US3360348A - Composite structure of inter-bonded metals for heavy-duty electrical switch contacts - Google Patents

Composite structure of inter-bonded metals for heavy-duty electrical switch contacts Download PDF

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Publication number
US3360348A
US3360348A US454921A US45492165A US3360348A US 3360348 A US3360348 A US 3360348A US 454921 A US454921 A US 454921A US 45492165 A US45492165 A US 45492165A US 3360348 A US3360348 A US 3360348A
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metal
copper
layer
pressing
impregnating
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US454921A
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English (en)
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Schreiner Horst
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Siemens Schuckertwerke AG
Siemens Corp
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Siemens Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/0475—Impregnated alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
    • B22F3/26—Impregnating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H01H1/0231—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material provided with a solder layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9265—Special properties
    • Y10S428/929—Electrical contact feature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12021—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles having composition or density gradient or differential porosity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/1216—Continuous interengaged phases of plural metals, or oriented fiber containing
    • Y10T428/12174—Mo or W containing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12458—All metal or with adjacent metals having composition, density, or hardness gradient

Definitions

  • My invention relates to composite and internally bonded structures of metal for heavy-duty electrical switch contacts and to methods of producing such contact structures.
  • Electrical switch contacts for high current-interrupting duties are required to be highly resistant to burn-off when subjected to switching arcs and to also possess good electrical conductivity. It has been attempted to attain this combination of properties with the aid of bonded composite materials, for example combinations of tungsten and copper or tungsten and silver.
  • Composite contacts have long since been used in which the localities endangered by burn-off are clad with refractory material spacially separated from a good conducting material which, when the switch contacts are closed, conducts the flow of continuous current.
  • Also proposed for high-duty electrical switch contacts have been multi-layer bonded structures of tungsten and silver in which the content of one of the components increases from layer to layer.
  • a laminated contact of tungsten and silver can be produced from W/Ag compositions w'hose respective ratios from layer to layer are 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40.
  • the individual layers are produced from pulverulent mixtures which are filled into a die and pressed, each following layer being densified at a higher pressure. Ultimately all of the layers are pressed conjointly at a given maximum of compression. After sintering the fourlayer pressed body for 2 /2 hours at 905 C., it is subjected to cold pressing at 14 metric tons per cm.
  • a metal body for electrical contacts comprises a compressed and sintered porous skeleton structure of refractory metal and an impregna tion of good-conductance metal premeating the pores of the skeleton structure, and the composite body has in the direction of compression a progressively different ratio of the percentile shares of the skeleton material and the impregnation respectively, but without concentration jumps, the concentration of the impregnation increasing gradually in the mentioned direction in complementary, i.e. inverse relation to the concentration of the skeleton structure.
  • the body is produced by first pressing a pulverulent mass of the refractory material to the desired shape and in the manner required to obtain a progressively different density without concentration jump.
  • the shaped body is then sintered and thereafter fully impregnated.
  • the impregnating metal then forms a structural component which penetrates into the pores of the sintered skeleton and whose concentration increases in the pressing direction continuously at a rate complementary to the concentration of the sintered skeleton structure.
  • the impregnation-penetrated skeleton structure of a contact body according to the invention is to have its largest dimension in the direction of the pressing operation, it is preferable to compress the mass of pulverulent material from only one side.
  • the pressure drop then occurring along the height of the pressed body in the pressing direction can then be utilized for obtaining continuously merging layers of respectively different ratios of composition.
  • This method of the invention is predicated upon the recognition that when metal powder is subjected to unilateral pressing, the mixture of metal powder is subjected to a higher amount of densification at the side of the moving press plunger, than at the opposite side, so that the density of the pressed material decreases toward the fixed support or plunger. After pressing, the resulting shaped body is sintered and is subsequently impregnated with a liquid metal or alloy.
  • the following method according to the invention is preferable.
  • the same powder composition is pressed in several layers, but different respective pressures are applied to the individual layers.
  • the first layer of powder material placed into a die or the like, is pressed at the highest pressure.
  • the second layer of powder material is filled onto the pressed first layer and subjected to pressing at a somewhat lower pressure.
  • each further layer is filled on top of the previously pressed layer and is pressed at a lower pressure than the preceding layer.
  • the previously deposited layers virtually, are not further compressed when pressing the subsequent layers, and the shaping and densifying pressure is effective to cause the boundary faces to merge by intermeshing and coalescing.
