US3443361A - Automatic precipitator voltage control - Google Patents

Automatic precipitator voltage control Download PDF

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Publication number
US3443361A
US3443361A US463126A US3443361DA US3443361A US 3443361 A US3443361 A US 3443361A US 463126 A US463126 A US 463126A US 3443361D A US3443361D A US 3443361DA US 3443361 A US3443361 A US 3443361A
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Prior art keywords
precipitator
voltage
potential
sparkover
pulse
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Expired - Lifetime
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US463126A
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English (en)
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John W Drenning
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Beazer East Inc
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Koppers Co Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
    • Y10S323/903—Precipitators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system for maintaining the energizing voltage applied to an electrostatic precipitator at a desired operating value, below the instantaneous sparkover potential of the precipitator.
  • the sparkover voltage continually varies, presenting a long recognized problem of maintaining the operating voltage at a preferred value slightly below the sparkover potential.
  • the prior art has approached this problem on a statistical basis, in some instances by varying the operating voltage in dependency on spark rate to maintain the sparkover frequency at some preselected value, such as one hundred cycles a minute.
  • the operating potential in response to a sparkover, the operating potential is susbtantially lowered and then automatically raised until a subsequent sparkover is encountered.
  • the operating potential of the precipitator is maintained at a substantially constant preselected value below that at which sparkover occurs. This is accomplished by periodically applying an incremental voltage to the operating voltage, which samples the instantaneous operating characteristics of the precipitator in the voltage region above the operating voltage. If during the application of the incremental voltage, the precipitator does not sparkover, the operating voltage is automatically increased until sparkover is encountered during application of the sampling voltage, at which value the operating voltage is stabilized.
  • the system of the present invention permits a sparkover rate which may be materially lower than that obtained in prior systems, since the ecurrence rate at which the sampling pulses are applied maybe selected as desired.
  • the present invention provides for limiting the duration of sparkover by employing a sampling pulse waveform which accelerates deionization and does not increase the average potential developed across the precipitator electrodes during its application. It is generally recognized that the energy discharge effectuated during sparkover of a precipitator represents useless dissipation,
  • the operating voltage is properly modulated to conform to a desired value below sparkover potential.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to direct current energized precipitators, such as those fed by full wave rectification of cycle power.
  • the pulse waveform which results in minimizing energy loss during sparkover may advantageously be employed in pulse-energized precipitator systems wherein the electrodes are periodically charged to a predetermined potential which gradually subsides to lesser values during the power pulse intervals.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a sampling pulse control in a precipitator using conventional direct current power supply means.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of sampling pulses of high frequency voltage incrementally applied across the precipitator electrodes momentarily to raise the operating voltage.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic circuit embodying the principles of the automatic precipitator control system
  • FIGURE 2 diagrammatically shows voltage values in a system employing a periodic sampling pulse superimposed on the operating precipitator voltage
  • FIGURE 3 diagrammatically shows voltage values where two alternate series of voltage pulses are incrementally applied at different amplitudes
  • FIGURE 4 diagramatically shows voltage values in the application of pulses of high frequency energy incrementally to the operating potential of a precipitator
  • FIGURE 5 shows time sequences of operation under different conditions encountered for the circuit of FIG. 1.
  • the system of FIG. 1 for operating an electrostatic precipitator schematically shows a pair of precipitator elements and 11.
  • the precipitator is energized at precipitating voltages from a full wave rectifier 12, to which it is conductively connected through a decoupling impedance, shown as inductor 13, which permits the development thereacross of incremental voltages applied pulsewise for sampling the response to the precipitator to higher voltages.
  • the rectifier 12 is returned to ground and electrode 11 through series resistor .14 which operates to supply a signal to a spark detector, as will be further described.
  • Rectifier bridge 12 is energized by the main step-up transformer 15 whose primary is energized through a surge limiting resistor 16 from a variable autotransformer 17, provided with a motor-driven slider 18, to vary its output potential and the applied operating potential normally energizing the precipitator.
