US3479733A - Method of making a can end - Google Patents

Method of making a can end Download PDF

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Publication number
US3479733A
US3479733A US648075A US3479733DA US3479733A US 3479733 A US3479733 A US 3479733A US 648075 A US648075 A US 648075A US 3479733D A US3479733D A US 3479733DA US 3479733 A US3479733 A US 3479733A
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Prior art keywords
rivet
preliminary
metal
final
diameter
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US648075A
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Omar L Brown
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
    • B21D51/383—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures scoring lines, tear strips or pulling tabs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D39/00—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders
    • B21D39/03—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders of sheet metal otherwise than by folding
    • B21D39/031—Joining superposed plates by locally deforming without slitting or piercing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49915—Overedge assembling of seated part
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body
    • Y10T29/49943—Riveting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of forming a joint between two members of deformable sheet material positioned face-to-face wherein one member has an aperture and a rivet of a preliminary hollow configuration is formed in the other member and then positioned to extend through the aperture of the one member, the final operation being to stake the preliminary rivet to form the final headed rivet.
  • the first commercially successful method of forming such a rivet in the tear strip of an easy opening can is set forth in the Fraze Patent 3,191,564.
  • This method is characterized by the steps of, first, forming a dimple in the sheet metal of the tear strip of substantially larger than the desired rivet, second, reshaping the dimple to form a preliminary rivet of the cross section of the shank of the desired rivet, and, finally, staking the rivet to form the final rivet configuration.
  • the staking operation is carried out by inserting a die into the hollow rivet to serve as an anvil and by then applying an axial impact force against the outer end of the preliminary rivet to squeeze and spread the transverse end wall of the rivet to form the head or bead of the final rivet.
  • the shank of the Fraze rivet was of a diameter of approximately A", and since the rivet is employed at the leading end of the tear strip, the width of the leading end of the tear strip had to be greater than A".
  • the initial function of the pull tab is to apply force to the leading end of the tear strip to initiate the rupture of the sheet metal and it was found that an excessive amount of force is required if the leading end of the tear strip is as wide as it must be to accommodate a rivet as large as A" in diameter.
  • the method of rivet formation set forth in my copending application is characterized by the forming of what may be termed a preliminary hollow rivet in one step by coining or squeezing the sheet material of the tear strip across its thickness in an annular zone to cause the formation of the preliminary rivet by extrusion of the sheet material radially inwardly of the annular coining zone.
  • the resulting hollow preliminary rivet is then stacked in the same general manner as the Fraze rivet by employing an anvil die inside the hollow rivet in coice operation with an outer impact die to squeeze the transverse end wall of the rivet.
  • the rivet In the first place, the rivet must be hollow to permit the insertion of the anvil die for the staking operation the result being that the final rivet has a substantial void extending from the root end of the rivet throughout the length of the shank of the rivet and into the interior of the head of the rivet. Such a void has a disproportionate weakening effect when the rivet is greatly reduced in scale.
  • the staking techniques employed in both of the rivet forming methods requires that the height of the preliminary rivet be limited to substantially the height of the final staked rivet. It has been found that adequate strength in a rivet of a shank diameter substantially smaller than /s" requires a great deal more material than is found in a preliminary hollow rivet that is substantially no higher than the height of the final staked rivet.
  • the present invention surmounts these two limitations by eliminating the necessity for insertion of an anvil into the preliminary rivet and by further teaching a staking technique that is applicable to an extruded preliminary rivet of a height that greatly exceeds the height of the desired final rivet configuration.
  • the invention is based on the discovery that increasing the extrusion of the metal to produce a preliminary rivet substantially higher than the desired final rivet, for example as much as twice as high, to provide a corresponding increase in material available for the final rivet results inherently in a preliminary rivet of a character that may be transformed into the desired greatly shortened staked configuration by the simple application of an axial impact force without the necessity of supporting the rivet internally.
  • This discovery is surprising because at first thought it would seem that abruptly axially compressing such an elongated preliminary hollow rivet would simply squash the hollow rivet and spread the metal unduly to produce a final rivet having a head of excessive diameter on a weak shank.
  • the longitudinal cross section of the elongated bubble is that of an inverted U with the two legs of the U diverging and with the metal tapering in thickness .towards the two ends of the two legs, i.e., towards the root end of the rivet, the interior of the rivet flaring towards the root end.