  • composition structures of metal according to the invention are produced by multi-layer pressing of metal powder having respectively different compositions, then the above-explained intermeshing and coalescing, as well as the required concentration differences, also result if the same amount of pressure is applied to each of the layers, but larger differences in density are obtainable by utilizing the effect of the pressure drop re sulting from unilateral pressing in the above-described manner.
  • the mechanical intermeshing and coalescing of the individual layers can also be improved by loosening the surface of each layer upon which another layer is to be filled into the die. Such loosening is effected, for example, with the aid of a wire brush or the like.
  • the contact structure according to the invention from a unilaterally pressed and densified sinter structure from a material which, when being sintered, develops a liquid phase.
  • the skeleton material predominantly of tungsten, the residual constituents being copper and nickel, and to use as impregnation either copper or silver or an alloy of the latter two metals.
  • the invention takes advantage of the observation that the sinter skeleton of such an impregnated body will assume high mechanical strength without requiring sintering to perfect density, and will exhibit good wettabil-ity, if a sinter skeleton is formed, with the occurrence of a liquid phase, from a tungsten-copper-nickel alloy containing about 1 to about copper and about 0.5 to about 2% nickel, the balance being substantially all tungsten.
  • the wettability can be further increased by adding to the impregnating metal an admixture of other metals, for example zinc or tin, in a small amount such as from traces up to 1%.
  • Such an impregnation-penetrated and bonded contact structure is produced, for example, by employing a powder mixture of 98.5 to 93% tungsten, l to 5% copper, the remainder being 0.5 to 2% nickel.
  • This composition is pressed to a skeleton structure having the desired shape of the contact.
  • the pressed body is then sintered at a sufiic-iently high temperature, preferably between 1150 and 1350 C.
  • the resulting skeleton structure is impregnated with the impregnating metal.
  • the sintering of the skeleton is effected in a reducing or inert atmosphere or in vacuum.
  • the impregnation may be performed by placing the skeleton structure upon the molten impregnating metal, depositing the molten metal upon the skeleton structure, or immersing the skeleton structure in the molten impregnating metal. If desired, an excess amount of impregnating metal may be used for the purpose of forming readily solderable coatings on the resulting contact body.
  • the layers in a structure made according to the invention merge continuously with each other with increasing or decreasing concentration.
  • the mixing proportions of tungsten, copper and nickel may be chosen within wide limits, as is also the case with the known bonded composition and metal in which the concentration of the individual constituents does not virtually change along its spacial coordinates.
  • the copper content in the skeleton structure of a contact body according to the invention may be increased up to about Embodiments of bonded and integrated contact structures as well as methods of their production according to the invention Will be further described with reference to specific examples and with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically and in section a unilaterally operating die press during an initial stage of a process according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically and in section an impregnating device used in a subsequent processing stage for impregnating the contact body initially prepared according to FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a die during production of a five-layer contact according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 relate to still another manufacturing device during different stages respectively of the production process.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show in section still another pressing device, used for the manufacture of a contact shoe also in respectively diflerent stages of the process.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the unilateral pressing of the powder material in a die 1 with a fixed lower plunger 2 and a downwardly displaceable upper plunger 3, the ultimate pressing position of the upper plunger being shown at 3'.
  • the pressed body 4 has a higher density in its upper portion 5 than in the lower portion 6.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the impregnating process.
  • the pressed and subsequently sintered body 7 is placed upon a disc 8 of copper.
  • the assembly is heated in a container 9. After impregnation, the copper is completely absorbed in the porous body 7.
  • the contact body 7 receives a coating of copper on its side of lower density and consequently higher electrical conductance.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 Described presently is an example of a process performed with the aid of devices as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • a quantity of 152 g. powder is filled into a die of cylindrical shape having a diameter of 25.1 mm. (FIG. 1). The mass of powder is then unilaterally densified under a pressure of 4.3 tons (metric). The compressed cylindrical body has an axial height of 32.7 mm.
  • the shaped body is removed from the die and sintered at 1200 C. for one hour in hydrogen. During sintering there occurs a liquid phase which results in high mechanical strength of the sinter skeleton.
  • the density in sintered condition is virtually equal to the density in the pressed, not yet sintered condition, namely about 9.3 g./cm.
  • the body After sintering, the body is impregnated with copper at 1200 C. in pure hydrogen. The impregnation is completed within one minute.
  • the sinter body is either immersed in liquid copper or the calculated quantity of copper required for completly filling the pores of the skeleton structure, is deposited upon or placed beneath the sintered body (FIG. 2).
  • the resulting pore-free impregnated body has a density of 13.6 g./cm.
