US3441094A - Drilling methods and apparatus employing out-of-phase pressure variations in a drilling fluid - Google Patents

Drilling methods and apparatus employing out-of-phase pressure variations in a drilling fluid Download PDF

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Publication number
US3441094A
US3441094A US576170A US3441094DA US3441094A US 3441094 A US3441094 A US 3441094A US 576170 A US576170 A US 576170A US 3441094D A US3441094D A US 3441094DA US 3441094 A US3441094 A US 3441094A
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Prior art keywords
cavity
drilling
acoustic
pressure variations
drill bit
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Expired - Lifetime
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US576170A
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English (en)
Inventor
Edward M Galle
Henry B Woods
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Hughes Tool Co
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Hughes Tool Co
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Assigned to HUGHES TOOL COMPANY - USA A CORP OF reassignment HUGHES TOOL COMPANY - USA A CORP OF ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HUGHES TOOL COMPANY
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/24—Drilling using vibrating or oscillating means, e.g. out-of-balance masses

Definitions

  • Another object of our invention is to provide drilling methods and apparatus in which the entire drilling fluid passing downwardly through the drill string members may be utilized to generate pressure variations at the bottom of a bore hole to cyclically reduce bottom hole pressure, increase jet velocity and increase bit loading.
  • Another object of our invention is to provide apparatus which is particularly elfective in producing pressure variations or acoustic vibrations substantially out-of-phase with each other in a cavity surrounding the drill bit and in a cavity immediately above the drill bit nozzles to simultaneously and cyclically reduce bottom hole pressure, increase jet velocity and increase bit loading.
  • a broad concept of our invention is to utilize an acoustic vibration generator, preferably of the fluidic oscillator type, in a lower region of the drill string to generate acoustic vibrations in an interior cavity immediately above the bit nozzles.
  • acoustic vibration generator preferably of the fluidic oscillator type
  • These acoustic vibrations cyclically increase and decrease the jet velocity of the fluid flowing through the nozzles of the drill bit, but due to the high impedance of the drill bit nozzles, only a small percentage of the pressure variation induced in this cavity reaches 3,441,094 Patented Apr. 29, 1969 lator in another acoustic cavity exterior of and surround- ⁇ a ing the drill bit and these acoustic vibrations are preferably out-of-phase with the acoustic vibrations induced in the interior cavity.
  • FIG. l-A is a side elevational view, partially in longitudinal section, of a drill bit and apparatus connected therewith which icludes an elastic vibration generator and a coupling device that cooperate to induce pressure variations in the above-mentioned interior and exterior acoustic cavities;
  • FIG. l-B is a side elevational view in longitudinal section of a tubular carriage which contains two Helmholtz resonators.
  • the lower threaded portion of the apparatus of FIG. 1-B is in operation secured to the upper threaded portion of the apparatus of FIG. l-A;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view as seen looking along the line II-II of FIG. l-A;
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary perspective view showing the lower portion of the apparatus of FIG. l-A;
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary side elevational view of a portion of the device of FIG. l-A.
  • FIG. 5 is a fragmentary side elevational view in sectliog of a modified form of the apparatus shown in FIG.
  • F IG. 1-A illustrates apparatus in which a bistable elastic vibration generator A is utilized in generating pressure variations upstream from the drill bit nozzles, and simultaneously in the external cavity surrounding the drill bit, with said pressure variations being substantially 180 out-of-phase.
  • An acoustic coupling device B is utilized to transmit pressure variations from the elastic vibration generator A to the internal cavity above the bit nozzles and to the cavity around the drill bit.
  • a typical drill bit C is shown connected to the lower end of a housing D.
  • the drill bit C may have standard jet nozzles as shown in the drawing.
  • FIG. 1-A The preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1-A has the upper end of housing D threaded for connection to the apparatus of FIG. 1-B, as indicated by the numeral 11.
  • the elastic vibration generator A is disposed in a carriage 13 disposed inside the upper portion of housing D.
  • Carriage 13 has an upper axial bore 15 which communicates with an axial bore 17 of a fluidic oscillator unit 19.
  • the carriage 13 is divided into two pieces 21, 23 as shown in FIG. 2 so that the fluidic oscillator unit 19 may be conveniently assembled therein.
  • Suitable seal means (not shown) are provided to keep all downwardly flowing fluid passing through a power nozzle 24 of the fluidic oscillator unit 19.
