US3477884A - Method of increasing the fatigue life of rolling contact elements and the resulting articles - Google Patents

Method of increasing the fatigue life of rolling contact elements and the resulting articles Download PDF

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Publication number
US3477884A
US3477884A US653885A US3477884DA US3477884A US 3477884 A US3477884 A US 3477884A US 653885 A US653885 A US 653885A US 3477884D A US3477884D A US 3477884DA US 3477884 A US3477884 A US 3477884A
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United States
Prior art keywords
rolling contact
rolling
stress
temperature
contact elements
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Expired - Lifetime
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US653885A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hans Georg Schlicht
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IHO Holding GmbH and Co KG
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Kugelfischer Georg Schaefer and Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/36—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for balls; for rollers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/40—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/64—Special methods of manufacture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
    • Y10S148/906—Roller bearing element

Definitions

  • a second variant is that another element influencing the Ms-point, preferably carbon or nitrogen but also nickel, chromium, or boron, is diffused into the surface of the steel workpiece during austenitizing whereby the Ms-temperature is lowered in the above described way.
  • a third variant results from the fact that, for producing a greater concentration of the element influencing the Ms-point, a heat treatment is performed to begin with and thereby carbon or nitrogen (or nickel,
  • chromium, or boron will be diffused, and subsequently austenitized.
  • the present invention concerns a method of increasing the fatigue life of rolling contact elements, this method comprising the features that at least oneof the elements in the zone of its maximum shearing-stress, which occurs during rolling under load, is, provided with a counteracting residual stress, and in which particularly this element, consisting of hypereutectoid ferromagnetic steel, is austenitized in a surface zone close to the raceway by means of inductive heating more uniformly and with a higher degree than the underlying zones, utilizing the known skin-effect, at first, for heating the surface zone up to a temperature threshold,
  • the element treated in the described way is given a residual compressive stress which in the beginning increases from the rolling surface, which then reaches a maximum with increasing distance from the rolling surface (according to the depth of the maximum shearing stress) and which then drops in the direction of the interior.
  • the depth of the compressive stress maximum to be produced according to the depth of the shearing stress maximum is essentially dependent on the geometrical shape of the element and on the load. As the specific load of the above mentioned elements is normally between 250 and 350 kg./mm. the value for the depth of the stress maximum with normal ball or roller bearings is about percent of the smallest radius of curvature of the paired rolling contact elements.
  • Another feature of the method according to the present invention is that a rolling contact element during quenching is immersed into a salt bath of 160 to 170 C.
  • An additional feature of the present invention is the fact that the above mentioned methods can be used for gears or for rollers in sheet metal rolling mills.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram which shows the stresses of a rolling contact element occurring under load and the residual stress of the element, neutralizing those stresses;
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram which shows the changes in volume of a rolling contact element that take place in dependence on the quenching temperature
  • FIG. 3 shows a curve set illustrating the inductive heating of a rolling contact element for different values of time
  • FIG. 4 shows a curve set illustrating the influence of the inductive tempering on a rolling contact element which has been hardened according to the present invention.
  • a rolling contact element for example a ball bearing raceway
  • another similar rolling element for example a cylindrical roller the surface of which is marked 2.
  • a pressure diagram 3 is formed which within the contact area of both elements results in the illustrated flattening of the rolling element 2 on its raceway.
  • the rolling element limited raceway 1 is, by the method of the present invention, provided with such a prestress as is illustrated by the curve set 10.
  • This prestress is the mirror image of the curve set 9 which is formed by the rolling element 2 below the raceway 1.
  • both curve sets 9 and 10 show maximum values 11 and 12 of the ordinates at a greater depth the raceway surface. Under normal operating conditions this depth is, as mentioned above, about 5 percent of the smallest radius of curvature of paired normal rolling contact elements. This radius, thus, is between and mm. Accordingly, the position of the maxima 11 and 12 is, with respect to the dimension of the radius of curvature which here has been taken as the base, considerably distant from raceway 1.
  • the more highly and more uniformly austenitized surface zone increases more in volume than does the underlying zone.
  • These different increases in volume result in a state of compressive stress wherein the stress, with increasing distance from the surface of the rolling element, remains nearly the same up to the depth of the threshold formed during the previously mentioned austenitizing treatment, and then drops thereafter.