  • the applied operating potential energizing the precipitator at precipitating voltages is controlled by a reversible motor 20 mechanically connected to slider 18, as will be more apparent below.
  • motor 20 is sequenced in dependency on the operating conditions of the precipitator.
  • sensor means are provided comprising spark detector 31 to provide a momentary output voltage during a transient discharge surge through resistor 14 for the operation of a control relay, as well be later described in connection with the operation of the sampling pulse genrator system and the control network.
  • the latter operates in dependency on the development of sparkover surges at particular operational phases with respect to the application of incremental voltage to the normal precipitator energizing potentials.
  • Motor 24 is camwise connected, by a mechanical drive shown schematically, to switches 27 and 28 connected in series in line 29 to drive the motor 20 when they are simultaneously closed to increase the operating potential on the precipitator.
  • Motor 20 is returned to the AC. source by line 30.
  • Line 29 includes a pair of normally closed relay contacts, so that the closure sequence of switches 27 and 28, as shown in FIG. 5A, periodically activates motor 20, absent other control signals, to effect an incremental adjustment increasing the operational potential on the precipitator.
  • the magnitude of voltage adjustment thus applied will be selected at a desired value for which the various mechanical couplings between motor 24 and switches 27 and 28, and motor 20 and slider 18 of the autotransformer, will be appropriately designed.
  • the applied operating potential to the precipitator will again be adjusted for another increase in operating potential.
  • the frequency at which these incremental adjustments are developed can be selected as desired to occur a few seconds apart in most instances. For some applications, it may be necessary to adjust the precipitator potential in response to more rapidly changing values of sparkover potential, in which case the cycling rate established by motor 24 would be increased.
  • relay 35 During the energization of relay 35, its contacts 35A momentarily connect voltage source 36 to amplifier 37 and thus generate an output voltage pulse for incremental application to the precipitator operating potential.
  • amplifier 37 feeds a pulse unblocking amplifier output tube 38 through driver amplifier 39.
  • the output of the power amplifier 38 is delivered through a pulse transformer 40, whose secondary is coupled to precipitator electrode 10 through a direct potential blocking condenser 41. Consequently, an output pulse operating to incrementally increase the operating potential applied to the precipitator from rectifier bridge 12 is momentarily developed on the precipitator.
  • the applied pulse voltage is developed across decoupling impedance 13 so that the voltage pulse means is not loaded by the power supply network, including rectifier bridge 12.
  • timing motor 24 energizes relay 35 for a brief period after closure of switch 32, which in turn by contacts 35A applies an incremental voltage to the precipitator in the phase position shown opposite relay 35 in FIG. 5B.
  • the operating potential applied to the precipitator from rectifier bridge 12 is raised stepwise on each cycle of timing motor 24, eventually the combined voltage supplied by rectifier bridge 12 and the voltage pulse means under opeartion of contacts 35A together will exceed the instantaneous sparkover potential.
  • line 45 indicates the operating potential
  • 46 indicates the instantaneous sparkover potential
  • pulse voltage 47 added to the precipitator operating potential, exceeds the sparkover potential.
  • relay includes time delay means for holding the relay in an activated condition in response to a short energizing signal.
  • Relay 60 includes normally closed contacts 60A in line 29, in series with switches 27 and 28 which are simultaneously operated into closed series position on each cycle under sequencing by timing motor 24.
  • the output voltage coupled through pulse transformer 40 as a sampling pulse applied to increase the voltage across the precipitator electrodes is shown as a unipotential pulse.
  • voltage source 36 would comprise a source of constant potential of appropriate polarity to gate output tube 38 into conduction.
  • the frequency of the applied incremental pulse would preferably lie from 50 kilocycles to 100 kilocycles or higher.
  • the application of a unipotential incremental pulse voltage to the precipitator to effect a sparkover necessarily increases the precipitator potential and additionally tends to maintain heavy ionization until the end of the applied pulse. Consequently, a relatively high density of ionization may be effected which tends additionally to extend the recovery time and proportionately to discharge the electrostatic energy stored in the precipitator.
