US3423880A - Surface-treating device - Google Patents

Surface-treating device Download PDF

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Publication number
US3423880A
US3423880A US504495A US3423880DA US3423880A US 3423880 A US3423880 A US 3423880A US 504495 A US504495 A US 504495A US 3423880D A US3423880D A US 3423880DA US 3423880 A US3423880 A US 3423880A
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elements
abrasive
magnetic field
magnet
magnet elements
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US504495A
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Abe Hershler
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B31/00—Machines or devices designed for polishing or abrading surfaces on work by means of tumbling apparatus or other apparatus in which the work and/or the abrasive material is loose; Accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B31/00—Machines or devices designed for polishing or abrading surfaces on work by means of tumbling apparatus or other apparatus in which the work and/or the abrasive material is loose; Accessories therefor
    • B24B31/10—Machines or devices designed for polishing or abrading surfaces on work by means of tumbling apparatus or other apparatus in which the work and/or the abrasive material is loose; Accessories therefor involving other means for tumbling of work
    • B24B31/102—Machines or devices designed for polishing or abrading surfaces on work by means of tumbling apparatus or other apparatus in which the work and/or the abrasive material is loose; Accessories therefor involving other means for tumbling of work using an alternating magnetic field

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to an improved method and apparatus for the treatment of materials and it relates more particularly to an improved method and apparatus for various degrees of material abrading from the polishing of the surface of a work piece of a particulate material to comminuting or size reduction of materials.
  • ball mills, hammer mills, impact mills and turbo mills are each adapted for materials of specific properties and are unsuitable for use with other materials.
  • grinding, engraving, drilling, milling and polishing operations each require procedures which are designed for the particular process and are not only unsuitable for other processes but leave something to be desired for the process for which it is designed.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved abrading method and apparatus.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for abrading the surface of a work piece or a plurality of pieces or a particulate or divided material to various degrees of working and fineness such as grinding, engraving, drilling, milling, polishing, burnishing, comminution, particle size reduction and the like.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved abrading apparatus of simple and rugged construction which is simply adjustable to varying conditions.
  • Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus of the above nature characterized by their versatility, adaptability, reliability, efficiency and low cost.
  • FIGURE 1 is an end elevational view, partially in section, of an apparatus embodying the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a top plan view thereof
  • FIGURE 3 is a view similar to FIGURE 1 of another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a magnet element advantageously employed in the present apparatus
  • FIGURE 5 is another fragmentary sectional view similar to FIGURE 3 of another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 6 is a view similar to FIGURE 5 of a further embodiment of the present invention.
  • a highly effective abrading action may be achieved by providing with a system of magnetic elements and a direction varying magnetic field of the nature disclosed in the above identified Hershler applica tion relatively hard abrasive elements which may be in a finely divided state separate from the magnet elements or may form coatings on the magnet elements or both.
  • the material to be treated, whether unitary, multiple or particulate is exposed to the abrasive elements to which motion is imparted by the varying magnetic field through the magnet elements to effect the surface abrasion of the treated material.
  • the present invention contemplates the provision of a material treating apparatus comprising a receptacle containing a plurality of magnetic elements disposed in said receptacle, a plurality of abrasive elements disposed in said receptacle and means for establishing through said receptacle a magnetic field varying in direction with time to effect the mutual spacing of and impart motion to said magnetic elements.
  • the invention also contemplates the method of exposing a material to a plurality of abrasive elements in the presence of a plurality of magnetic elements and establishing in the area of said abrasive elements a magnetic field varying in direction with time.
  • the magnet elements are highly advantageously permanent magnets having strengths of at least 50 oersteds and preferably at least 200 oersteds and of a size no smaller than that of the single magnetic domain of the magnet material and advantageously of a dimension in any direction between 0.1 micron and 2 inches, the dimensions of the optimum magnet elements depending upon the type of operation being performed and the nature of the material being treated.
  • the magnet elements are advantageously of non-spherical shape and of configurations which also depend on the specific process. For example, the large dimensioned magnet elements are employed for crushing, whereas the smaller dimensioned magnet elements are preferred for grinding and polishing. Magnet elements of short flat configuration are preferred for drilling and material removal whereas long narrow magnet elements are preferred for polishing and burnishing. It should be noted that where the magnetic elements are provided with flat planar surfaces these surfaces are advantageously dimpled or ridged to inhibit their inter-engagement to form a unitary magnet.
  • the optimum size and shape of the abrasive particles likewise depend upon the particular application of the process.
  • the abrasive particles should be large, preferably between & inch and 2 inches in maximal dimension, whereas for fine milling and burnishing, the particles should be small, preferably between 0.05 micron and A inch.
