US3601180A - Pressure-casting machine - Google Patents

Pressure-casting machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US3601180A
US3601180A US860557A US3601180DA US3601180A US 3601180 A US3601180 A US 3601180A US 860557 A US860557 A US 860557A US 3601180D A US3601180D A US 3601180DA US 3601180 A US3601180 A US 3601180A
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Prior art keywords
pressure
piston
shot
shutoff valve
hydraulic
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Expired - Lifetime
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US860557A
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English (en)
Inventor
Alfred Nef
Siegfried Erhard
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Buehler AG
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Buehler AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/08—Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled
    • B22D17/10—Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled with horizontal press motion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/32—Controlling equipment

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A pressure casting machine includes a chill '23 Assignce Gebmeder Buehkr c, mold, mold-closing means, a filling bush opening into the u fl s iu l d mold and a pressing ram displaceable in the filling bush.
  • a I 32 ⁇ priority Sept 30 9 hydraulic pressing unit is associated with the ram and includes ⁇ 331 Switzerland a shot cylinder, a hydraulically operated shot piston, and a 9 53 multiplier cylinder connected with the shot cylinder and having a multiplier piston which is hydraulically loadable on both sides and hydraulically connectable to the shot piston.
  • An accumulator is chargeable by a pressure medium source, and hydraulic components interconnect the pressure medium source, the accumulator, the shot cylinder and the multiplier cylinder.
  • a hydraulic line connects the multiplier cylinder, on the side of the multiplier piston facing the pressing ram, to the 5 PRESSURECASTING MACHINE pressure medium source.
  • An overflow valve is interposed in 11 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs. this line and is adjustable as to operating pressure.
  • a controllable shutoff valve is connected to the overflow valve and acts [52] US. Cl... 164/315 as a precontrol for the overflow valve.
  • the overflow valve is in [51] Int. Cl; 822d 17/10 the range of influence of the hydraulic pressure effective on [50] Field of Search 164/315 that side of the shot piston facing away from the pressing ram.
  • references Cited is in controlling connection with the shutoff valve and opera- UNITED STATES PATENTS tive to effect hydraulic connection of the multiplier piston and the shot piston in accordance with the operating pressure of 2,585,297 2/1952 Beuscher 164/315 the overflow valve and within the pressure range limited by 2.620.528 12/1952 DeSternberg 164/315 the accumulator,
  • the pressure-responsive control means may 2.634.468 4/1953 Holder 164/315 be purely hydraulic or may be a combination of electrically 3,319,701 5/1967 Eggenberger 164/315 and hydraulically operated components.
  • This invention relates to the pressure casting of metal melts and,'more particularly, to a novel and improved pressure casting machine with an improved control of the multiplied after-' pressureforce on the injected melt.
  • the objective of the invention is to meet the conditions mentioned above and, accordingly, to eliminate the disadvantages inherent in known machines.
  • the objective of the invention is to meet the conditions mentioned above and, accordingly, to eliminate the disadvantages inherent in known machines.
  • a pressure casting machine for the casting of metal melts in'chill molds, comprising a mold-closing press, a filling bush opening into the chill mold, and a pressing ram displaceable in the filling bush.
  • the pressing ram has operatively associated therewith a hydraulic pressing unit comprising a shot cylinder, a hydraulically loadable ,shot
  • a pressure-dependently operable switching device is in controlling connection with the shutoff valve, and effective to bring about, at the same time, hydraulic connection of the multiplier piston to the shot piston in accordance with the pressure as set by the overflow valve within the pressure range limited by the accumulator.
  • a throttle point for the time-delayed reversal of the shutoff valve, and known per se, is provided in a connecting line extending between the pressure medium inlet for the shot piston and the shutoff valve. Further, there is connected, between this connecting line and the accumulator, a pressure vessel provided with mechanical separating means.
  • an electrically controllable shutoff valve together with a hydroelectric pressure switch, may be provided for the precontrolledor anticipatory function of the overflow valve.
  • This arrangement has the advantage that, by reversal of the excitation of the electrically controllable shutoff valve as a function of the response of the hydroelectric pressure switch, and by a simple potentiometer adjustment, the blocked position of the multiplier piston, as well as the adjustment of the desired multiplication, are rendered, possible through corresponding actuation of the overflow valve by the electrohydraulic shutoff valve.
  • An object of the invention is to provide an improved pressure casting machine for casting metal melts in chill molds with a multiplier arrangement providing a very large afterpressure force on the injected melt.
  • Another object'of the invention is to provide such a pressure casting machine in which, regardless of the pressures prevailing during the preceding advance and mold-filling phases, the multiplier is hydraulically connectable to the-shot piston over the entire pressure range of a hydraulic accumulator.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide such a pressure casting machine in which a blocked position of a multiplier piston as well as adjustment of the desired multiplication can be effected in a simple manner.
  • FIG. I is largely schematic front elevation view of a pressure casting machine, with a correlated pressing unit and as- FIG. 4 is a view, similar to FIGS. 2 and 3, illustrating the es sential control elements of a third embodiment of the invention.
  • the pressure casting machine therein comprises, as the most essential elements, a machine bed 1, a fixed mold and nozzle support 2, a movable mold support 3, a toggle support bracket 4, a mold closing cylinder S, a toggle joint 6, and guide rods 7 and 7'.
  • Bracket or support 2 supports a fixed mold half 8
  • bracket or support 3 supports a movable mold half 9.
