/10—Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor the distributor and pumping elements being combined pump pistons acting as the distributor
    • F02M41/12—Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor the distributor and pumping elements being combined pump pistons acting as the distributor the pistons rotating to act as the distributor
    • F02M41/123—Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor the distributor and pumping elements being combined pump pistons acting as the distributor the pistons rotating to act as the distributor characterised by means for varying fuel delivery or injection timing
    • F02M41/125—Variably-timed valves controlling fuel passages
    • F02M41/126—Variably-timed valves controlling fuel passages valves being mechanically or electrically adjustable sleeves slidably mounted on rotary piston

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a fuel injection pump of the distributor type and particularly to a pump providing both precharging and pilot injection.
  • FIG. 1 is a section view of a fuel injection pump incorporating this invention taken along the line I-I of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a section view taken FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a section View taken along the line IIIIII in FIG. 2.
  • the fuel injection system in which the present invention is incorporated includes a distributor type pump 11 having a supply chamber 12 to which fuel is delivered from a fuel tank 13 by a pump 14 through a filter 16.
  • Fuel in the supply chamber 12 of the pump housing 21 is maintained at an intermediate pressure such as 50 pounds per square inch by a pressure regulating valve 17 intermediate the supply chamber 12 and the governor chamber 18.
  • the governor chamber 18 is connected in free flow fluid communication with the supply tank by a fuel line indicated schematically by line 19.
  • the housing 21 of the fuel pump 11 includes a bore 24 opening at one end into supply chamber 12 and a plurality of delivery passages 22 adapted by threaded openings 23 for connection to fuel lines leading to injectors at the cylinders of a compression ignition engine.
  • the pump plunger 31 is reciprocated and rotated in a conventional manner to cyclically deliver fuel under pressure to the delivery passages 22.
  • the plunger 31 has a pumping portion 32 disposed in a high pressure chamber 33 at the end of bore 24, a fluid receiving and controlling portion 33 disposed in the supply chamber 12 and a distributing portion 36 disposed in bore 24 adapted to cyclically connect the high pressure chamber 33 to the delivery passages 22 by way of main delivery port 37 and pilot delivery port 38.
  • the central fuel supply passage 39 in plunger 31 not only serves to supply fuel from the supply chamber 12 to the high pressure chamber 33, but also serves to connect the high pressure chamber to delivery ports 37 and 38.
  • the control sleeve 41 cooperates with the plunger 31 to determine the effective stroke of the plunger and the timing of fuel delivery to the delivery passages 22.
  • a pair of radially opposite precharging recesses 42, 43 are provided which are connected in free flow fluid communication with the supply chamber 12 by axially extending grooves 44, 46.
  • the recesses 42, 43 and grooves 44, 46 are provided in the distributor portion 36 of the plunger 31, which portion may be considered to be valve means.
  • passageways cyclically registrable with the delivery passages 22 as the plunger 31 is rotated, to effect equalizing of pressure in the delivery passages 22 to that in the supply chamber between intervals when the delivery passages 22 are being employed to eifect pilot or main quantity injection.
  • the pilot delivery port 38 includes a restricted radial vopening or bore 51 and an axially extending recess 52 at the periphery of the plunger diametrically opposite to the main port 37.
  • the amount of fuel delivery by way of pilot port 38 is substantially less than fuel delivery by way of main port 37.
  • each delivery passage is sequentially and cyclically connected to main port 37, precharging reces 43, pilot port 38 and precharging recess 42.
  • My invention is particularly useful in four cycle engines and when so employed, the pilot injection occurs at the time the exhaust valves are closing, at which time the intake valves have just opened. In other words pilot injection occurs at the beginning of the intake stroke.
  • a delivery valve is not used and thus the usual delivery valve retraction problems are avoided.
  • the ending of pilot injection, through a delivery valve designed for proper main injection characteristics was not satisfactory and irregularity in pilot injection quantity was a problem.
  • Precharging prior to both main and pilot injection in accordance with my present invention eleminates irregularities in both pilot and main injection.
  • the pilot opening 51 may be sized to properly propor- 3 tion the pilot delivery to main delivery. Different engines may require different pilot quantities and the opening 51 may be proportioned accordingly.