  • the inner circumferential wall of the rivet inclines slightly inwardly to overhang the hollow interior of the rivet.
  • the metal wall of the preliminary rivet is of maximum thickness towards the outer end of the elongated configuration provides a solid body of metal to meet the impact force with consequent initial retardation of the spreading of the outer end of the preliminary rivet by the impact force.
  • the progressive accumulation of metal in the shank region during the impact stroke progressively increases the resistance to axial displacement of metal into the shank region, however, with the desirable result that the radial spreading of the metal to form the final rivet head is accelerated at the end of the impact stroke.
  • a further important result of the liberal provision of metal at the outer end of the greatly elongated preliminary rivet is that the resulting head of the staked rivet is solid metal instead of being formed by folded metal or being formed by a hollow circumferential bead.
  • the significance of the downward flare of the interior of the preliminary rivet is that the axial impact force tends to collapse the peripheral wall of the rivet radially inwardly.
  • the metal displace by the axial imp-act force is directed towards the interior of the preliminary rivet as the preliminary rivet progressively approaches the final staked configuration.
  • the axially applied impact force actually results in three kinds of metal displacement simultaneously, namely: radially outward flow at the outer end of the preliminary rivet to produce the final rivet head configuration; radially inward fiow in the shank region below the progressively forming head to diminish the initial void in the rivet; and longitudinal or axial flow into the shank region of the final rivet configuration for further reduction of the initial void.
  • the final result is a rivet in which the volume of metal greatly exceeds the volume of the void to result in a rivet as strong or stronger than conventional hollow rivets of larger diameter.
  • the degree to which the process approaches the creation of a solid metal rivet depends, of course, on the volume of metal that is extruded relative to the final overall rivet configuration and one factor which enters into the determination of this volume is the degree to which the sheet metal is thinned by the coining operation and another factor is the ratio between the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the annular coined area. Values for these two factors for different kinds of metal are selected to provide the elongation of the preliminary rivet that distinguishes the present invention from the prior art.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a can end incorporating a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view on a larger scale showing a pair of coining dies ready to carry out the operation of extruding the metal to form the elongated preliminary rivet;
  • FIG. 3 is a similar view showing the completion of the rivet-forming extrusion operation
  • FIG. 4 is a similar view showing a pair of staking dies ready to apply axial force to convert the preliminary rivet into the final rivet configuration
  • FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 showing the staking dies at an early stage in the staking operation
  • FIG. 6 is a similar view showing the staking dies at a later stage in the staking operation.
  • FIG. 7 shows the two staking dies at the completion of the staking operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a can end or top 10 of a well known construction in which a continuous line of scoring 12 defines a tear strip 14 that tapers to a narrow leading end 15.
  • the can end is offset to form an arcuate 11b 16 to minimize the buckling of the sheet metal by the scoring operation.
  • a pull tab 20 having a ring-shaped handle 22 is attached to the leading end 15 of the tear strip 14 by a staked n'vet 25 and the greatly reduced width of the leading end of the tear strip is made possible by the fact that the shank 4 of the staked rivet is of a diameter substantially less than A".
  • the base or root end of the shank of the rivet is surrounded by an annular coined zone 26 where the can top has been squeezed across its thickness to extrude the metal that forms the rivet.
  • the pull tab 20 is formed with an annular offset 28 which is dimensioned to seat in the annular coined zone 26 thereby to permit the tab to lie close against the coined metal.
  • the final staked rivet has the overall configuration shown in FIG. 7.
  • overall configuration is meant the profile configuration, any void in the rivet being ignored.
  • the final rivet shown in FIG. 7 is characterized by a rivet head 30 that is of solid metal over its entire transverse cross section.
  • the rivet is further characterized by a relatively small void 32 of generally conical configuration at the root end of the shank of the rivet.
  • the axial extent of the small void 32 falls short of the shear plane that is defined by the outer surface 34 of the surrounding portion of the pull tab 20 and therefore the shank of the rivet is of solid metal in that shear plane.
  • the conical void may actually intercept this shear plane without unduly weakening the rivet. For example, if the diameter of the void at the shear plane is as large as /3 of the diameter of the shank, over 85% of the cross section of the shank at the shear plane will be solid metal.
  • FIGS. 2-4 The first step in the fabrication of the rivet for attaching the pull tab 20 to the tear strip 14 is illustrated by FIGS. 2-4 wherein a lower die 35 supports the can top 10 and an upper coining die 36 cooperates with the lower die to extrude the metal to form a preliminary rivet.