  • the position of the threshold is about the distance of the compressive stress maximum (12 in FIG. 1), which is developed by further (yet to be discussed) treatment of the workpiece, to the surface of the workpiece.
  • annealed hardening-specially hypereutectoid-steel consists of iron and carbon, whereby iron occurs in the form of ferrite in body-centered cubic crystalline structure and carbon is combined with iron to form the carbide.
  • the solubility of carbon in the ferrite matrix is low.
  • the steel being heated to hardening temperature (about 850 C.), the body-centered cubic ferrite matrix is transformed to the face-centered cubic austenite matrix.
  • carbide begins to dissolve, giving off carbon, whereby carbon and iron form a solid solution.
  • the inductive heat treatment according to the present invention involves, as well prior to as after, the quenching of a rolling bearing element, compared with the indirectly-acting heat-treating methods as results from convection and radiation, the advantage being that the heat is from the very beginning generated within the element, i.e., in a surface layer of lower depth (skin-effect).
  • This penetration depth of the electric eddy currents causing heating depends, as is known, on the specific resistance of the material, its magnetic permeability and on the frequency of the electric current in the induction coil and, consequently, is readily controllable by a suitable selection of the last mentioned independent variable. It is thus possible to produce the shape of the curve set in FIG. 1, and thereby the compressive prestressing imposed on the rolling element according to curve set 9, i.e. accordingto the shearing stresses developed by the load, and thus effectively to neutralize these harmful shearing stresses.
  • the inductive heating of rolling contact elements according to the present invention is effected up to above the Curie-point, whereby the frequency of the alternating current is adapted to the requirements of the process.
  • Exceeding this temperature value the permeability of the matrix changes suddenly by a magnitude of two decimal powers, whereby the electric penetration depth is also changed.
  • the temperature drop from the raceway surface (FIG. 1) to the surface in the interior of the material, which had been heated to Curie-temperature is only slow; it then continues, however, to drop abruptly in the direction of the interior K.
  • this threshold is of outstanding importance for the present invention.
  • a higher austenitizing corresponds to a greater number of carbon atoms incorporated in the austenite.
  • the quantity of these atoms determines, however, the increase in volume which, accordingly, by a cor-responding selection of voltage and frequency of the induced current and its duration of effectiveness, can not only be changed in extent but also in position within the rolling element, and which can therefore be adapted to its critical loads, so that the stresses developed thereby--as can be seen from the shape of the curves 9 and 10 in FIG. 1be fully neutralized.
  • the heat treatment after quenching is also of great significance so far as its purpose, namely the increase of the fatigue life of rolling contact elements, is concerned.
  • hardened steel is tempered, that is subjected to elevated temperatures for a longer period of time.
  • Such a treatment causes again transformations of the matrix which are connected which changes in volume.
  • tempering with temperatures up to 240 C. because of the transformation of the retained austenite
  • tempering with temperatures of more than 240 C. because of the further decomposition of the martensite
  • inductive tempering employed according to the present invention wherein the heating of the workpiece is eifected again by way of its skin, a temperature gradient occurs. It is controllable by corresponding selections of voltage and frequency of the induced current and its duration of effectiveness. In this way, outside zones of workpieces can be tempered with temperatures above 240 C. while the underlying layers are tempered with lower temperatures. It is also possible to temper only theouter zones with lower temperature. In both cases a contraction of volume of the outer zone, compared with the underlying layers, is effected.
  • the total shape of the curve resulting from the sections 10' and 10" is such that it is largely adapted or corresponds to curve 10 of FIG. 1 and C Si Mn Cr 1 S 100 Crfi O. 95 O. 15 0. 25 1. 40 Max. Max. 7 1. 05 .0. 35 O. 40 1. 65 O. 025 0. 025 100 C1Mn6 0. 95 0. 50 1. 1. 40 Max. Max. 1. 0. 70 1. 2 1. 65 0. 025 0. 025
  • a roller consisting of 100 Cr6 of the above composition and with the dimensions 30 x 48 mm. is to be through hardened: it is induction heated in a coil with the dimensions 40 x 75 mm. wherein it is subjected for 116 seconds with a field intensity of 360 a.w./cm. to an alternating magnetic field of 10 kHz. Quenching is effected in a molten salt bath of 160 to 170 C., with subsequent cooling in air.
  • quenching mediums as for example, water, brine, oil etc., and, proceeding from the same austenitizing threshold, to fix different states of stress.
  • a workpiece having increased fatigue strength and useful life comprising a body element of a throughhardening ferromagntic steel, said body element having a contact rolling surface zone and underlying zones of different residual prestressed characteristics comprising a compressive prestress which increases with increasing inward distance from the surface of the body element, reaching a maximum at the approximate depth at which maximum shearing stress will occur during operation, and thereafter decreases.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
US653885A 1964-07-29 1967-07-17 Method of increasing the fatigue life of rolling contact elements and the resulting articles Expired - Lifetime US3477884A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEK53604A DE1292696B (de) 1964-07-29 1964-07-29 Verfahren zur Erhoehung der Lebensdauer von Waelzpaarungen