  • the application of a short high frequency wave train to the precipitator elements alternately raises and lowers instantaneous potential across the precipitator elements during the applied pulse so as to result in no increase in the average applied potential.
  • precipitator conditions are sampled in the voltage regime above the operating potential, and as these voltages attain sparkover potential, sparkover will result.
  • voltage generator 36 should comprise a high frequency oscillator operating at a predetermined amplitude for supplying, during a momentary closure of contacts 35A, a high frequency voltage wave train.
  • a wave train is shown at 65 in FIG. 4 developed incrementally with respect to operating potential 66 supplied to the precipitator by rectifier bridge 12 and, in this instance, shown as exceeding the instantaneous sparkover potential 67 of the precipitator.
  • the present invention contemplates further provision for lowering the energizing potential applied from rectifier bridge 12 to the precipitator in the event that the instantaneous sparkover potential should drop so as to tend to produce sparkover at the operating potential.
  • sparkover would produce high frequency output from spark detector 31, and it is known in the art to supply means for reducing precipitator potential in response to increased spark rate.
  • it is inefiicient to permit an electrostatic precipitator to operate at a high spark rate with its attendant energy loss and inefficiency of collection.
  • Such conditions are precluded, according to the present invention, by applying to the precipitator between each of the sampling pulses developed from voltage source 36, an intervening sampling pulse of lesser magnitude.
  • control motor is reversely operated to decrease the alternating voltage applied through transformer 15 to the precipitator energizing network.
  • the operation employing two alternate sets of sampling pulses is shown in FIG. 3, where previously described pulses 47 are developed incrementally with respect to the output of rectifier 12 shown at 45, at a potential below the instantaneous sparkover voltage 46. Under these conditions, timing motor 24 has raised potential 45 and potential 47 together to exceed sparkover potential. Under these conditions, contacts 60A inhibit further increase of the precipitator operating potential under the sequence established by timing motor 24.
  • sparkover potential 46 transiently falls, this potential level will of necessity first encounter sparkover conditions during subsistence of the lower voltage sequence of sampling pulses 68. When this occurs, timing motor 20 is operated to reduce potential 45 applied to the precipitator before conditions permitting sparkover at potential 45 occur.
  • the overall spark rate is controlled in this system so that at no time is excessive spark rate with its attendant inefficiencies permitted.
  • a second voltage source 75 is established for making available sampling pulses of substantially lower potential than those shown at 47 in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • timing motor 24 is camwise connected to switch 76 which closes during the phase ranges shown in FIG. 5.
  • switch 76 is connected through capacitor 77 and resistor 78 to momentarily energize relay 80 during the phase interval shown in FIG. 5 from common bus 81 normally supplied with direct current potential by rectifier bridge 12.
  • Relay 80 then operates to close normally open contacts 80B. In the event the system is in the condition shown in FIG.
  • voltage source 75 supply pulses of a series of cycles of high frequency voltage 69 on closure of contacts 80A for the purposes of minimizing energy loss on sparkover.
  • Oscillator circuits for producing such voltages at predetermined amplitudes are conventional in the art and need not be described in detail.
  • the preferred range of high frequency energy lies above about 50 kilocycles. It might be presumed that the upper limit of the pulsed energy frequency might be practically established with respect to the very substantial lumped capacity of an industrial precipitator system as a controlling parameter.
  • the physical construction of many precipitators would be seen at high frequency as open-ended radio frequency transmission lines. The impedance of such structures at these high frequencies are not such as would be calculated on the basis of the aggregate lumped capacitance. Consequently, a relatively wide rang of voltage pulse wave train frequencies is available in engineering the application of the present invention to precipitator structures.
  • An electrostatic precipitator system comprising: a source of direct current potential, a precipitator comprising a pair of electrodes, means conductively connecting the electrodes with the source for continuous energization at precipitating voltage, voltage pulse means electrically connected to the precipitator electrodes recurrently operative to develop incremental voltage for application to the precipitator electrodes, sensor means for detecting precipitator response to the incremental voltage, and control means for the source responsive to the sensor means to increase the direct current potential on absence of precipitator sparkover during development of the incremental voltage, whereby the precipitator normally operates under source energization at precipitating voltage below sparkover potential and reaches sparkover potential under combined energization from the source and the voltage pulse means.