  • the lower die has a planar working face 38 but, as taught by my co-pending application, this working face need not be entirely planar.
  • the upper die 36 has a central cylindrical cavity 40 surrounded by by an annular working face 42, the working face being advanced or offset from a surrounding die face 44.
  • FIG. 2-4 The first step in the fabrication of the rivet for attaching the pull tab 20 to the tear strip 14 is illustrated by FIGS. 2-4 wherein a lower die 35 supports the can top 10 and an upper coining die 36 cooperates with the lower die to extrude the metal to form a preliminary rivet.
  • the lower die has a planar working face 38 but, as taught by my co-pending application, this working face need not be entirely planar.
  • the annular working face 42 is offset from the surrounding die face 44 in accord with the exact degree to which the metal is to be thinned by the coining operation so that at the end of the coining operation the outer die face 44 firmly abuts the adjacent portion of the pull tab that lies outside of the coined area.
  • the thinning of the metal of the can top may be accomplished by depressing the lower face of the can top instead of the upper face or by depressing both faces of the can top simultaneously.
  • the result of the radial extrusion of the metal by the coining operation is the formation'of a preliminary rivet 45, the axial dimension of the preliminary rivet relative to its diameter being much greater than taught by the prior art.
  • the axial dimension of the preliminary rivet is substantially less than its outside diameter whereas in FIG. 3 the axial dimension of the preliminary rivet 45 is substantially more than its outside diameter. It is the additional metal gained by the added height of the preliminary rivet that makes possible the degree to which the final rivet approaches a solid metal structure.
  • the second and final step is the stacking of the preliminary rivet in the manner shown in FIGS. 4 to 7 by a lower supporting die 50 and an upper impact die 52 in cooperation with an annular pressure pad 54.
  • the pressure pad holds the pull tab 20 snug against the coined zone of the can top 10 with ample space inside the pressure pad for radial expansion of the head portion of the preliminary rivet as the impact die descends to form the final rivet configuration.
  • the previously mentioned conical void 32 in the root end of the rivet shank is created by slightly curtailing the volume of extruded metal relative to the overall volume of the final rivet configuration and preferably by further providing the lower supporting die 50 with a conical forming boss 55. It has been found that such a conical void close to the level of the surrounding portion of the can top does not unduly weaken the rivet and obviously the permissible void desirably reduces the volume of metal that must be extruded to form the rivet.
  • a further and important advantage of providing the conical forming boss 55 is that the boss cooperates with the surrounding circumferential wall of the aperture of the pull tab 20 to restrict the path of radially outward flow from the rivet configuration into the surrounding coined zone of the can top as the impact die completes the formation of the final rivet.
  • the forming boss 55 may be omitted and more metal may be extruded to result in a substantially solid metal staked rivet.
  • the pressure exerted by the pressure pad 54 may be raised to a suflicient magnitude to prevent any significant reverse radial flow of metal into the annular coined zone as the upper impact die approaches the end of its stroke.
  • FIG. 5 shows how the effect of the initial impact of the upper die tends to buckle the circumferential wall of the preliminary rivet radially inwardly because of the downwardly flared internal configuration of the rivet.
  • Concurrently with the inward buckling effect of the impact die is the effect of the impact die in crowding the metal downwardly to thicken the circumferential wall of the rivet.
  • the combined result of these two simultaneous effects is that the circumferential wall of the rivet grows in thickness radially inward towards the axis of the rivet and at the same time the transverse end wall 56 grows in thickness,
  • the stage of the rivetforming operation represented by FIGS. 5 and 6 is characterized by progressive radial and longitudinal shrinking of the initial axial void 58.
  • Generalizations for guidance in practicing the invention may be made by expressing the volume of metal extruded into the die cavity 40 in terms of multiples of the thickness of the sheet metal stock of the can top.
  • a disk of this thickness and of the diameter of the initial rivet is initially available in the rivet area for the formation of the preliminary rivet and the volume of additional metal to be extruded into the rivet area for completion of the rivet may be expressed in terms of a number of additional disks of the thickness of the sheet metal stock.
  • a final rivet of the general overall configuration shown in FIG. 7 may be analyzed in terms of stock thickness as follows: a solid cylinder of the diameter of the rivet shank and of the overall axial dimension of the finished rivet may be in a particular instance equivalent to 3.4 thicknesses of the sheet metal stock.
  • the peripheral bead of the final rivet head may be, for example, equivalent to one additional thickness to give a total requirement of 4.4 thicknesses for a solid rivet of the final overall configuration. Since one thickness of metal already exists in the rivet area, the metal to be extruded to form the solid rivet is equivalent to 3.4 thicknesses.
  • the amount of metal may be reduced by approximately 73 of a thickness to reduce the total extrusion requirement to a volume equivalent to 2.75 thicknesses of the sheet metal stock.