  • the fluidic oscillator unit 19 may be of the same general type described in our above-mentioned patent in which, however, only a portion of the total available fluid passes through the power nozzle. But in the apparatus of FIG. 1-A, all DC (direct current) flow passes through output leg 25 of the fluidic oscillator while being blocked from passing through the other output leg 27. In the above-mentioned patent there is DC flow through both output legs. Otherwise, fluidic oscillator unit 19 is substantially identical with the fluidic oscillator unit in said patent. For example, feedback loops are defined by passages 29, 31 and 33, 35 which communicate with each other respectively via the axially extending bores or chambers 37, 39 (see especially FIG. 2).
  • Carriage 13 engages the upper end of a flange 41 having its peripheral surface engaged with and sealed by suitable means against housing D, with the cylindrical body 42 in the coupling device and the inner cylindrical surface of housing D defining an annular cavity 45.
  • Axial cavity 43 communicates with output leg 25 of the oscillater unit while annular cavity 45 communicates with output leg 27. Both output legs communicate with and extend from respective diffuser channels 47, 49 of the fluidic oscillator unit 19 through the carriage 13.
  • Aperture 51 extends through flange 41 to connect output leg 27 with annular cavity 45.
  • Pressure variations or acoustic vibrations generated in the oscillator unit 19 are transmitted via output leg 25, axial cavity 43 and an axial bore 55 in the lower region of housing D to a cavity inside the bit immediately above the bit nozzles 56.
  • Axial cavity 43, axial bore 55, and the cavity inside the bit constitute a single acoustic cavity, hereinafter called the interior acoustic cavity.
  • Output leg 27 communicates through aperture 51 with annular cavity 45 and with a plurality of large apertures 59 in housing D that extend to the cavity surrounding the drill bit C.
  • Annular cavity 45, apertures 59 and the cavity surrounding the bit constitute another single acoustic cavity, hereinafter called the exterior acoustic cavity.
  • DC flow through this cavity is prevented by a DC block 61, which in this instance includes a plurality of axially spaced apart flexible members 63 which are annular in configuration and sealingly engage the interior of housing D and the exterior of the cylindrical body 42. Sealing engagement is effected by bonding the inner and outer peripheral edges 64, 66 (see FIG. 4) of each flexible member with two concentric axially extending metal sleeves 67, 69.
  • Seal means 71, 73 may be provided as shown in FIGS. l-A and 4 to prevent fluid flow past the annular sleeves and the mating surfaces of housing D and cylindrical body 42.
  • fluid from the mud pump flows down the drill string and through power nozzle 24 of the fluidic oscillator unit, which causes the fluid to flow alternately into diffuser channels 47, 49.
  • the acoustic inertance of diffuser channels 47, 49 and output legs 25, 27 combine respectively with the interior acoustic cavity and the exterior acoustic cavity to form Helmholtz resonators which are resonant at the operating frequency of the fluidic oscillator unit.
  • the pressure variations in the fluid in the exterior and interior acoustic cavities be 180 out-of-phase.
  • the beneficial effects of inducing pressure variations in the above cavities begins to be lost and ultimately may disappear as the pressure variations more closely approach an in-phase relationship.
  • the pressure variations upstream and downstream from the bit nozzles should be as close as practicable to being 180 out-of-phase to maximize effectiveness.
  • the DC flow block 61 is placed in the annular cavity 45 to prevent DC flow through this cavity and out apertures 59 to the annulus.
  • the DC block in this instance consists of a plurality of flexible members of annular form. These members are typically high strength elastomers of about /8" thickness.
  • Such DC flow blocks must Wihstand the total pressure drop across the bit nozzles and are arranged as shown such that each individual member takes a proportionate share of the total pressure differential across the bit nozzles. In addition to each member being strong enough to take its proportionate share of the pressure drop across the nozzles, it must also be very resilient such that it offers negligible impedance to passage of acoustical signals.
  • One or more drilled holes 77 in sleeve 69 see FIG.
  • each pair of flexible members 63 sealed with plugs 79, are provided between each pair of flexible members 63 such that the spaces therebetween may be purged of air and completely filled with a suitable liquid such that each member will be equally elongated when the DC block is subjected to a pressure drop across the bit nozzles.
  • a one half wavelength line 81 may be connected between the upper region of annular cavity 45 through cylindrical body 42 into axial cavity 43 to effect acoustic isolation between the above described interior or exterior cavities, while permitting DC flow from upper region of cavity 45 into axial cvaity 43.
  • the diameter of the half wavelength line should be as small as possible without causing a high DC flow pressure drop along the line.