  • the voltage pulse means comprises means to develop high frequency incremental voltage.
  • An electrostatic precipitator system comprising: a source of direct current potential, a precipitator comprising a pair of electrodes, means conductively connecting the electrodes with the source for continuous energization at precipitating voltage comprising inductor means, voltage pulse means electrically connected to the inductor means recurrently operative to develop incremental voltage across the inductor means for application to the precipitator electrodes, sensor means for detecting precipitator response to the incremental voltage, and control means for the source responsive to the sensor means to increase the direct current potential on absence of precipitator sparkover during development of incremental voltage and to decrease the direct current potential when the direct current potential exceeds a predetermined value below sparkover potential. 4.
  • An electrostatic precipitator system comprising: a source of direct current potential, a precipitator comprising a pair of electrodes, means conductively connecting the electrodes with the source for continuous energization at precipitating voltage, voltage pulse means electrically connected to the inductor means recurrently operative to develop incremental voltages successively at two different values at the precipitator electrodes, sensor means for detecting precipitator response to the incremental voltages, and control means for the source responsive to the sensor means to increase the direct current potential on absence of precipitator sparkover during development of the higher incremental voltage and to decrease the direct current potential on precipitator sparkover during development of the lower incremental voltage.
  • the control means is operative to maintain constant direct current potential on presence of precipitator sparkover during development of the higher incremental voltage followed by absence of precipitator sparkover during development of the lower incremental voltage.
  • the voltage pulse means comprises means to develop high frequency incremental voltage.
  • control means comprises servo-motor means reversely actuatable in dependency on the sensor means.
  • the precipitator system of claim 7 further including:
  • timing motor means coupled to the voltage pulse means to sequence its operation.
  • the voltage pulse means comprises a pair of alternately operated high frequency generators the amplitudes of the output voltages of which differ.
  • An electrostatic precipitator system comprising:
  • a precipitator comprising a pair of electrodes
  • control means for the source responsive to the sensor means operative to maintain constant direct current potential on presence of precipitator sparkover during development of the higher incremental voltage followed by absence of precipitator sparkover during development of the lower incremental voltage.
  • a control system for a direct current energized electrostatic precipitator comprising:
  • sparkover sensor means connectible to a precipitator system to supply an output signal on sparkover
  • servo-motor means connectible with a main power supply for a precipitator system
  • control means for the servo-motor means operative to actuate the same on absence of sensor output signal during operation of the voltage pulse means.
  • the voltage pulse means comprises means to alternate the output pulse amplitude between two voltage values
  • control means comprises means to reversely actuate the servo-motor means on presence of sensor output signal during operation of the voltage pulse means to develop pulses of the lower of the two voltage values.
  • An electrostatic precipitator system comprising:
  • a precipitator comprising a pair of electrodes
  • voltage pulse means recurrently operative to develop high frequency alternating voltage pulses incrementally applied across the precipitator electrodes
  • control means for the source operative in dependency on the sensor means to adjust the precipitating voltage to a value slightly below the instantaneous sparkover potential.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
US463126A 1965-06-11 1965-06-11 Automatic precipitator voltage control Expired - Lifetime US3443361A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4138233A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-02-06 Senichi Masuda Pulse-charging type electric dust collecting apparatus
US4410849A (en) * 1981-03-23 1983-10-18 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electric dust collecting apparatus having controlled intermittent high voltage supply
US4587475A (en) * 1983-07-25 1986-05-06 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Modulated power supply for an electrostatic precipitator