  • the ratio of the metal is a matter of judgment based on the properties of the particular metal that is used for the can top.
  • the properties of the metal may permit a long path of radially inward metal flow with relatively light coining of the sheet metal or on the other hand may permit a shorter path with deeper coining to extrude the same amount of metal.
  • the practice of the invention will be distinguished from the disclosure of my co-pending application by the height of the preliminary rivet being substantially greater than the height of the final rivet configuration and by the ratio of the height of the preliminary rivet to its diameter being at least 0.75 and preferably at least approximately 1.00.
  • the volume of metal in the preliminary rivet will be more than 50% of the volume of the overall configuration of the final staked rivet.
  • the final rivet is at least 75% metal and in the example shown in FIG. 7 where the rivet is solid metal except for the small conical void, the final rivet is approximately metal.
  • the new rivet has a solid metal head and is at least largely solid metal across the shear plane immediately below the rivet head.
  • the only factors that have been considered with reference to the magnitude of the rivet extrusion are the ratio between the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the annular coined area and the percentage of reduction of the stock thickness by the coining operation.
  • a third factor arises from the fact that the coining operation not only extrudes metal radially inwardly to form the preliminary rivet but also extrudes metal radially outward to thicken the surrounding sheet metal stock.
  • the third factor is the percentage of the extrusion that is radially inward.
  • the percentage of the extrusion that is radially inward varies with the properties of the sheet metal, the degree to which the sheet metal is thinner by the coining operation, the inside diameter of the coined area, and the ratio between the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the coined area.
  • the inside diameter of the coined area i.e. the diameter of the extruded rivet
  • more work is required to extrude a given volume of metal into a die cavity of small diameter than is required to force the given volume into a die cavity of larger diameter.
  • the degree of coining of the metal or the outside diameter of the coined area must be increased to avoid reducing the volume of metal that is extruded to form the hollow rivet.
  • the ratio between the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the coined area it has been found that up to a certain point increasing the ratio increases the volume of extruded metal but beyond that point the extruded volume drops.
  • the optimum ratio of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of the annular coined area was found to be 4.6: 1. At this optimum ratio of the height of the extruded preliminary rivet was .075 but when the ratio was reduced to 4.411 the height was reduced to .063 and when the ratio was increased to 4.8:1 the height was reduced to .072.
  • one of said dies having a central cavity of substantially the cross section of the sank of the final rivet, said one die having an advanced working face around the cavity of a diameter at least two times the diameter of the cavity to form said annular zone of the first member,
  • said minimum spacing of the two dies in the area of said working face being sufficiently less than said stock thickness to extrude into the die cavity suificient material to form a hollow preliminary rivet of an axial dimension at least as large as approximately 75% of the cross dimension of the cavity and comprising a volume of material substantially more than 50% of the volume of the final profile configuration of the rivet reforming the hollow preliminary rivet to said final rivet by applying axial force to the outer end of the preliminary rivet while the preliminary rivet extends through said aperture without internally supporting the hollow preliminary rivet against axial compression thereby reducing the void in the hollow preliminary rivet and displacing material into the shank region of the final rivet to add strength to the shank of the final rivet and to form a substantially solid rivet head in engagement with the second member.
  • one of the dies of said second pair having a leading face to cooperate with the other die of the second pair to subject the outer end of the preliminary rivet to an axial impact force
  • the other die of said second pair of dies having a boss in alignment with the interior of the preliminary rivet, the boss being of tapering configuration.
  • one of said dies having a central cavity of substantially the cross section of the final profile configuration of the rivet
  • said one die having an advanced working face around the die cavity to form said annular zone of the first member, the area of said advanced working face being at least eight times the cross-sectional area of the die cavity,
  • said minimum spacing of the two dies in the area of said working face being sufficiently less than said stock thickness to extrude into the die cavity a volume of material equivalent to a solid cylinder of the diameter of the cavity and of an axial dimension equal to at least twice said given stock thickness, reforming the hollow preliminary rivet to said final rivet by applying axial force to the outer end of the preliminary rivet while the preliminary rivet extends through said aperture without internally supporting the hollow preliminary rivet against axial compres- 1 1 I 12 sion thereby reducing the void in the hollow preand of a thickness in the range of 2 to 3 times said stock lirninary rivet and displacing material into the shank thickness.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)
US648075A 1967-06-22 1967-06-22 Method of making a can end Expired - Lifetime US3479733A (en)