  • pilot injection can only take place during the time that land 54 is covering the delivery passage 22. Pilot injection will not commence prior to edge 61 of land 54 passing by the opening 22 and will continue only until edge 62 of land 54 exposes passage 22 to recess 42. Therefore the duration of the pilot injection will be independent of the main injection above a quantity predetermined by the circumferential distance between edges 61 and 62. Since the passage 51 acts as the restriction for the pilot injection, main injection is essentially unaffected by the establishment of communication between opening 51 and recess 42 by way of registering passage 22.
  • a pump housing including a bore
  • a supply chamber for supplying fuel to said injection pressure chamber
  • rotating valve means in said housing between said injection pressure chamber and said delivery passages defining a pilot port and a main port cyclically connecting said delivery passages two at a time to said injection pressure chamber during the pumping stroke of said plunger to deliver a main quantity of fuel through said main port to one of said two passages and a relatively smaller quantity of fuel through said pilot port to the other of said two passages and defining precharging passage means cyclically connecting said delivery passages in free flow fluid communication with said supply chamber during a major portion of the time they are disconnected from said injection pressure chamber.
  • valve portion includes a main delivery port and a smaller pilot delivery port circumferentially spaced from one another and opening on the periphery thereof and passage means placing said ports in fluid communication with said injection pressure chamber.
  • valve portion includes a pair of radially opposite precharging recesses circumferentially intermediate said ports and cyclically registrable with said delivery passages and further comprising means placing said recesses in free flow fluid communication with said supply chamber.
  • a fuel injection pump for a four cycle engine comprising:
  • a housing including a high pressure chamber
  • a rotatable and re'ciprocable pump plunger in said bore having a radially opening main port cyclically registrable with said passages one at a time during rotating of said plunger
  • pilot port spaced circumferentially from said main port and cyclically registrable with said passages one at a time during rotation of said plunger
  • said means connecting said delivery passages to said supply chamber further includes a second passageway in said plunger cyclically registrable with said delivery passages, said passageways being circumferentially on opposite sides of said ports so as to eflfect precharging of said delivery passages at said intermediate pressure prior to registration with said pilot and main ports during operation of said pump.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)

Description

Oct. 24, 1967 G, WOLFF 3,348,488
DISTRIBUTOR FUEL INJECTION PUMP WITH PRECHARGING AND PILOT INJECTION I Filed Dec. 7, 1965 United States Patent O 3,348,488 DISTRIBUTOR FUEL INJECTION PUMP WITH PRECHARGING AND PILOT INJECTION George D. Wolff, Hazel Crest, Ill., assignor to Allis- Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Filed Dec. 7, 1365, Ser. No. 512,092
7 Claims. (Cl. 103-2) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A precharged fuel injection pump providing pilot and main injection. 1
This invention relates to a fuel injection pump of the distributor type and particularly to a pump providing both precharging and pilot injection.
In my copending United States patent application Ser. No. 405,189, Precharged Fuel Injection Pump, now abandoned, I described a distributor type fuel injection pump which precharges the fuel delivery lines between injection at supply chamber pressure to achieve improved fuel delivery. In providing pilot injection in a distributor type pump with precharging I conceived of arranging the precharging means so as to effect precharging of the delivery passages in the time interval between pilot injection and main injection and also in the time interval between main injection and pilot injection. Thus, in the preferred embodiment of my invention, both pilot injection and main injection obtain the benefits of precharging.
1 It is an object of this invention to provide pilot injection in a distributor type pump which precharges the delivery passages at the supply chamber pressure during a substantial portion ofthe time the delivery passages are not employed to deliver fuel to the injectors.
It is a further object of this invention to obtain the advantages of precharging for both main and pilot injection thereby substantially eliminating the irregularities heretofore experienced in pilot injection systems.
Heretofore in distributor type fuel pumps employing a delivery valve, the delivery valve retraction tailored to achieve a desired main injection and the pilot injection through thesame delivery valve was diflicult to satisfactorily control, particularly as to the ending of the pilot injection. It is therefore a further object of this invention to obviate this difficulty. 7
These and other objects of this invention will be apparent when the following description is read in conjunction with the drawings inwhich.
FIG. 1 is a section view of a fuel injection pump incorporating this invention taken along the line I-I of FIG. 2;
FIG. 2 is a section view taken FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a section View taken along the line IIIIII in FIG. 2.
