US3377462A - Device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions - Google Patents

Device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions Download PDF

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Publication number
US3377462A
US3377462A US423876A US42387665A US3377462A US 3377462 A US3377462 A US 3377462A US 423876 A US423876 A US 423876A US 42387665 A US42387665 A US 42387665A US 3377462 A US3377462 A US 3377462A
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layer
mechanical stresses
atmospheric conditions
current
heating
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US423876A
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English (en)
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Pferschy Herbert
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C11/00—Details of pavings
    • E01C11/24—Methods or arrangements for preventing slipperiness or protecting against influences of the weather
    • E01C11/26—Permanently installed heating or blowing devices ; Mounting thereof
    • E01C11/265—Embedded electrical heating elements ; Mounting thereof

Definitions

  • faultcurrent protective circuits switch transformer metalsheathing' I protective conductor heating cable fault currenttrip ground connection
  • the invention relates to a device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions such as roads, airport runways, bridges and other traffic areas, using electric resistance heating elements.
  • FIG. 1 shows a fragmentary perspective view of a portion of a traffic area to be heated
  • FIGURE 2 shows a diagram of a fault-current protective circuit.
  • FIG. 1 A particularly favorable type of laminar heating element is shown in FIG. 1 and consists of an electrically conductive concrete layer, since in this instance the heating element is at the same time supporting the traffic area. Since the set concrete normally used has a very high electric resistivity, it is necessary to add admixtures ensuring a satisfactory conductivity for the heating even after the concrete has set, or to achieve a suflicient humidification of the concrete.
  • a satisfactory, substantially electrolytic conductivity can be achieved in the concrete by suitable chemical admixtures such as salts, for instance NaCl, or acids, for instance hydrochloric acid.
  • suitable chemical admixtures such as salts, for instance NaCl, or acids, for instance hydrochloric acid.
  • the chemical admixtures mentioned above can be introduced into the concrete using, for instance, a system of tubes embedded in the concrete layer and provided with numerous openings through which the chemical admixtures are discharged in liquid state. In this case it is recommended to seal the concrete layer with a coat inhibiting evaporation.
  • a substantially electrical (metallic) conductivity, in the concrete consists in incorporating particles of metals and/or conductive ores.
  • this can be done by pre-compressing, as in the prepact process, a bed consisting of grit and filling then under pressure the cavities with cement or cement mortar.
  • cement other bin-ding agents can be used, e.g., magnesia.
  • connecting electrodes are required to feed the heating current.
  • the shape and arrangement of the connecting electrodes can be varied.
  • plate electrodes are appropriate, the electrode plates being applied to the surface of the concrete layer, e.g., to its lateral faces and/or are embedded in the said concrete layer.
  • bar-shaped electrodes or wires serving as electrodes can be used which are incorporated in the conductive concrete layer.
  • wire grids, wire gauzes or metal foils can be used as electrodes and applied to the concrete layer or embedded therein.
  • the arrangement of the electrodes can be conceived such that the heating current flows substantially parallel to the plane of the trafiic area being heated or transversely of the same, thus from top to bottom or inversely.
  • the conductivity is electrolytic (ionic)
  • alternating current must be used as a heating current in order to prevent electrolytic decomposition as far as possible.
  • the electrodes it will also be useful to arrange the electrodes such that they can be replaced and/or cleaned, if need be.
  • the safety circuits or safety measures considered are, e.g.: fault-current protective circuits; protective transformers or generators insulated against the ground; current reduction triggers; covering or enveloping of the insulation of the heating elements with an electrically conductive grounded material; suitable arrangement and dimensioning of the heating elements to keep the step voltage low, insulating bordering of the trafiic area; insulating surfacing, preferably consisting of wear resistant and impact resistant material.
  • fault-current protective circuits e.g.: fault-current protective circuits; protective transformers or generators insulated against the ground; current reduction triggers; covering or enveloping of the insulation of the heating elements with an electrically conductive grounded material; suitable arrangement and dimensioning of the heating elements to keep the step voltage low, insulating bordering of the trafiic area; insulating surfacing, preferably consisting of wear resistant and impact resistant material.
  • insulating surfacing preferably consisting of wear resistant and impact resistant material.
  • the operating system of the safety switch can be chosen arbitrarily. Tests have shown that with a threephase power current connection, the above-mentioned requirements are fully met by an inductive fault-current protective switch.
  • This fault-current protective switch the leak current is determined by means of a totalizing current transformer.
  • the current feeds are wound as a primary Winding around an iron core carrying a secondary winding. As long as the heating cable is not defective, the total current in the current transformer equals zero. If the heating cable becomes defective, the total current in the primary winding is no longer zero and thus a current is induced in'the secondary winding which triggers a switch via a highly sensitive relay.
  • the sensitivity and the time of response can be adjusted in a relatively simple way.
  • a device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions, such as roads, airportrunways, bridges or other traffic areas said device comprising a foundation layer and at least one coating covering said foundation layer, said coating comprising a heating element of :at least one layer of concrete which is uniformly electrically conductive throughout the entire layer, and means in contact with said conductive concrete layer for connecting the latter to a source of electrical energy.
  • a device as claimed in claim 1 comprising a tubular system with numerous openings emebdded in said electrically conductive concrete layer through which a liquid rendering said concrete layer electrolytically conductive can be passed into said concrete layer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
US423876A 1963-09-16 1965-01-05 Device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions Expired - Lifetime US3377462A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT740763A AT251631B (de) 1963-09-16 1963-09-16 Vorrichtung zum Beheizen von Bodenflächen