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US (1) US3477884A (de)
CH (1) CH472500A (de)
DE (1) DE1292696B (de)
GB (1) GB1055085A (de)
SE (1) SE309790B (de)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807649A (en) * 1971-10-12 1974-04-30 W Anthony Lap pin and method of making same
US3893874A (en) * 1973-01-29 1975-07-08 Nutron Corp Cams
US4168183A (en) * 1978-06-23 1979-09-18 University Of Delaware Process for improving the fatigue properties of structures or objects
US4627882A (en) * 1981-12-15 1986-12-09 Santrade Limited Method of making a rotary drill bit
US4836866A (en) * 1987-11-09 1989-06-06 Fmc Corporation Method of improving fatigue life of an elongated component
US4939042A (en) * 1987-11-09 1990-07-03 Fmc Corporation Fatigue life of a component such as a bar
US5246510A (en) * 1992-06-01 1993-09-21 Applied Process Method for producing a selectively surface hardened cast iron part
US5672217A (en) * 1990-03-09 1997-09-30 Skf Gmbh Method for producing machine elements of steel
WO2004031576A3 (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-07-01 Sai Societa Apparecchiature Idrauliche Spa Hydraulic machine with radial cylinders
EP1452610A1 (de) * 2003-02-28 2004-09-01 Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. Walz- und Gleitelement und Verfahren zur Herstellung
US20060153485A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2006-07-13 Kikuo Maeda Roller bearing with steel plate race
US20080205810A1 (en) * 2007-02-23 2008-08-28 Ntn Corporation Bearing apparatus for wheel
RU2370550C1 (ru) * 2008-04-07 2009-10-20 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Липецкий государственный технический университет (ЛГТУ) Индуктор непрерывного действия для нагрева изделий шарообразной формы "гиперболоид-липецк"
CN110121639A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2019-08-13 Thk株式会社 运动引导装置的寿命诊断装置、方法、程序及系统
CN110140091A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2019-08-16 Thk株式会社 管理系统以及运动引导装置

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4191599A (en) * 1978-09-13 1980-03-04 Ford Motor Company Method of heat treating high carbon alloy steel parts to develop surface compressive residual stresses
DE10250459A1 (de) * 2002-10-30 2004-05-13 Fag Kugelfischer Ag Wälzlager in Luftfahrzeugen
DE102006059050A1 (de) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Schaeffler Kg Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Wälzlagerbauteilen aus durchgehärtetem, bainitischem Wälzlagerstahl
DE102007029305A1 (de) 2007-06-22 2008-12-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Einspritzventil, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
ES3054186T3 (en) 2009-05-06 2026-01-30 Skf Ab Method for manufacturing rolling bearing element
CN111500841A (zh) * 2020-05-21 2020-08-07 中建五洲工程装备有限公司 一种大型设备现场热处理位移滑块装置