  • the abrasive particles may be between 0.5 micron and inch in maximum dimension, depending upon the type of machining desired, that is engraving or gross drilling.
  • the optimum particle shape also depends on the nature of the abrading operation, for example, round pin-shaped particles for finishing and polishing aluminum castings, random shaped chips for polishing steel, triangular shaped particles for descaling, spherical particles for crushing and grinding and irregular particles with multiple sharp edges for cutting and material removal.
  • the above abrasive elements may be defined by magnet elements coated with or encased by the abrasive material or, in most applications, are separate from the magnet elements, per se, and that both forms of abrasive elements be employed.
  • the magnet elements are advantageously coated or encased by the abrasive material to minimize the abrasion thereof.
  • the abrasive elements should be of a material harder than the material being treated, and advantageously of a hardness of at least 5.0 in the Mohs scale and preferably in excess of 7.0.
  • abrasive elements steel, preferably austinitic stainless, flint pebbles, tungsten, carbide and high density alumina, of sizes exceeding 4 inch diameter, Carborundum and Norbide of sizes less than & inch diameter, boron carbide, silicon, carbide, diamond dust and Carbonmdum of a particle size less than 50 mesh.
  • the abrading procedure is advantageously effected with the magnet and abrasive elements being disposed in a liquid it may 'be effective in other fiuid material.
  • the liquid serves among other functions as a flushing material for the work piece, supplying fresh abrasive particles to the work piece, increasing the agitation of the abrasive particles to present fresh surfaces to the work piece or material being treated, and assisting the abrasion by cavitation.
  • a liquid should be employed in both milling or machining since a more efficient and enhanced abrading results with a fine surface finish.
  • Water or organic liquids may be employed, for example, various alcohols such as methyl, ethyl and propyl alcohol, light oils, acetone and the like.
  • the liquid is advantageously of a low viscosity.
  • the varying magnetic field likewise depends upon the application of the apparatus and process and may vary sinusoidally with time, reversing direction each half cycle or may be a pulsed or modulated type of magnetic field or other magnetic field varying in direction with time.
  • a high intensity magnetic field is employed, for example, between 100 and 20,000 oersteds which may be in sharp pulses or bursts of magnetic field alternations, whereas for fine abrasion a low intensity magnetic field is employed, for example between and 1,000 oersteds.
  • the frequency of changing direction of the magnetic field likewise varies with the application of the process, a low frequency field, preferably between 1 and 100 c.p.s. being preferred for crushing, whereas a high frequency field is preferred for cutting and engraving, for example between 10 and 100,000 c.p.s.
  • a sinusoidal frequency of 60 c.p.s. has wide application since the field producing current is directly available from commercial power lines.
  • the frequency of pulsing, in a pulsed alternating magnetic field also varies with the application.
  • pulsing is very useful in limiting the average power in cases where the use of high peak power is required.
  • a large scale milling operation could utilize very high peak bursts of input power to achieve extremely intense magnetic fields and still maintain a low average power input for high efficiency.
  • the receptacle for holding the magnet and abrasive elements and the liquid, where such is employed, is advantageously non-magnetic and is formed of or lined with a material which depends upon the application.
  • a hard lining such as austinitic stainless steel or porcelain should be employed where crushing is being effected while a rubber lining should be used where polishing is being practiced.
  • the receptacle may be open or closed in the form of a pi e through which a fluid may circulate and may be provided with lids, inlet and outlet pipes and the like.
  • the reference numeral 10 generally designates the improved apparatus which is highly useful in abrading the surfaces of objects to any desired degree and fineness.
  • the apparatus 10 includes a base member 11 which may be made of a nonmagnetic material on which is mounted a vertical hollow solenoid or multiturn coil 12.
  • a base member 11 which may be made of a nonmagnetic material on which is mounted a vertical hollow solenoid or multiturn coil 12.
  • a laminated soft iron core 13 having a cylindrical cradle formed in its upper face.
  • a horizontally extending cylindrical processing tank 14 rests in the cradle of the core 13 and is formed of a non-magnetic material.
  • the tank is formed of a ceramic provided with a hard rubber inner liner 16.
  • the tank 14 is provided with a lid affording access to the interior thereof and with inlet and outlet pipes permitting the circulation of a slurry processing liquid and material to be treated.
  • a slurry and mixture 17 is located in the tank 14 and preferably only partially fills the tank.
  • the slurry 17 contains abrasive elements, permanent magnet elements, and the articles to be abraded all distributed in water or other liquid.