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US64807567A 1967-06-22 1967-06-22

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US (1) US3479733A (fr)
CH (1) CH482478A (fr)
DK (1) DK148093B (fr)
FR (1) FR1588194A (fr)
NL (1) NL6804777A (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2083394A1 (fr) * 1970-03-18 1971-12-17 Aluminum Co Of America
US3638597A (en) * 1969-09-26 1972-02-01 Fraze Ermal C Method of forming a rivet
US3690706A (en) * 1970-08-25 1972-09-12 Arnold R Boik Single operation rivet
US4245491A (en) * 1976-10-21 1981-01-20 Kabushiki Kaisha Wako Method and device for producing hollow articles having flanges
US4783985A (en) * 1985-05-29 1988-11-15 Aluminum Company Of America Integral rivet and method of making
US4928375A (en) * 1984-10-11 1990-05-29 Hadaway Bernard M Method of forming a hollow fastener from sheet metal
US20100038893A1 (en) * 2008-08-18 2010-02-18 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Method of connecting chassis parts, and a chassis assembly
US20230286033A1 (en) * 2018-01-23 2023-09-14 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3130470A1 (de) * 1981-07-23 1983-02-10 Herbert 7250 Leonberg Hess Verbinden mehrerer flaechenartiger teile durch verformung und verboerdelung ihrer oberflaechen

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3191564A (en) * 1963-05-15 1965-06-29 Ermal C Fraze Method of fabricating a sheet metal joint
US3301434A (en) * 1964-12-11 1967-01-31 Harvey Aluminum Inc Can opener
US3307737A (en) * 1964-12-11 1967-03-07 Harvey Aluminum Inc Attachment of an opener to the wall of a can
US3346948A (en) * 1964-08-14 1967-10-17 Central States Can Corp Method of fastening a tab to a metallic container wall

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3191564A (en) * 1963-05-15 1965-06-29 Ermal C Fraze Method of fabricating a sheet metal joint
US3346948A (en) * 1964-08-14 1967-10-17 Central States Can Corp Method of fastening a tab to a metallic container wall
US3301434A (en) * 1964-12-11 1967-01-31 Harvey Aluminum Inc Can opener
US3307737A (en) * 1964-12-11 1967-03-07 Harvey Aluminum Inc Attachment of an opener to the wall of a can

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3638597A (en) * 1969-09-26 1972-02-01 Fraze Ermal C Method of forming a rivet
FR2083394A1 (fr) * 1970-03-18 1971-12-17 Aluminum Co Of America
US3750606A (en) * 1970-03-18 1973-08-07 Aluminum Co Of America Rivet fabrication
US3690706A (en) * 1970-08-25 1972-09-12 Arnold R Boik Single operation rivet
US4245491A (en) * 1976-10-21 1981-01-20 Kabushiki Kaisha Wako Method and device for producing hollow articles having flanges
US4928375A (en) * 1984-10-11 1990-05-29 Hadaway Bernard M Method of forming a hollow fastener from sheet metal
US4783985A (en) * 1985-05-29 1988-11-15 Aluminum Company Of America Integral rivet and method of making
US20100038893A1 (en) * 2008-08-18 2010-02-18 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Method of connecting chassis parts, and a chassis assembly
US8286319B2 (en) * 2008-08-18 2012-10-16 Benteler Automobiletechnik Gmbh Method of connecting chassis parts, and a chassis assembly
US20230286033A1 (en) * 2018-01-23 2023-09-14 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
US12017267B2 (en) * 2018-01-23 2024-06-25 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor

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CH482478A (fr) 1969-12-15
NL6804777A (fr) 1968-12-23
FR1588194A (fr) 1970-04-10
DK148093B (da) 1985-03-04

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