  • the tungsten content and consequently the density are higher than on the opposite side where the fixed bottom plunger was located during pressing.
  • the contact structure thus produced is employed as a high-duty switch contact so located that the burn-off resistant, tungsten-rich side constitutes the electrical contact surface.
  • the copper-rich opposite side of the contact structure possesses good soldering qualities and can be soldered or brazed with hard solder or brazing material upon conventional carrier metals.
  • the pressing is eifected in several stages.
  • the elfect of a higher difference in density can be further increased by giving the individual layers of powder respectively different compositions.
  • FIG. 3 shows a die 1 with a pressed body 10 composed of five layers. These layers are produced by individually pressing the layers 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d and 10a. The lowermost layer 10a is first pressed at the highest pressure. Each following layer, filled on top of the preceding layer, is then pressed at a lower pressure, the uppermost layer 10a thus being compressed at the lowest pressure. For good intermeshing and coalescing of the individual layers, the individual surface of each layer is first loosened by brushing with a steel wire brush before the next layer of powder is filled into the die. The resulting multi-layer body is removed, sintered and the resulting sintered skeleton structure impregnated with metal.
  • the lowermost layer 10a has the highest content of skeleton-forming metal, for example tungsten, and the smallest content of impregnating metal such as copper; the uppermost layer 10e which was pressed at the lowest pressure, has the lowest content of tungsten and the highest content of impregnating metal.
  • the surface of the layer 10:: is ultimately soldered upon a body of impregnating metal. If the impregnation is effected from the side of the layer 10c, using an excess amount of impregnating metal, a coating of this metal remains on top of the layer 10s.
  • impregnated contact structures according to the invention can be produced of the metal systems Me Me and Me Me Me in which Me denotes W, Re, M or the like refractory metals; Me denotes Cu, Ag or their alloys; and Me denotes Ni, Co or Cr.
  • FIG. 4 shows the open position and FIG. 5 the ultimate pressing position of a device which comprises a die 1, a fixed lower plunger 2 and a vertically movable upper plunger 3, the lowermost position of the upper plunger being shown at 3' in FIG. 5.
  • a powder mixture 4, filled into the die 1, is pressed and shaped into a body 4.
  • the lower plunger is composed of a fixed tubular portion 12 in which a piston 13 is displaceable. In the filling position according to FIG. 4, two markers 14a and 14b between parts 12 and 13 are adjacent to each other, and two corresponding markers 15a and 15b on die 1 and part 12 are likewise adjacent to each other.
  • the pressure plunger 3 has a cavity 16 which determines the shape of a switch pin to be pressed.
  • the cavity 16 is lowered onto the originally planar surface 17 of the powder mass 11. Due to the different shapes of the active face on plunger 3 and the mass of powder 11, there results a continuous variation in density, not only in the travel direction of the pressing plunger but also in other directions.
  • the vectors 19 of the compressing forces extending in the direction normal to the boundary faces result in good densification of the material at the surface.
  • the position 13 may be lifted a slight amount, as indicated by the markers 14a, 14b, toward the upper plunger 3 without moving the tubular part 12 of the lower plunger, so that the markers 15a and 15b retain in FIG. 5 the relative position as shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show the filling position and pressing position respectively with respect to the production of a contact shoe by a process and in a manner corresponding to FIGS. 4 and 5 respectively.
  • the lower plunger 2 is subdivided into a fixed portion 21 and a displaceable portion 22.
  • the portion 22 is lifted slightly toward the upper plunger 3' whose ultimate pressing position is denoted by 3' in FIG. 7.
  • the lower plunger thus moves from the position of FIG. 6, in which the markers 14a and 14b coincide, to the position 22' in FIG. 7 where the marker 14! is slightly above the marker 14a.
  • the filling factor in the left-hand portion 25 of the compressed body 4 has the value 3, whereas in the right-hand portion the filling factor is smaller than 3.
  • the movable portion 22 of the lower plunger therefore, can be used not only for securing the desired edge strength but also for controlling the differences in density in directions departing from the travel direction of the compressing tool.
  • a composite and internally bonded body with a plurality of layers for electrical switch contacts comprising a body one side of which is most compressed and has the highest content of spark-resistant high-melting metal and the smallest content of impregnating metal, the remote side of said body being least compressed and having the lowest content of high-melting metal and the highest content of impregnating metal, said spark-resistant high-melting metal consisting of an alloy formed preponderantly of tungsten with a remainder substantially of copper and nickel, and said impregnating metal being formed substantially by metal selected from the group consisting of copper and silver and their alloys, the concentration of the high-melting metal and of the impregnating metal which fully impregnates the intermediate layers gradually merging into each other at values between the border layers without a concentration leap and the concentration varying in the direction of compression.
  • said sinter skeleton structure consisting substantially of tungsten with 1 to 15% by weight of copper and 0.5 to 2% of nickel.
  • said sinter skeleton structure consisting substantially of 28.5 to 93% by weight of tungsten, 1 to 5% copper and 0.5 to 2% nickel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
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US454921A 1964-05-15 1965-05-11 Composite structure of inter-bonded metals for heavy-duty electrical switch contacts Expired - Lifetime US3360348A (en)