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US3377462A true US3377462A (en) 1968-04-09

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US423876A Expired - Lifetime US3377462A (en) 1963-09-16 1965-01-05 Device for heating surfaces subject to strong mechanical stresses or considerably varying atmospheric conditions

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AT (1) AT251631B (de)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3626149A (en) * 1970-01-02 1971-12-07 Superior Graphite Co Thermally conductive concrete with heating means
US3804543A (en) * 1971-02-04 1974-04-16 Dow Chemical Co Trafficked surfaces
US3936702A (en) * 1972-02-24 1976-02-03 Micro Devices Corporation Electrical protection means
US3995965A (en) * 1976-03-31 1976-12-07 The Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. Road surface deicing device
US4015105A (en) * 1973-12-03 1977-03-29 Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Inc. Panel electrical heating element
US4174912A (en) * 1978-07-31 1979-11-20 Electroosmosis Inc. System for heave reduction in highways due to frost or moisture in expansive clay or shale materials
US4300320A (en) * 1979-11-13 1981-11-17 Havens Steel Company Bridge section composite and method of forming same
US4314772A (en) * 1979-12-13 1982-02-09 Lestraden Jakobus W Ground heating system
US4484243A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-11-20 General Electric Company Protective circuit arrangement for a sheathed heating element
US4748314A (en) * 1986-03-03 1988-05-31 A.R.M.I.N.E.S. Device for the rapid vaporization of a liquid
US5605418A (en) * 1992-02-28 1997-02-25 Taisei Home Engineering Kabushiki Kaisha Road snow melting system using a surface heating element
US5707171A (en) * 1995-09-26 1998-01-13 Zaleski; Peter L. Electrically conductive paving mixture and pavement system
WO2000045620A1 (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-03 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US6825444B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2004-11-30 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US20060231966A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2006-10-19 Tsung Tsai C Method for forming electrically conductive graphite concrete block
US20120037512A1 (en) * 2009-04-17 2012-02-16 Maurice James Robertson Electrodes for electrolysis of water
WO2017177044A1 (en) * 2016-04-06 2017-10-12 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska Systems and methods for construction of electrically conductive concrete slab with protection from current leakage
US10256006B1 (en) 2015-12-18 2019-04-09 Nutech Ventures Electrically conductive concrete mix for electromagnetic (EM) ground plane
US10398138B2 (en) * 2014-04-08 2019-09-03 Lampman Wildlife Management Services Limited Wildlife exclusion composition and assembly
US10912154B1 (en) * 2020-08-06 2021-02-02 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system

Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2348365A (en) * 1940-03-13 1944-05-09 William M Pindell Protective coating for concrete pavements
US2504146A (en) * 1939-01-16 1950-04-18 Mossin Georg Barth Electrical heating device
US2573120A (en) * 1947-12-04 1951-10-30 Richard F Wandelt Heat radiator and method of radiating heat
GB798304A (en) * 1955-07-14 1958-07-16 William Edward Baldwin Improvements in or relating to insulated electrical heating elements
US2851639A (en) * 1952-03-27 1958-09-09 Mosaic Tile Company Electrically-conductive ceramic floortile units and floors composed of such conductive units
US2912555A (en) * 1958-03-10 1959-11-10 Frederick W Jamison Detachable ice and snow melting panels for traffic bearing surfaces
FR1195162A (fr) * 1957-04-29 1959-11-16 Napier & Son Ltd élément de chauffage par résistance
US3047701A (en) * 1960-03-03 1962-07-31 Frungel Frank Device for heating a ground covering
US3121065A (en) * 1960-08-03 1964-02-11 Greger Herbert Hans Electrically conductive ceramic tile
US3121825A (en) * 1959-10-14 1964-02-18 Moroni T Abegg Electrically conductive floor covering for use in explosive hazard areas
US3166518A (en) * 1960-12-29 1965-01-19 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Electrically conductive concrete
US3168019A (en) * 1961-11-16 1965-02-02 Lynn Bernard Stanley Jet aircraft runway having anti-skid properties when wet
US3176116A (en) * 1962-02-26 1965-03-30 Lighter Stephen Heating panel
US3193664A (en) * 1961-02-20 1965-07-06 Virgil R Beery Electrical heating mat
US3214638A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-10-26 Moser Robert Ground responsive protective system