Referring to the drawings, the fuel injection system in which the present invention is incorporated includes a distributor type pump 11 having a supply chamber 12 to which fuel is delivered from a fuel tank 13 by a pump 14 through a filter 16. Fuel in the supply chamber 12 of the pump housing 21 is maintained at an intermediate pressure such as 50 pounds per square inch by a pressure regulating valve 17 intermediate the supply chamber 12 and the governor chamber 18. The governor chamber 18 is connected in free flow fluid communication with the supply tank by a fuel line indicated schematically by line 19. The housing 21 of the fuel pump 11 includes a bore 24 opening at one end into supply chamber 12 and a plurality of delivery passages 22 adapted by threaded openings 23 for connection to fuel lines leading to injectors at the cylinders of a compression ignition engine. The
along the line 11- 11 in 3,348,488 Patented Oct. 24, 1967 "ice delivery passages 22 open into bore 24 at equally spaced circumferential intervals as shown in FIG. 2.
The pump plunger 31 is reciprocated and rotated in a conventional manner to cyclically deliver fuel under pressure to the delivery passages 22. The plunger 31 has a pumping portion 32 disposed in a high pressure chamber 33 at the end of bore 24, a fluid receiving and controlling portion 33 disposed in the supply chamber 12 and a distributing portion 36 disposed in bore 24 adapted to cyclically connect the high pressure chamber 33 to the delivery passages 22 by way of main delivery port 37 and pilot delivery port 38. The central fuel supply passage 39 in plunger 31 not only serves to supply fuel from the supply chamber 12 to the high pressure chamber 33, but also serves to connect the high pressure chamber to delivery ports 37 and 38. As explained in my beforementioned copending patent application, Ser. No. 405,189, Precharged Fuel Injection Pump, the control sleeve 41 cooperates with the plunger 31 to determine the effective stroke of the plunger and the timing of fuel delivery to the delivery passages 22.
In the distributor portion 36 of the plunger 31, which portion may be considered to be valve means, a pair of radially opposite precharging recesses 42, 43 are provided which are connected in free flow fluid communication with the supply chamber 12 by axially extending grooves 44, 46. The recesses 42, 43 and grooves 44, 46
form passageways cyclically registrable with the delivery passages 22 as the plunger 31 is rotated, to effect equalizing of pressure in the delivery passages 22 to that in the supply chamber between intervals when the delivery passages 22 are being employed to eifect pilot or main quantity injection.
The pilot delivery port 38 includes a restricted radial vopening or bore 51 and an axially extending recess 52 at the periphery of the plunger diametrically opposite to the main port 37. The amount of fuel delivery by way of pilot port 38 is substantially less than fuel delivery by way of main port 37. By providing apair of radially opposite precharging passageways in the' valve or distributing portion 36 of the plunger 31 and by providing main and pilot ports 37, 38 opening on the plunger periphery at peripheral lands 53, 54, respectively, I have created a 'precharged, distributor type injection pump with pilot "to the delivery passage withwhich it registers, and such passage is in communication with precharging recess 42.
'As' the plunger rotates, each delivery passage is sequentially and cyclically connected to main port 37, precharging reces 43, pilot port 38 and precharging recess 42.
My invention is particularly useful in four cycle engines and when so employed, the pilot injection occurs at the time the exhaust valves are closing, at which time the intake valves have just opened. In other words pilot injection occurs at the beginning of the intake stroke. In my illustrated pump design, a delivery valve is not used and thus the usual delivery valve retraction problems are avoided. Heretofore, the ending of pilot injection, through a delivery valve designed for proper main injection characteristics, was not satisfactory and irregularity in pilot injection quantity was a problem. Precharging prior to both main and pilot injection in accordance with my present invention eleminates irregularities in both pilot and main injection.
The pilot opening 51 may be sized to properly propor- 3 tion the pilot delivery to main delivery. Different engines may require different pilot quantities and the opening 51 may be proportioned accordingly.
It will be noted that pilot injection can only take place during the time that land 54 is covering the delivery passage 22. Pilot injection will not commence prior to edge 61 of land 54 passing by the opening 22 and will continue only until edge 62 of land 54 exposes passage 22 to recess 42. Therefore the duration of the pilot injection will be independent of the main injection above a quantity predetermined by the circumferential distance between edges 61 and 62. Since the passage 51 acts as the restriction for the pilot injection, main injection is essentially unaffected by the establishment of communication between opening 51 and recess 42 by way of registering passage 22.