  • the solenoid 12 is connected to a source of alternating current to produce an alternating magnetic field through the slurry 17 which is intensified by the core 13, the magnet field being substantially vertical.
  • the alternating current is sinusoidal
  • the magnetic field varies sinusoidally with time reversing direction each half cycle.
  • the varying magnetic field imparts intensive motions to the magnet elements which in turn strike the abrasive elements and carry and impel them to and along the articels being treated whereby to effect the abrasion thereof.
  • the coarseness and fineness of the abrasion depends, as aforesaid, on the properties of the material being treated, the abrasive material, the magnet elements and the parameters of the magnetic field. As earlier set forth the magnet elements may be enclosed in an abrasive material.
  • the tank 14 was of 3-inch diameter and 4 inches long and the solenoid 12 was 400 turns of No. 18 insulated wire.
  • the core 13 was formed of high ,u, low H low loss transformer iron.
  • the slurry approximately half filled the tank 14 and contained Water, grams of No. 140 grit Norbide abrasive powder, 25 cylindrical permanent magnet elements inch diameter by A inch long and encased in tungsten carbide packets, and pound of inch diameter hard glass beards.
  • the solenoid 12 was connected to a volt 60 c.p.s. sinusoidal voltage source and the power consumed was 225 watts.
  • the glass beads were completely etched in 40 seconds and reduced to a fine powdered slurry in about 2 hours.
  • FIGURE 3 of the drawings there is illustrated an example of an apparatus which may be employed for machining operations.
  • the apparatus includes a base 18 in which is located a vertical solenoid 19 connected to a source of alternating current.
  • a tubular mounting cylinder 20 of non-magnetic material in the lower section of which is nested a laminated iron core 21 having a lower cylindrical section and an upper frusto-conical upper section 22 terminating in a horizontal flat top face.
  • a circular Work piece 23 is supported on the top face of the core 21 by an intervening rubber gasket 24.
  • a non-magnetic ring or annulus 26 rests on the peripheral border of the work piece 23, telescoping the tube 20, the upper opening in the annulus 26 being closed by a rubber gasket 27.
  • a laminated soft iron cylindrical plug 28 telescopes the upper end of the tube 20 and rests on the gasket 27.
  • the gasket 27, annulus 26 and work piece 23 delineate a Work cell 29, which is partially filled with the working slurry including the abrasive and the magnet elements.
  • the solenoid 19 was 250 turns of No. 12 insulated copper wire connected to a 50 volt, 60 c.p.s., voltage source.
  • the core 21 was 3 inches high and had a 2 /2 inch diameter base and a 1 inch diameter top face and the plug 28 was 2 inches long and of 2 /2 inch diameter.
  • the cell 29 was /2 inch high and of 1 inch diameter and was half filled with a water or ethyl alcohol slurry containing 5 grams of No. 240 Norbide abrasive powder and 16 anisotropic barium ferrite cylindrical permanent magnets inch long and inch diameter.
  • the work piece 23 was glass and 0.0012 cubic inch of glass was drilled out or removed in 2 minutes at a 300 watt consumption. A 1 inch diameter hole was drilled through the work piece in about 80 minutes at 850 watts input power.
  • the apparatus illustrated in FIGURES 1 and 2 may be employed for dry milling by substituting for the slurry 17 in the tank 14 a dry mixture of magnet elements, abrasive materials and articles to be worked on or treated.
  • the ratio of the number of abrasive elements to magnet elements be very high, of an order much greater than 1, the volume of the magnetic elements and abrasive material be approximately equal.
  • the mass of the magnetic elements preferably is not less than that of the abrasive elements and the size of the individual magnet elements is much greater than that of the abrasive elements.
  • FIGURE 4 of the drawing there is illustrated a form of abrasive encased magnet element 32 which may be employed to great advantage.
  • the magnet element 32 includes a cylindrical permanent magnet 33 having poles at opposite ends thereof.
  • the magnet 33 is coated with a layer 34 of a silicone adhesive which functions as a cushion as well and coaxially rests in a tube 36 of a hard, non-magnetic abrasive material and somewhat longer than the magnet 33.
  • the ends of the tube 36 are closed by abrasive discs 37 which may have tapered peripheral edges so as to be force fitted into the tube 36.
  • the end discs 37, tube 36 and magnet 33 are maintained in an assembled condition by the adhesive 34, the magnet 33 being cushioned therein.
  • the material forming the magnet 33 advantageously has a high H very low ,u, high (BH) for example, anisotropic barium ferrite or Alnico 8 and the tube 36 and end discs 37 may be of any suitable nonmagnetic hard abrasive material, for example, tungsten carbide or ceramic.