  • a Helmholtz resonator 83 (see FIG. l-B) of a tubular carrier 84 is positioned with its entrance 85 located M1 wavelength above the cavity surrounding the bit, as is explained in our above-mentioned patent. Also, it may be advantageous to provide another Helmholtz resonator 87 with its entrance 89 communicating with the axial bore 91 a half wave length above power nozzle 24 of the oscillator unit 19 to prevent power dissipation upwardly through the fluid passing through the drill string members. It is also preferable that a shock absorber or high compliance drill string member be positioned one half wavelength in the steel above the drill bit.
  • Some of the manufacturing data for the device will be provided by giving the acoustical element values rather than by giving physical dimensions of the various passages and cavities.
  • the physical dimensions of the pitssageways and volumes of the acoustical elements may be calculated by the formulas given in the above-mentioned patent.
  • the elastic vibration generator unit 19 receives all the drilling fluid pumped by mud pump (not shown) and therefore must be somewhat larger than the similar unit specified in the above-mentioned patent. All oscillator unit dimensions described in the copending application will be the same with the exception of the depth of the passageways, which should be increased in direct proportion to the desired increase in the flow rate of the drilling fluid in this oscillator as compared to the device of the copending application.
  • the combined inertance of oscillator diffuser channel 47 and aperture 25 may be 41.6 lbs. secF/ft. and the compliance of interior acoustic cavity 1.0 10- ft. /lbs.
  • the combined inertance of diffuser channel 49 and aperture 27 may be 210 lbs. secF/ft.
  • exterior acoustic cavity 1.32 1() ftfi/lbs.
  • the acoustical compliance of the DC flow block 61 in exterior acoustic cavity may be 5.76 lft. /lbs.
  • the apertures 59 should be made with as large a diameter as possible and as numerous as possible consistent with structural strength of the housing D and as short as possible such that the inductance of these apertures will be negligible.
  • the average impedance of the bit nozzles may be .22X 10 lbs. sec./'ft.
  • Exterior and interior acoustic cavities should preferably be wavelength or less in axial length.
  • the improvement comprising inducing elastic vibrations in the drilling fluid in a cavity surrounding the drill bit while simultaneously inducing elastic vibrations in the drilling fluid in another cavity immediately upstream of the nozzle means, said elastic vibrations being substantially 180 out-of-phase.
  • the improvement comprising transmitting substantially the entirety of the drilling fluid from a mud pump through a fluidic oscillator type elastic vibration generator having two output legs; acoustically coupling one output leg with a cavity immediately above the drill bit nozzle means; acoustically coupling the other output leg with another cavity including the exterior of the drill bit; said cavities being substantially acoustically isolated from each other, with the resulting elastic vibrations in said cavities being substantially 180 out-of-phase.
  • Apparatus for increasing drilling rates in rotary well drilling which includes a drill bit having nozzle means, said apparatus comprising: a housing adapted for insertion into a drill string; an elastic vibration generator carried by said housing and having two output legs secured in an upper region of said housing; an acoustic coupler in said housing that defines a cavity immediately above the drill bit nozzle means and another cavity having a portion thereof surrounding the drill bit; a DC fluid flow block disposed in the acoustic coupler to prevent DC flow to the cavity having a portion thereof surrounding the drill bit, with the elastic vibrations in the two output legs of the elastic vibration generator and in said two acoustic cavities being substantially out-of-phase.
  • said DC flow block comprises a plurality of flexible, impervious elements that span a transverse area of the associated cavity and are bonded to walls partially defining said cavity; and means carried by a selected one of said walls for filling the spaces between the elements with a liquid.
  • the improvement comprising inducing elastic vibrations in the drilling fluid in a cavity surrounding the drill bit while simultaneously inducing elastic vibrations in the drilling fluid in another cavity upstream from the nozzle means, said elastic vibrations being substantially out-of-phase.
  • the improvement comprising transmitting substantially the entirety of the drilling fluid from a mud pump through a fluidic oscillator type elastic vibration generator having two output legs; acoustically coupling one output leg with a cavity immediately above the drill bit nozzle means; acoustically coupling the other output leg with another cavity including the exterior of the drill bit; said cvaities being acoustically insulated from each other, with the resulting elastic vibrations in said cavities being substantially out-o-f-phase.
  • said DC flow block comprises a plurality of flexible, impervious elements that span a transverse area of the associated cavity and are bonded to walls partially defining said cavity; and means carried 'by a selected one of said walls for filling the spaces between the elements with a liquid.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
US576170A 1966-08-05 1966-08-05 Drilling methods and apparatus employing out-of-phase pressure variations in a drilling fluid Expired - Lifetime US3441094A (en)