The embodiments of the invention for which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. In a distributor type fuel injection pump the combination comprising:
a pump housing including a bore,
a plurality of delivery passages communicating at angularly spaced intervals with said bore adapted for connection to fuel delivery lines, respectively,
an injection pressure chamber at one end of said bore, and
a supply chamber for supplying fuel to said injection pressure chamber,
means supplying fuel to said supply chamber and maintaining the latter at a pressure substantially above atmospheric pressure, a reciprocable pump plunger in said bore for pressurizing fuel in said injection pressure chamber, and
rotating valve means in said housing between said injection pressure chamber and said delivery passages defining a pilot port and a main port cyclically connecting said delivery passages two at a time to said injection pressure chamber during the pumping stroke of said plunger to deliver a main quantity of fuel through said main port to one of said two passages and a relatively smaller quantity of fuel through said pilot port to the other of said two passages and defining precharging passage means cyclically connecting said delivery passages in free flow fluid communication with said supply chamber during a major portion of the time they are disconnected from said injection pressure chamber.
2. The pump set forth in claim 1 wherein said bore opens at its other end into said supply chamber, wherein said pump plunger is rotatable and wherein said rotating valve means includes a valve portion formed on. said pump plunger and disposed between said injection pressure chamber and said supply chamber.
3. The pump set forth in claim 2 wherein said valve portion includes a main delivery port and a smaller pilot delivery port circumferentially spaced from one another and opening on the periphery thereof and passage means placing said ports in fluid communication with said injection pressure chamber.
4. The pump set forth in claim 3 wherein said valve portion includes a pair of radially opposite precharging recesses circumferentially intermediate said ports and cyclically registrable with said delivery passages and further comprising means placing said recesses in free flow fluid communication with said supply chamber.
5. A fuel injection pump for a four cycle engine comprising:
a housing including a high pressure chamber,
asupply chamber,
a bore extending between said chambers, and
a plurality of delivery passages opening into said bore between said chambers and at equally spaced circumferential intervals,
means maintaining said supply chamber at an intermediate pressure,
a rotatable and re'ciprocable pump plunger in said bore having a radially opening main port cyclically registrable with said passages one at a time during rotating of said plunger,
a radially opening pilot port spaced circumferentially from said main port and cyclically registrable with said passages one at a time during rotation of said plunger,
means connecting said ports in fluid receiving relation to said high pressure chamber, and
means connecting said delivery passages to said supply chamber during a portion of the time they are out of registry with said ports including a passageway in said plunger opening on the periphery thereof between said port and cyclically registrable with said delivery passages, said portion of time being greater than the time required for one of said ports to rotate through one of said circumferential intervals.
6. The pump set forth in claim 5 wherein, during rotation of said plunger, said passageway connects said delivery passages to said supply chamber between their registration with said pilot and main ports.
7. The pump set forth in claim 5 wherein said means connecting said delivery passages to said supply chamber further includes a second passageway in said plunger cyclically registrable with said delivery passages, said passageways being circumferentially on opposite sides of said ports so as to eflfect precharging of said delivery passages at said intermediate pressure prior to registration with said pilot and main ports during operation of said pump.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS LAURENCE M. GOODRIDGE, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN A DISTRIBUTOR TYPE FUEL INJECTION PUMP TO COMBINATION COMPRISING: A PUMP HOUSING INCLUDING A BORE, A PLURALITY OF DELIVERY PASSAGES COMMUNICATING AT ANGULARLY SPACED INTERVALS WITH SAID BORE ADAPTED FOR CONNECTION TO FUEL DELIVERY LINES, RESPECTIVELY, AN INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER AT ONE END OF SAID BORE, AND A SUPPLY CHAMBER FOR SUPPLYING FUEL TO SAID INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER, MEANS SUPPLYING FUEL TO SAID SUPPLY CHAMBER AND MAINTAINING THE LATTER AT A PRESSURE SUBSTANTIALLY ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, A RECIPROCABLE PUMP PLUNGER IN SAID BORE FOR PRESSURIZING FUEL IN SAID INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER, AND ROTATING VALVE MEANS IN SAID HOUSING BETWEEN SAID INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER AND SAID DELIVERY PASSAGES DEFINING A PILOT PORT AND A MAIN PORT CYCLICALLY CONNECTING SAID DELIVERY PASSAGE TWO AT A TIME TO SAID INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER DURING THE PUMPING STROKE OF SAID PLUNGER TO DELIVER A MAIN QUANTITY OF FUEL THROUGH SAID MAIN PORT TO ONE OF SAID TWO PASSAGES AND A RELATIVELY SMALLER QUANTITY OF FUEL THROUGH SAID PILOT PORT TO THE OTHER OF SAID TWO PASSAGES AND DEFINING PRECHARGING PASSAGE MEANS CYCLICALLY CONNECTING SAID DELIVERY PASSAGES IN FREE FLOW FLUID COMMUNICATION WITH SAID SUPPLY CHAMBER DURING A MAJOR PORTION OF THE TIME THEY ARE DISCONNECTED FROM SAID INJECTION PRESSURE CHAMBER.