  • the magnet elements may be of other shapes and the abrasive jackets may be omitted.
  • the magnet elements may be coated with hard metals or ceramics by means of several known techniques, for example, flame-spray coatings.
  • the magnet elements may be advantageously coated in the unmagnetized state and then magnetized.
  • the magnetic field may be directed or concentrated in any manner, for example, as disclosed in the above identified Hershler patent application, to direct the abrasive action to a predetermined area.
  • FIGURE 5 of the drawing which illustrates an apparatus similar to that shown in FIGURE 3 except that the plug 28 is omitted and the work piece 38 forms the top of the work cell and is suitably retained in position
  • a magnetic field concentrating and directing member 39 in the form of a soft iron bar is supported in the vicinity of the workpiece 38 to concentrate the magnetic field intensity in a corresponding area thereof and hence the abrasive activity.
  • active flux directors may be used in the form of small sources 40 of alternating magnetic fields as shown in FIGURE 6 which illustrates an apparatus similar to that shown in FIGURE 5 except for the provision of one or more AC energized solenoids 40; for example, instead of using a single source of alternating magnetic field several sources can be utilized in order to direct and concentrate the particle action to specific areas of a work piece.
  • the use of flux directors, passive or active, is particularly useful in pin-pointing the abrasion of materials in one or more selected areas of a work piece.
  • a direct current polarizing or alignment magnetic field may be used to focus or concentrate the abrading action to close tolerances such as in drilling.
  • the solenoids 40 are connected to alternating current as shown, and function to produce the magnet element driving field
  • the solenoid 12 is connected to a source of DC current and functions to produce the polarizing or alignment magnetic field.
  • a material treating apparatus comprising a receptacle containing a fluid, a plurality of permanent magnet elements havng strengths of at least 50 oersteds disposed in said fluid, and means for establishing through said fluid a magnetic field varying in direction with time to effect the mutual spacing of and impart motion to said magnet elements.
  • the apparatus of claim 1 including means for concentrating said magnetic field in a predetermined area of said fluid.
  • said means for producing said magnetic field comprises a 'hollow solenoid surrounding said receptacle.
  • said magnetic field establishing means comprises means for establishing a plurality of alternating magnetic fields of different frequencies.
  • the apparatus of claim 13 including means for establishing a stationary magnetic field in said receptacle.
  • the method of treating a Work piece comprising immersing said work piece into a fluid having disposed therein a plurality of permanent magnet elements having strengths of at least 50 oersteds and of a size between 0.1 micron and 2 inches in any dimension and abrasive elements and establishing in said fluid in the area of said work piece a magnetic field varying in direction with time to effect the mutual spacing of and impart motion to said permanet magnet elements whereby to bombard the surface of said work piece with said abrasive elements.
  • abrasive elements are defined at least in part by magnet elements having abrasive hard coatings.
  • Claim 1 line 4, after "fluid,” should be inserted --a plurality of abrasive elements disposed in said fluid,--.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
US504495A 1965-10-24 1965-10-24 Surface-treating device Expired - Lifetime US3423880A (en)

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3855441A (en) * 1974-04-08 1974-12-17 Braelow D Method and apparatus for activation of an abrasive slurry by an electric arc
US3892908A (en) * 1973-06-25 1975-07-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Coating of solid substrates with magnetically propelled particles
DE2556935A1 (de) * 1974-12-19 1976-07-01 Kusnezov Materialbearbeitungsverfahren und dazugehoerige einrichtung
US4122603A (en) * 1977-06-03 1978-10-31 The Gillette Company Processes for treating cutting edges
US4122602A (en) * 1977-06-03 1978-10-31 The Gillette Company Processes for treating cutting edges
WO1982001844A1 (fr) * 1980-11-28 1982-06-10 Viktor V Golovanchikov Procede et dispositif d'elimination des barbes et bavures
US4632316A (en) * 1981-10-30 1986-12-30 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for electromagnetically crushing, mixing and stirring substances by changing the electromagnetic field intensity level