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US57617066A 1966-08-05 1966-08-05

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AT (1) AT279522B (de)
BE (1) BE705732A (de)
BR (1) BR6791408D0 (de)
GB (1) GB1198328A (de)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3603410A (en) * 1968-12-05 1971-09-07 Mobil Oil Corp Method and apparatus for cavitational drilling utilizing periodically reduced hydrostatic pressure
US3850135A (en) * 1973-02-14 1974-11-26 Hughes Tool Co Acoustical vibration generation control apparatus
US3876016A (en) * 1973-06-25 1975-04-08 Hughes Tool Co Method and system for determining the position of an acoustic generator in a borehole
EP0131451A3 (de) * 1983-07-08 1986-02-05 Intech Oil Tools Ltd. Bohrvorrichtung
US4630689A (en) * 1985-03-04 1986-12-23 Hughes Tool Company-Usa Downhole pressure fluctuating tool
US4775016A (en) * 1987-09-29 1988-10-04 Hughes Tool Company - Usa Downhole pressure fluctuating feedback system
US4979577A (en) * 1983-07-08 1990-12-25 Intech International, Inc. Flow pulsing apparatus and method for down-hole drilling equipment
US5009272A (en) * 1988-11-25 1991-04-23 Intech International, Inc. Flow pulsing method and apparatus for drill string
US5190114A (en) * 1988-11-25 1993-03-02 Intech International Inc. Flow pulsing apparatus for drill string
US5303784A (en) * 1991-05-06 1994-04-19 Wave Tec Ges.M.B.H. Drilling apparatus
US6237701B1 (en) 1997-11-17 2001-05-29 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Impulsive suction pulse generator for borehole
US20060113114A1 (en) * 2003-04-15 2006-06-01 Feng Jin Drilling tool and method
US20100307833A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2010-12-09 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Jet turbodrill
CN101942962A (zh) * 2010-08-16 2011-01-12 中国石油天然气集团公司 气举欠平衡连续管过油管钻井方法
CN102493768A (zh) * 2011-12-02 2012-06-13 东北石油大学 高频脉冲射流共振钻井装置及其钻井方法
US20120312156A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2012-12-13 Baker Hughes Incorporated Fluidic Impulse Generator
US8528649B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2013-09-10 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Hydraulic pulse valve with improved pulse control
US8844651B2 (en) 2011-07-21 2014-09-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Three dimensional fluidic jet control
US9249642B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2016-02-02 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Extended reach placement of wellbore completions
US9279300B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2016-03-08 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Split ring shift control for hydraulic pulse valve
CN107882509A (zh) * 2017-12-19 2018-04-06 中南大学 井底压力脉冲减阻工具
WO2018223421A1 (zh) * 2017-06-09 2018-12-13 中国矿业大学 一种气动自进式超高压脉冲射流辅助冲击破岩设备

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8612019D0 (en) * 1986-05-16 1986-06-25 Shell Int Research Vibrating pipe string in borehole
GB8719782D0 (en) * 1987-08-21 1987-09-30 Shell Int Research Pressure variations in drilling fluids
FI941741L (fi) * 1991-10-15 1994-06-14 Pulse Ireland Sykkimissuutin porausnesteen suihkuvirtauksen itseherätteistä värähtelyä varten
GB2293839A (en) * 1994-10-07 1996-04-10 Peter Douglas Paterson Tool for generating down hole axial force

Citations (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2554005A (en) * 1950-12-11 1951-05-22 Soundrill Corp Earth boring apparatus
US2672322A (en) * 1953-12-14 1954-03-16 Jr Albert G Bodine Sonic earth boring drill
US2824718A (en) * 1954-03-18 1958-02-25 Borg Warner Mud decoupler
US2946565A (en) * 1953-06-16 1960-07-26 Jersey Prod Res Co Combination drilling and testing process
US2970660A (en) * 1954-07-12 1961-02-07 Jr Albert G Bodine Polyphase sonic earth bore drill
US3094176A (en) * 1959-07-31 1963-06-18 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Percussion drill
US3163240A (en) * 1960-09-21 1964-12-29 Albert G Bodine Sonic earth boring drill with elastic fluid resonator
US3216514A (en) * 1962-02-23 1965-11-09 Nelson Norman A Rotary drilling apparatus
US3251424A (en) * 1962-06-18 1966-05-17 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Acoustic drilling method and apparatus

