US3405578A - Method for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a knife for a microtome - Google Patents

Method for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a knife for a microtome Download PDF

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Publication number
US3405578A
US3405578A US544058A US54405866A US3405578A US 3405578 A US3405578 A US 3405578A US 544058 A US544058 A US 544058A US 54405866 A US54405866 A US 54405866A US 3405578 A US3405578 A US 3405578A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
knife
cutting edge
microtome
microscope
measuring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US544058A
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English (en)
Inventor
Persson Algy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pfizer Health AB
Original Assignee
LKB Produkter AB
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Filing date
Publication date
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
    • B23Q17/09—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or for determining cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool
    • B23Q17/0904—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or for determining cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool before or after machining
    • B23Q17/0919—Arrangements for measuring or adjusting cutting-tool geometry in presetting devices
    • B23Q17/0933—Cutting angles of milling cutters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/26—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/04—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
    • G01N1/06—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting providing a thin slice, e.g. microtome
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/04—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
    • G01N1/06—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting providing a thin slice, e.g. microtome
    • G01N2001/061—Blade details
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/04—Processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/849—With signal, scale, or indicator
    • Y10T83/853—Indicates tool position
    • Y10T83/855—Relative to another element

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The true edge angle of a knife fora microtome is determined by directing a ray of light throng-h a narrow slot towards the knife surface adjacent the cutting edge, observing the direction of the light ray reflected by the knifes surface, and calculating the orientation of the knifes surface from the directions of the incident and reflected light rays respectively.
  • This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring the true angle of the cutting edge of a knife to be used in a microtome.
  • the true edge angle of a knife for a microtome is often different from the edge angle which can be observed with the naked eye, owing to the fact that the'surface of the knife is curved close to the edge.
  • Such a curved edge surface is produced in an uncontrollable way not only when knives of metal or diamond are sharpened but also when a glass plate is broken so as to form a knife.
  • the invention aims at finding the true cutting edge angle, that is the angle between the surfaces in close proximity to the edge.
  • the method of the invent-ion is characterized by directing a ray of light through a narrow slot towards the knife surface adjacent the cutting edge, observing by means of a microscope the direction of the ray of light reflected by said surface, and calculating the orientation of the surface by means of the directions of the incident and reflected rays of light.
  • the apparatus of the invention is characterized by con taining a holder to secure the knife with its cutting edge in a predetermined position, illumination means having a narrow slot for directing a ray of light towards the knife close to the cutting edge, a microscope for observing the ray of light having been reflected by the knife surface, and means for rotating the knife, the illumiation means or the microscope around the knife edge.
  • the width of the slot is preferably 0.1-0.01 mm.
  • the microscope should preferably have a magnification of -100.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the cutting edge of a glass knife of a microtome
  • FIG. 1 shows a portion of a glass knife which has been manufactured from a square glass plate, by the plate having been broken along a score line extending substantially between two corners of the plate.
  • the visible edge angle is consequently 45.
  • the new knife surface 1 will be curved in close proximity to the original peripheral surface 2 of the glass plate.
  • the true cutting edge angle a which will be the effective cutting edge angle when a specimen is being cut in the microtome, is approximately 75 in the illustrated case.
  • the microtome part of which is illustrated in FIG. 2, contains a glass knife 12 of the same type as that of FIG. 1.
  • the knife is fastened in a holder, not illustrated, with its cutting edge 3 extending at right angle to the plane of the drawing.
  • the microtome' also contains a specimen holder 13, on which the specimen'lll to be cut is fastened.
  • the specimen holder 13 is connected to means giving it a movement towards the knife 12 and a reciprocating movement up and down,'resulting in the specimen 14 being sliced by the cutting edge 3.
  • Such means for moving the specimen holder are well known to any person skilled in the art, and have not been illustrated.
  • the microtome also contains illumination means comprising a lamp 4 and a reflector 5 having a narrow slot 6 extending parallel with the knife edge 3.
  • the slot 6 has a width of 0.01 mm. and a length substantially equal to that of the cutting edge, i.e. the thickness of the glass plate from which the knife was made.
  • the illumination means is fastened to an arm 7 which is rotatable around an axis of rotation, which coincides with the knife edge 3. Close to the arm 7 is a scale 8 indicating the desired cutting edge angle.
  • the microtome also contains a microscope 9 mounted on an arm 10 which can be rotated around an axis coinciding with the cutting edge 3. Close to the arm 10 is a scale 11 indicating the position of the microscope.
  • the microtome of FIG. 2 the plane knife surface 2 and the optical axis of the microscope 9 are situated in the same vertical plane.
  • the operator rotates the illumination means 46 until he observes in the microscope, the focal plane of which coincides with the cutting edge 3, the image of the narrow slot 6, and until said image has a maximal intensity of light and is situated close to the cutting edge 3.
  • the scale 8 now discloses the cutting edge angle, which is 58 in the illustrated case.
  • the graduation of the scale 8 is easily understood if, first, the case is considered that the cutting edge angle is 45 resulting in a horizontal illumination means, and, second, the case is considered that the cutting edge angle is resulting in a vertical illumination means.
  • the image of the slot 6 observed in the microscope gives additional information on the quality of the curved knife surface close to the edge. If, for instance, the image is at some place particularly close to the cutting edge, this means that the cutting edge angle at said place is larger than the average.
  • a straight and even image indicates a straight cutting edge having an evenly curved surface without any irregularities.
  • the plane knife surface 2 is vertical.
  • the specimen 14 which is being cut moves vertically in the very moment of cutting. Consequently, the clearance angle will be naught.
  • the knife holder, not illustrated should preferably be adjustable, so that the knife 12 can be fixed in a position in which the plane surface 2 produces the desired clearance angle.
  • the microscope is fixed, by means, of the scale 11, in an angle to said clearance angle.
  • the scale 8 discloses the true edge angle.
  • the knife and the microscope are kept fixed during the measuring operation, while the illumination means is being rotated. It is within the scope of the invention to keep the knife and the illumination means fixed while the microscope is being rotated. It is also within the scope of the invention to keep the microscope and the illumination means fixed while the knife is being rotated.
  • a method for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a knife for a microtome which comprises positioning the knife edge and a microscope in the same plane; di-
  • a method for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a microtome knife of the type in which the cutting edge is defined by a plane surface and a curved surface comprising fastening the knife with the plane surface in a predetermined orientation, passing a ray of light through a narrow slot towards the curved surface, measuring the direction of said ray of light, observing the ray of light after having been reflected from said curved surface, measuring the direction of said reflected ray of light, and calculating the orientation of said curved surface from the directions of the rays of light thus measured,
  • An apparatus for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a stationary knife for a microtome which comprises:
  • an illumination means including a light slot having a width of 0.01-0.1 mm., for passing a ray of light towards a surface of the knife immediately adjacent the cutting edge of said knife;
  • scale means for measuring the orientation of said illumination means with respect to said microscope.
  • An apparatus for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a stationary knife for a microtome which comprises:
  • an illumination means including a light slot having a width of 0.01-0.1 mm., for passing a ray of light towards a surface of the knife immediately adjacent the cutting edge of said knife;
  • scale means for measuring the orientation of the micro scope with respect to said illumination means.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
US544058A 1965-04-07 1966-04-04 Method for measuring the true cutting edge angle of a knife for a microtome Expired - Lifetime US3405578A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE452765 1965-04-07