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AT (1) AT271920B (de)
CH (1) CH470741A (de)
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GB (1) GB1113794A (de)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3404978A (en) * 1967-01-27 1968-10-08 Otto G. Koppius Coinable electrical discharge machine electrode material
US3429700A (en) * 1966-09-20 1969-02-25 Teleflex Inc Method of producing composite metal articles by uniting two identical shapes
US3489530A (en) * 1966-06-03 1970-01-13 Siemens Ag Penetration-bonded metal composition for power-breaker contacts
US3766769A (en) * 1972-06-22 1973-10-23 Western Electric Co Method of and means for commencing a deforming operation, e. g., hydrostatic extrusion of a billet
US3766768A (en) * 1972-06-22 1973-10-23 Western Electric Co Method of and means for commencing a deforming operation, e. g. hydrostatic extrusion of a billet
DE2522832A1 (de) * 1974-06-03 1975-12-18 Westinghouse Electric Corp Verfahren zur herstellung von chrom- kupfer-kontakten fuer vakuumschalter und nach diesem verfahren hergestellte kontakte
US3937618A (en) * 1973-07-09 1976-02-10 Franklin Mint Corporation Method for producing bi-metal object and product thereof
US4014659A (en) * 1973-11-16 1977-03-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Impregnated compound metal as contact material for vacuum switches and method for its manufacture
US4054449A (en) * 1970-12-04 1977-10-18 Federal-Mogul Corporation Process of making a composite heavy-duty powdered machine element
US4204863A (en) * 1976-12-27 1980-05-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sintered contact material of silver and embedded metal oxides
US4456577A (en) * 1981-09-25 1984-06-26 Osaka Diamond Industrial Company, Ltd. Methods for producing composite rotary dresser
US4689077A (en) * 1985-05-20 1987-08-25 Eltech Systems Corporation Method for manufacturing a reaction-sintered metal/ceramic composite body and metal/ceramic composite body
DE3842919A1 (de) * 1988-12-21 1990-07-05 Calor Emag Elektrizitaets Ag Schaltstueck fuer einen vakuumschalter und verfahren zur herstellung eines solchen schaltstuecks oder eines entsprechend beschaffenen bauteils
US5828941A (en) * 1994-03-30 1998-10-27 Eaton Corporation Electrical contact compositions and novel manufacturing method
US5943546A (en) * 1992-09-24 1999-08-24 Toto Ltd. Gradient function material
EP1091009A3 (de) * 1999-10-08 2003-01-08 Osram Sylvania Inc. Legierung für elektrische Kontakte und Elektroden und Verfahren seiner Herstellung
US20080319493A1 (en) * 2007-06-21 2008-12-25 Dao Min Zhou Biocompatible electroplated interconnection bonding method and electronics package suitable for implantation
CN107598172A (zh) * 2017-07-25 2018-01-19 陕西斯瑞新材料股份有限公司 一种梯度多层CuCr复合触头材料的制备方法
JP2020103909A (ja) * 2015-12-28 2020-07-09 デンツプライ・シロナ・インコーポレイテッド ブランクおよび歯科修復物を作製するための方法