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2554005A (en) * 1950-12-11 1951-05-22 Soundrill Corp Earth boring apparatus
US2946565A (en) * 1953-06-16 1960-07-26 Jersey Prod Res Co Combination drilling and testing process
US2672322A (en) * 1953-12-14 1954-03-16 Jr Albert G Bodine Sonic earth boring drill
US2824718A (en) * 1954-03-18 1958-02-25 Borg Warner Mud decoupler
US2970660A (en) * 1954-07-12 1961-02-07 Jr Albert G Bodine Polyphase sonic earth bore drill
US3094176A (en) * 1959-07-31 1963-06-18 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Percussion drill
US3163240A (en) * 1960-09-21 1964-12-29 Albert G Bodine Sonic earth boring drill with elastic fluid resonator
US3216514A (en) * 1962-02-23 1965-11-09 Nelson Norman A Rotary drilling apparatus
US3251424A (en) * 1962-06-18 1966-05-17 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Acoustic drilling method and apparatus

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3603410A (en) * 1968-12-05 1971-09-07 Mobil Oil Corp Method and apparatus for cavitational drilling utilizing periodically reduced hydrostatic pressure
US3850135A (en) * 1973-02-14 1974-11-26 Hughes Tool Co Acoustical vibration generation control apparatus
US3876016A (en) * 1973-06-25 1975-04-08 Hughes Tool Co Method and system for determining the position of an acoustic generator in a borehole
US4819745A (en) * 1983-07-08 1989-04-11 Intech Oil Tools Ltd Flow pulsing apparatus for use in drill string
EP0131451A3 (de) * 1983-07-08 1986-02-05 Intech Oil Tools Ltd. Bohrvorrichtung
US4830122A (en) * 1983-07-08 1989-05-16 Intech Oil Tools Ltd Flow pulsing apparatus with axially movable valve
US4979577A (en) * 1983-07-08 1990-12-25 Intech International, Inc. Flow pulsing apparatus and method for down-hole drilling equipment
US4630689A (en) * 1985-03-04 1986-12-23 Hughes Tool Company-Usa Downhole pressure fluctuating tool
US4775016A (en) * 1987-09-29 1988-10-04 Hughes Tool Company - Usa Downhole pressure fluctuating feedback system
US5009272A (en) * 1988-11-25 1991-04-23 Intech International, Inc. Flow pulsing method and apparatus for drill string
US5190114A (en) * 1988-11-25 1993-03-02 Intech International Inc. Flow pulsing apparatus for drill string
US5303784A (en) * 1991-05-06 1994-04-19 Wave Tec Ges.M.B.H. Drilling apparatus
US6237701B1 (en) 1997-11-17 2001-05-29 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Impulsive suction pulse generator for borehole
US20060113114A1 (en) * 2003-04-15 2006-06-01 Feng Jin Drilling tool and method
US20100307833A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2010-12-09 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Jet turbodrill
US8607896B2 (en) 2009-06-08 2013-12-17 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Jet turbodrill
US9033003B2 (en) * 2009-10-29 2015-05-19 Baker Hughes Incorporated Fluidic impulse generator
US20120312156A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2012-12-13 Baker Hughes Incorporated Fluidic Impulse Generator
CN101942962A (zh) * 2010-08-16 2011-01-12 中国石油天然气集团公司 气举欠平衡连续管过油管钻井方法
CN101942962B (zh) * 2010-08-16 2012-11-14 中国石油天然气集团公司 气举欠平衡连续管过油管钻井方法
US9279300B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2016-03-08 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Split ring shift control for hydraulic pulse valve
US8939217B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2015-01-27 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Hydraulic pulse valve with improved pulse control
US9249642B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2016-02-02 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Extended reach placement of wellbore completions
US8528649B2 (en) 2010-11-30 2013-09-10 Tempress Technologies, Inc. Hydraulic pulse valve with improved pulse control
US8844651B2 (en) 2011-07-21 2014-09-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Three dimensional fluidic jet control
CN102493768B (zh) * 2011-12-02 2014-05-28 东北石油大学 高频脉冲射流共振钻井装置及其钻井方法
CN102493768A (zh) * 2011-12-02 2012-06-13 东北石油大学 高频脉冲射流共振钻井装置及其钻井方法
WO2018223421A1 (zh) * 2017-06-09 2018-12-13 中国矿业大学 一种气动自进式超高压脉冲射流辅助冲击破岩设备
AU2017393408B2 (en) * 2017-06-09 2019-03-21 China University Of Mining And Technology Pneumatic self-propelled impact rock breaking device with the assistance of ultra-high-pressure pulsed jet flow
CN107882509A (zh) * 2017-12-19 2018-04-06 中南大学 井底压力脉冲减阻工具

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR6791408D0 (pt) 1973-06-12
AT279522B (de) 1970-03-10
GB1198328A (en) 1970-07-08
BE705732A (de) 1968-03-01

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Effective date: 19840330