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US3405578A true US3405578A (en) 1968-10-15

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AT (1) AT289416B (de)
DE (1) DE1274814B (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5080484A (en) * 1988-04-29 1992-01-14 Texas Instruments Deutschland Gmbh Method of measuring the contact angle of wetting liquid on a solid surface
US20040244548A1 (en) * 2003-06-07 2004-12-09 Leica Mikrosysteme Gmbh Cutting apparatus and method for presetting a cutting apparatus
US20080210075A1 (en) * 2006-11-15 2008-09-04 Falk Oberhoff Longitudinal slitting machine having knife holders disposed thereon
US20110252935A1 (en) * 2008-07-14 2011-10-20 John Welsh Device for dissecting thin samples and methods thereof
US20220276236A1 (en) * 2018-12-06 2022-09-01 Winmems Technologies Co., Ltd. Encoded Microflakes

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19741290B4 (de) * 1996-09-24 2005-07-21 Microm International Gmbh Autokollimator zur Ausrichtung der Anschnittflächen von Histologieblöcken
DE19906272A1 (de) * 1999-02-15 2000-09-07 Heilig & Schwab Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen von Winkeln an Werkzeugschneiden sowie Meßeinrichtung

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2155523A (en) * 1935-04-26 1939-04-25 Bausch & Lomb Microtome
US2208882A (en) * 1939-03-22 1940-07-23 Paper Chemistry Inst Microscope
US2307951A (en) * 1940-06-11 1943-01-12 Prec Grinding Ltd Optical instrument for observing, comparing, or measuring angles
US3025747A (en) * 1956-02-01 1962-03-20 Philip Morris Inc Method and apparatus for determining cutting ability of an edged metal tool
US3186296A (en) * 1960-12-09 1965-06-01 Richard T Erban Method and apparatus for microscopic inspection using colored illumination

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2155523A (en) * 1935-04-26 1939-04-25 Bausch & Lomb Microtome
US2208882A (en) * 1939-03-22 1940-07-23 Paper Chemistry Inst Microscope
US2307951A (en) * 1940-06-11 1943-01-12 Prec Grinding Ltd Optical instrument for observing, comparing, or measuring angles
US3025747A (en) * 1956-02-01 1962-03-20 Philip Morris Inc Method and apparatus for determining cutting ability of an edged metal tool
US3186296A (en) * 1960-12-09 1965-06-01 Richard T Erban Method and apparatus for microscopic inspection using colored illumination

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5080484A (en) * 1988-04-29 1992-01-14 Texas Instruments Deutschland Gmbh Method of measuring the contact angle of wetting liquid on a solid surface
US20040244548A1 (en) * 2003-06-07 2004-12-09 Leica Mikrosysteme Gmbh Cutting apparatus and method for presetting a cutting apparatus
US20080210075A1 (en) * 2006-11-15 2008-09-04 Falk Oberhoff Longitudinal slitting machine having knife holders disposed thereon
US20110252935A1 (en) * 2008-07-14 2011-10-20 John Welsh Device for dissecting thin samples and methods thereof
US8464619B2 (en) * 2008-07-14 2013-06-18 John Welsh Device for dissecting thin samples and methods thereof
US20220276236A1 (en) * 2018-12-06 2022-09-01 Winmems Technologies Co., Ltd. Encoded Microflakes
US11499966B2 (en) * 2018-12-06 2022-11-15 Winmems Technologies Co., Ltd. Encoded microflakes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT289416B (de) 1971-04-26
DE1274814B (de) 1968-08-08

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