US5348237A (en) * 1991-04-25 1994-09-20 Herberts Industrielacke Gmbh Apparatus for reducing, dispersing wetting and mixing pumpable, non-magnetic multiphase mixtures
US5577948A (en) * 1992-04-14 1996-11-26 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Magnetorheological polishing devices and methods
US5795212A (en) * 1995-10-16 1998-08-18 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Deterministic magnetorheological finishing
EP0914903A3 (fr) * 1997-11-06 2002-06-19 Juan Gaig Renter Machine pour la finition de pieces non magnetiques
US6503414B1 (en) 1992-04-14 2003-01-07 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Magnetorheological polishing devices and methods
GB2407285A (en) * 2003-10-22 2005-04-27 Keith Vernon Bunker Grinding apparatus
USD694828S1 (en) 2012-03-27 2013-12-03 Dana Industries Inc. Sign for a shelf
CN107791107A (zh) * 2017-11-16 2018-03-13 东北大学 一种钛合金管内壁磁流变抛光方法及装置
CN108044495A (zh) * 2018-01-28 2018-05-18 吉林大学 一种磁场遥操纵工具定向抛光装置及抛光方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU763074A1 (ru) * 1977-07-26 1980-09-15 Физико-технический институт АН Белорусской ССР Устройство дл объемной полировки
DE3115325A1 (de) * 1981-04-15 1982-11-11 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren zum entgraten metallischer und nichtmetallischer werkstuecke
BG41175A1 (en) * 1984-06-29 1987-05-15 Atanasov Device for polishing work- pieces with profile rotary surfaces
DE4001111A1 (de) * 1990-01-17 1991-07-18 Thilo Frederking Verfahren und vorrichtung zur oberflaechenbehandlung von formteilen

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2787854A (en) * 1955-11-18 1957-04-09 Reflectone Corp Method of treating an object
GB789418A (en) * 1956-01-03 1958-01-22 Reflectone Corp Improvements in or relating to polishing apparatus
US3219318A (en) * 1961-08-22 1965-11-23 Hershler Abe Fluid treating method and apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2787854A (en) * 1955-11-18 1957-04-09 Reflectone Corp Method of treating an object
GB789418A (en) * 1956-01-03 1958-01-22 Reflectone Corp Improvements in or relating to polishing apparatus
US3219318A (en) * 1961-08-22 1965-11-23 Hershler Abe Fluid treating method and apparatus

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3892908A (en) * 1973-06-25 1975-07-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Coating of solid substrates with magnetically propelled particles
US3855441A (en) * 1974-04-08 1974-12-17 Braelow D Method and apparatus for activation of an abrasive slurry by an electric arc
DE2556935A1 (de) * 1974-12-19 1976-07-01 Kusnezov Materialbearbeitungsverfahren und dazugehoerige einrichtung
US4122603A (en) * 1977-06-03 1978-10-31 The Gillette Company Processes for treating cutting edges
US4122602A (en) * 1977-06-03 1978-10-31 The Gillette Company Processes for treating cutting edges
WO1982001844A1 (fr) * 1980-11-28 1982-06-10 Viktor V Golovanchikov Procede et dispositif d'elimination des barbes et bavures
US4632316A (en) * 1981-10-30 1986-12-30 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for electromagnetically crushing, mixing and stirring substances by changing the electromagnetic field intensity level
US5348237A (en) * 1991-04-25 1994-09-20 Herberts Industrielacke Gmbh Apparatus for reducing, dispersing wetting and mixing pumpable, non-magnetic multiphase mixtures
US7261616B2 (en) 1992-04-14 2007-08-28 Qed Technologies International, Inc. Magnetorheological polishing devices and methods
US6503414B1 (en) 1992-04-14 2003-01-07 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Magnetorheological polishing devices and methods
US5577948A (en) * 1992-04-14 1996-11-26 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Magnetorheological polishing devices and methods
US5795212A (en) * 1995-10-16 1998-08-18 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Deterministic magnetorheological finishing
US5839944A (en) * 1995-10-16 1998-11-24 Byelocorp, Inc. Apparatus deterministic magnetorheological finishing of workpieces
US6106380A (en) * 1995-10-16 2000-08-22 Byelocorp Scientific, Inc. Deterministic magnetorheological finishing
EP0914903A3 (fr) * 1997-11-06 2002-06-19 Juan Gaig Renter Machine pour la finition de pieces non magnetiques
GB2407285A (en) * 2003-10-22 2005-04-27 Keith Vernon Bunker Grinding apparatus
USD694828S1 (en) 2012-03-27 2013-12-03 Dana Industries Inc. Sign for a shelf
CN107791107A (zh) * 2017-11-16 2018-03-13 东北大学 一种钛合金管内壁磁流变抛光方法及装置
CN107791107B (zh) * 2017-11-16 2019-06-07 东北大学 一种钛合金管内壁磁流变抛光方法及装置
CN108044495A (zh) * 2018-01-28 2018-05-18 吉林大学 一种磁场遥操纵工具定向抛光装置及抛光方法

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FR1500534A (fr) 1967-11-03
GB1155298A (en) 1969-06-18
DE1577553A1 (de) 1970-01-29

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