Patent Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2504146A (en) * 1939-01-16 1950-04-18 Mossin Georg Barth Electrical heating device
US2348365A (en) * 1940-03-13 1944-05-09 William M Pindell Protective coating for concrete pavements
US2573120A (en) * 1947-12-04 1951-10-30 Richard F Wandelt Heat radiator and method of radiating heat
US2851639A (en) * 1952-03-27 1958-09-09 Mosaic Tile Company Electrically-conductive ceramic floortile units and floors composed of such conductive units
GB798304A (en) * 1955-07-14 1958-07-16 William Edward Baldwin Improvements in or relating to insulated electrical heating elements
FR1195162A (fr) * 1957-04-29 1959-11-16 Napier & Son Ltd élément de chauffage par résistance
US2912555A (en) * 1958-03-10 1959-11-10 Frederick W Jamison Detachable ice and snow melting panels for traffic bearing surfaces
US3214638A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-10-26 Moser Robert Ground responsive protective system
US3121825A (en) * 1959-10-14 1964-02-18 Moroni T Abegg Electrically conductive floor covering for use in explosive hazard areas
US3047701A (en) * 1960-03-03 1962-07-31 Frungel Frank Device for heating a ground covering
US3121065A (en) * 1960-08-03 1964-02-11 Greger Herbert Hans Electrically conductive ceramic tile
US3166518A (en) * 1960-12-29 1965-01-19 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Electrically conductive concrete
US3193664A (en) * 1961-02-20 1965-07-06 Virgil R Beery Electrical heating mat
US3168019A (en) * 1961-11-16 1965-02-02 Lynn Bernard Stanley Jet aircraft runway having anti-skid properties when wet
US3176116A (en) * 1962-02-26 1965-03-30 Lighter Stephen Heating panel

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3626149A (en) * 1970-01-02 1971-12-07 Superior Graphite Co Thermally conductive concrete with heating means
US3804543A (en) * 1971-02-04 1974-04-16 Dow Chemical Co Trafficked surfaces
US3936702A (en) * 1972-02-24 1976-02-03 Micro Devices Corporation Electrical protection means
US4015105A (en) * 1973-12-03 1977-03-29 Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Inc. Panel electrical heating element
US3995965A (en) * 1976-03-31 1976-12-07 The Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. Road surface deicing device
US4174912A (en) * 1978-07-31 1979-11-20 Electroosmosis Inc. System for heave reduction in highways due to frost or moisture in expansive clay or shale materials
US4300320A (en) * 1979-11-13 1981-11-17 Havens Steel Company Bridge section composite and method of forming same
US4314772A (en) * 1979-12-13 1982-02-09 Lestraden Jakobus W Ground heating system
US4484243A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-11-20 General Electric Company Protective circuit arrangement for a sheathed heating element
US4748314A (en) * 1986-03-03 1988-05-31 A.R.M.I.N.E.S. Device for the rapid vaporization of a liquid
US5605418A (en) * 1992-02-28 1997-02-25 Taisei Home Engineering Kabushiki Kaisha Road snow melting system using a surface heating element
US5707171A (en) * 1995-09-26 1998-01-13 Zaleski; Peter L. Electrically conductive paving mixture and pavement system
WO2000045620A1 (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-03 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US6825444B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2004-11-30 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US20060231966A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2006-10-19 Tsung Tsai C Method for forming electrically conductive graphite concrete block
US20120037512A1 (en) * 2009-04-17 2012-02-16 Maurice James Robertson Electrodes for electrolysis of water
US10398138B2 (en) * 2014-04-08 2019-09-03 Lampman Wildlife Management Services Limited Wildlife exclusion composition and assembly
US10256006B1 (en) 2015-12-18 2019-04-09 Nutech Ventures Electrically conductive concrete mix for electromagnetic (EM) ground plane
WO2017177044A1 (en) * 2016-04-06 2017-10-12 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska Systems and methods for construction of electrically conductive concrete slab with protection from current leakage
US10385519B2 (en) 2016-04-06 2019-08-20 Nutech Ventures Systems and methods for construction of electrically conductive concrete slab with protection from current leakage
US10912154B1 (en) * 2020-08-06 2021-02-02 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system
US11683862B2 (en) 2020-08-06 2023-06-20 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system

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Publication number Publication date
AT251631B (de) 1967-01-10

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