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DE19537657A1 (de) * 1995-10-10 1997-04-17 Abb Patent Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Kontaktstückes
DE102016119935A1 (de) 2016-10-19 2018-04-19 Degudent Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung einer dentalen Restauration

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GB544969A (en) * 1940-03-27 1942-05-05 Gen Motors Corp Improved porous metal articles and methods of making the same
US2464517A (en) * 1943-05-13 1949-03-15 Callite Tungsten Corp Method of making porous metallic bodies

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB544969A (en) * 1940-03-27 1942-05-05 Gen Motors Corp Improved porous metal articles and methods of making the same
US2464517A (en) * 1943-05-13 1949-03-15 Callite Tungsten Corp Method of making porous metallic bodies

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3489530A (en) * 1966-06-03 1970-01-13 Siemens Ag Penetration-bonded metal composition for power-breaker contacts
US3429700A (en) * 1966-09-20 1969-02-25 Teleflex Inc Method of producing composite metal articles by uniting two identical shapes
US3404978A (en) * 1967-01-27 1968-10-08 Otto G. Koppius Coinable electrical discharge machine electrode material
US4054449A (en) * 1970-12-04 1977-10-18 Federal-Mogul Corporation Process of making a composite heavy-duty powdered machine element
US3766769A (en) * 1972-06-22 1973-10-23 Western Electric Co Method of and means for commencing a deforming operation, e. g., hydrostatic extrusion of a billet
US3766768A (en) * 1972-06-22 1973-10-23 Western Electric Co Method of and means for commencing a deforming operation, e. g. hydrostatic extrusion of a billet
US3937618A (en) * 1973-07-09 1976-02-10 Franklin Mint Corporation Method for producing bi-metal object and product thereof
US4014659A (en) * 1973-11-16 1977-03-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Impregnated compound metal as contact material for vacuum switches and method for its manufacture
DE2522832A1 (de) * 1974-06-03 1975-12-18 Westinghouse Electric Corp Verfahren zur herstellung von chrom- kupfer-kontakten fuer vakuumschalter und nach diesem verfahren hergestellte kontakte
US3960554A (en) * 1974-06-03 1976-06-01 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Powdered metallurgical process for forming vacuum interrupter contacts
US4204863A (en) * 1976-12-27 1980-05-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sintered contact material of silver and embedded metal oxides
US4456577A (en) * 1981-09-25 1984-06-26 Osaka Diamond Industrial Company, Ltd. Methods for producing composite rotary dresser
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DE1458477A1 (de) 1969-01-02
GB1113794A (en) 1968-05-15
CH470741A (de) 1969-03-31
AT271920B (de) 1969-06-25
DE1458477B2 (de) 1973-05-10

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