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1783764A (en) * 1929-06-12 1930-12-02 James R Adams Process of zone hardening steel articles
US2730472A (en) * 1952-05-07 1956-01-10 Ohio Crankshaft Co Method of manufacturing hollow tubular articles
US3117041A (en) * 1960-06-21 1964-01-07 Gen Motors Corp Heat treated steel article

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE885993C (de) * 1941-02-14 1953-08-10 Aeg Verfahren zum induktiven Erhitzen von Werkstuecken
DE843423C (de) * 1948-06-14 1952-07-07 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Walze, insbesondere Kaltwalze und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1783764A (en) * 1929-06-12 1930-12-02 James R Adams Process of zone hardening steel articles
US2730472A (en) * 1952-05-07 1956-01-10 Ohio Crankshaft Co Method of manufacturing hollow tubular articles
US3117041A (en) * 1960-06-21 1964-01-07 Gen Motors Corp Heat treated steel article

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807649A (en) * 1971-10-12 1974-04-30 W Anthony Lap pin and method of making same
US3893874A (en) * 1973-01-29 1975-07-08 Nutron Corp Cams
US4168183A (en) * 1978-06-23 1979-09-18 University Of Delaware Process for improving the fatigue properties of structures or objects
US4627882A (en) * 1981-12-15 1986-12-09 Santrade Limited Method of making a rotary drill bit
US4836866A (en) * 1987-11-09 1989-06-06 Fmc Corporation Method of improving fatigue life of an elongated component
US4939042A (en) * 1987-11-09 1990-07-03 Fmc Corporation Fatigue life of a component such as a bar
US5672217A (en) * 1990-03-09 1997-09-30 Skf Gmbh Method for producing machine elements of steel
US5246510A (en) * 1992-06-01 1993-09-21 Applied Process Method for producing a selectively surface hardened cast iron part
CN100497938C (zh) * 2002-10-02 2009-06-10 S.A.I会水利设备股份公司 带有星形汽缸的液压机及用于该液压机的活塞
US20060042459A1 (en) * 2002-10-02 2006-03-02 Felice Pecorari High efficiency hydraulic machine with radial cylinders
WO2004031576A3 (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-07-01 Sai Societa Apparecchiature Idrauliche Spa Hydraulic machine with radial cylinders
US20080264528A1 (en) * 2003-02-28 2008-10-30 Jtekt Corporation Rolling, sliding part and process for producing same
US20040234180A1 (en) * 2003-02-28 2004-11-25 Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. Rolling, sliding part and process for producing the same
EP1452610A1 (de) * 2003-02-28 2004-09-01 Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. Walz- und Gleitelement und Verfahren zur Herstellung
US20060153485A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2006-07-13 Kikuo Maeda Roller bearing with steel plate race
US20080205810A1 (en) * 2007-02-23 2008-08-28 Ntn Corporation Bearing apparatus for wheel
US9404531B2 (en) 2007-02-23 2016-08-02 Ntn Corporation Bearing apparatus for wheel
RU2370550C1 (ru) * 2008-04-07 2009-10-20 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Липецкий государственный технический университет (ЛГТУ) Индуктор непрерывного действия для нагрева изделий шарообразной формы "гиперболоид-липецк"
CN110121639A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2019-08-13 Thk株式会社 运动引导装置的寿命诊断装置、方法、程序及系统
CN110140091A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2019-08-16 Thk株式会社 管理系统以及运动引导装置
TWI721238B (zh) * 2016-12-28 2021-03-11 日商Ｔｈｋ股份有限公司 運動導引裝置的壽命診斷裝置、方法、程式及系統
CN110121639B (zh) * 2016-12-28 2021-04-20 Thk株式会社 运动引导装置的寿命诊断装置、方法、非暂时性存储介质及系统
CN110140091B (zh) * 2016-12-28 2022-02-25 Thk株式会社 管理系统以及运动引导装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1055085A (en) 1967-01-11
DE1292696B (de) 1969-04-17
SE309790B (de) 1969-04-08
CH472500A (de) 1969-05-15

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