US4808200A (en) * 1986-11-24 1989-02-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrostatic precipitator power supply
US4996471A (en) * 1990-02-28 1991-02-26 Frank Gallo Controller for an electrostatic precipitator

Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1865907A (en) * 1930-02-10 1932-07-05 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Gas purification
US1959374A (en) * 1932-10-01 1934-05-22 Int Precipitation Co Method and apparatus for electrical precipitation
US1968330A (en) * 1927-05-18 1934-07-31 Research Corp System for electrical precipitation
US1978426A (en) * 1931-08-08 1934-10-30 Int Precipitation Co Apparatus for electrical treatment of fluids
US2000019A (en) * 1930-12-16 1935-05-07 Int Precipitation Co Art of electrical precipitation
DE657376C (de) * 1932-10-04 1938-03-03 Patentverwertung Verfahren zur elektrischen Reinigung von Gasen
US2462890A (en) * 1943-10-30 1949-03-01 Newman Morris Electrostatic precipitator system
US2509548A (en) * 1948-05-27 1950-05-30 Research Corp Energizing electrical precipitator
US2623608A (en) * 1950-06-19 1952-12-30 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US2642149A (en) * 1951-07-30 1953-06-16 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators and the like
US2666496A (en) * 1951-09-06 1954-01-19 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators and the like
US2675092A (en) * 1952-05-15 1954-04-13 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US2841239A (en) * 1955-02-16 1958-07-01 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US2925142A (en) * 1953-12-07 1960-02-16 Koppers Co Inc Electrical precipitator
US2978065A (en) * 1957-07-03 1961-04-04 Svenska Flaektfabriken Ab Regulating electric precipitators
US3039252A (en) * 1956-01-12 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system
US3039253A (en) * 1956-05-02 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system
FR1326143A (fr) * 1962-06-22 1963-05-03 Walther & Cie Ag Procédé de réglage automatique de la tension d'effluve des électrofiltres et dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé

Patent Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1968330A (en) * 1927-05-18 1934-07-31 Research Corp System for electrical precipitation
US1865907A (en) * 1930-02-10 1932-07-05 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Gas purification
US2000019A (en) * 1930-12-16 1935-05-07 Int Precipitation Co Art of electrical precipitation
US1978426A (en) * 1931-08-08 1934-10-30 Int Precipitation Co Apparatus for electrical treatment of fluids
US1959374A (en) * 1932-10-01 1934-05-22 Int Precipitation Co Method and apparatus for electrical precipitation
DE657376C (de) * 1932-10-04 1938-03-03 Patentverwertung Verfahren zur elektrischen Reinigung von Gasen
US2462890A (en) * 1943-10-30 1949-03-01 Newman Morris Electrostatic precipitator system
US2509548A (en) * 1948-05-27 1950-05-30 Research Corp Energizing electrical precipitator
US2623608A (en) * 1950-06-19 1952-12-30 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US2642149A (en) * 1951-07-30 1953-06-16 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators and the like
US2666496A (en) * 1951-09-06 1954-01-19 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators and the like
US2675092A (en) * 1952-05-15 1954-04-13 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US2925142A (en) * 1953-12-07 1960-02-16 Koppers Co Inc Electrical precipitator
US2841239A (en) * 1955-02-16 1958-07-01 Research Corp System for energizing electrical precipitators
US3039252A (en) * 1956-01-12 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system
US3039253A (en) * 1956-05-02 1962-06-19 Research Corp Electrical precipitator power system
US2978065A (en) * 1957-07-03 1961-04-04 Svenska Flaektfabriken Ab Regulating electric precipitators
FR1326143A (fr) * 1962-06-22 1963-05-03 Walther & Cie Ag Procédé de réglage automatique de la tension d'effluve des électrofiltres et dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4138233A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-02-06 Senichi Masuda Pulse-charging type electric dust collecting apparatus
US4410849A (en) * 1981-03-23 1983-10-18 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electric dust collecting apparatus having controlled intermittent high voltage supply
US4587475A (en) * 1983-07-25 1986-05-06 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Modulated power supply for an electrostatic precipitator
US4808200A (en) * 1986-11-24 1989-02-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrostatic precipitator power supply
US4996471A (en) * 1990-02-28 1991-02-26 Frank Gallo Controller for an electrostatic precipitator

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Publication number Publication date
DE1557098A1 (de) 1970-03-12
GB1091500A (en) 1967-11-15
CH457366A (de) 1968-06-15

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