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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3413924A (en) * 1967-04-11 1968-12-03 Bosch Arma Corp Fuel injection pump conversion arrangement and method
US3420179A (en) * 1967-06-22 1969-01-07 Ambac Ind Plunger balancing arrangement for fuel injection pumps
US3440964A (en) * 1966-12-09 1969-04-29 Ambac Ind Fuel injection pump
US4136655A (en) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-30 Eaton Corporation Fuel metering valve with inlet metering control
FR2417647A1 (en) * 1978-02-15 1979-09-14 Fiat Ricerche INJECTION PUMP FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
US4229148A (en) * 1978-12-22 1980-10-21 Ambac Industries, Incorporated Fuel injection pump
WO1981000884A1 (en) * 1979-09-24 1981-04-02 Caterpillar Tractor Co Rotary fuel injection with sequencing
US4295449A (en) * 1979-09-24 1981-10-20 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Rotary fuel injection with sequencing
US4587940A (en) * 1984-07-31 1986-05-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection pump for internal combustion engines
US4696160A (en) * 1985-05-14 1987-09-29 Trw Inc. Pressure pump and injector valve system for liquid-propellant engines
USRE32965E (en) * 1984-07-31 1989-06-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection pump for internal combustion engines
US5954029A (en) * 1995-01-25 1999-09-21 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Unit fuel injector having constant start of injection

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2544561A (en) * 1945-06-11 1951-03-06 American Bosch Corp Fuel injection pump
US2871796A (en) * 1955-08-02 1959-02-03 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Pilot injection pump

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2544561A (en) * 1945-06-11 1951-03-06 American Bosch Corp Fuel injection pump
US2871796A (en) * 1955-08-02 1959-02-03 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Pilot injection pump

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3440964A (en) * 1966-12-09 1969-04-29 Ambac Ind Fuel injection pump
US3413924A (en) * 1967-04-11 1968-12-03 Bosch Arma Corp Fuel injection pump conversion arrangement and method
US3420179A (en) * 1967-06-22 1969-01-07 Ambac Ind Plunger balancing arrangement for fuel injection pumps
US4136655A (en) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-30 Eaton Corporation Fuel metering valve with inlet metering control
FR2417647A1 (en) * 1978-02-15 1979-09-14 Fiat Ricerche INJECTION PUMP FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
US4229148A (en) * 1978-12-22 1980-10-21 Ambac Industries, Incorporated Fuel injection pump
WO1981000884A1 (en) * 1979-09-24 1981-04-02 Caterpillar Tractor Co Rotary fuel injection with sequencing
EP0026583A1 (en) * 1979-09-24 1981-04-08 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Fuel injection apparatus
US4295449A (en) * 1979-09-24 1981-10-20 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Rotary fuel injection with sequencing
US4587940A (en) * 1984-07-31 1986-05-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection pump for internal combustion engines
USRE32965E (en) * 1984-07-31 1989-06-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection pump for internal combustion engines
US4696160A (en) * 1985-05-14 1987-09-29 Trw Inc. Pressure pump and injector valve system for liquid-propellant engines
US5954029A (en) * 1995-01-25 1999-09-21 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Unit fuel injector having constant start of injection

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Owner name: WOODS KATHLEEN D., AS TRUSTEE

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