  • a filling bush 10 is supported in bracket 2 and has displaceable therein a pressing ram 1 1 connected to a shot piston 'in a shot cylinder 12 aligned with a multiplier cylinder 13.
  • a compressed gas tank 14 communicates, through .a line l5,'with a pressure medium accumulator 16.
  • control cabinet 20 which contains principally electric control elements but which may be provided also with hydraulic control components.
  • a tank or reservoir 30 for the pressure medium
  • pump 31 connected to reservoir 30, and a reversing slide valve 32 connected to tank 30 and to pump 31.
  • a connecting line 43 extends from multiplier cylinder 13 to a multiplier control 33
  • an accumulator-connecting control line 45 extends from control cabinet 20 to a connecting block 70 associated with accumulator 16.
  • connecting lines 42 and 43 connected to shot cylinder 12 and multiplier 13, respectively, there is a check valve 48 which is inserted in a connecting line 46.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the hydraulic pressing unit in greater I detail, along with respective essential hydraulic connecting elements, control elements, or both.
  • a displaceable piston 51 is arranged in accumulator l6, dividing the accumulator into a compressed gas chamber, to the left of piston 51, and a hydraulic pressure chamber, to the right of piston 51.
  • a shot piston 62 which may have hydraulic pressure applied to both of its opposite side's, is displaceably arranged in shot cylinder 12- and includes a piston rod 63 connectedwith pressing ram 11.
  • Multiplier cylinder 13 is operatively associated with shot cylinder 12, as by being axiallyaligned therewith, and has displaceable therein a multiplier piston 65 which also is arranged for application of hydraulic pressure to opposite sides thereof.
  • multiplier piston 65 is hydraulically connectable with shot piston 62.
  • a check valve 67 is arranged in an axial bore 66 of multiplier piston65 and, in order to open check a valve 67 in the rest position of piston 65, a fixedmechanical which is secured to both accumulator 16 and multiplier cylinder 13, block 70 having an accumulator connecting line '71 formed therein.
  • block 70 and operatively associated with bore or line 71, there is a controllable check valve 75 which shuts off toward accumulator 16.
  • the control line opens into control cylinder bore 76 beneath check valve 75 or on the side opposite check valve 75 away from the valve seat.
  • Block 70 also has communicating therewith accumulator loading line 34 and shot line 36.
  • a pressure vessel 95 with a mechanical separating member 96 movable therein and which is subjected to hydraulic pressure on both of its opposite sides.
  • the pressure vessel 95 is provided with a mechani-.
  • the last-named connecting and control elements especially the elements 90 and 95, form a switching device.
  • Reversing valve 32 is initially in a position connecting line 42 to pump 31 and con- 1 necting line 36 to reservoir 30.
  • line 42 is connected to reservoir 30 and shot line 36 is connected with pump 31, thereby initiating the mold-filling process.
  • This mold-filling process takes place after the two mold halves 8 and 9 have been closed by the mold-closing press formed by supports 2 and 3, toggle support bracket 4, guiderod 7, 7' and closing cylinder 5, with the filling of filling bush 10 with a metal melt to be cast.
  • Shot piston 62 moves from the illustrated position, at the extreme right, to the left. However, care must be taken that multiplier piston 65 does not immediately start a forward movement, that is a movement to the left. The avoidance of this is the function of overflow valve 80 together with shutoff valve 85, this avoidance occurring as a function of the pressures acting on shot piston 62 and prevailing in accumulator 16.
  • the pressure required therefor and acting on shot piston 62 remains substantially lower than the pressure prevailing in accumulator 16.
  • shot off valve 85 remains in a position blocking flow from precontrol line 82 into line 42 extending to reservoir 30.
  • overflow valve 80 can be opened only with a maximum pressure, to establish a connection between multiplier cylinder 13, on the end thereof nearer pressing ram 11, and connecting element 42. Even if very great pressure were to act on the hydraulic medium enclosed in that volume of multiplier cylinder 13 facing the pressing in ram, a movement of multiplier piston 65 to the left would be prevented.
  • the shot forfilling the mold, occurring at a very high velocity, can take place with the controllable check valve 76 open and thus utilizing the highly compressed pressure medium in accumulator 16 to the right of piston 51.
  • shutoff valve 85 there serves, on the one hand, a hydraulic line 41 connected to valve 85 and also to shot line 36 and having a throttle member arranged therein and, on the other hand, a line 91 connected between valve 85 and accumulator line 34.
  • Piston 96 in pressure vessel 95 is a differential piston, so that already, by a lesser pressure in the zone of shot piston 62, piston 96 is displaced against the pressure of accumulator 16.
  • the pressure at shutoff valve 85 immediately increases to the pressure prevailing on shot piston 62, and this serves to reverse shutoff valve 85 into a position establishing a connection from overflow valve 80 through precontrol line 82 into line 42 leading to tank 30.
  • precontrol line 82 the pressure prevailing in reservoir 30, and which is generally atmospheric pressure
  • overflow valve 80 also opens as a result of the very great pressure prevailing in multiplier cylinder 13,
  • multiplier piston 65 acts as a counterpressure on multiplier piston 65, and the remaining difference pressure is available for the multiplication.
  • multiplier piston 65 and shot piston 62 the latter has applied thereto the new pressure, that is, precisely the multiplier pressure. This effects an after-pressing of the metal melt to be cast and during the solidification period in the child mold 8, 9.
  • reversing slide valve 32 is moved back into its illustrated position. Thereby pressure medium is supplied into both of the volumes of shot cylinder 12, that is, the volume toward the pressing ram and the volume toward multiplier cylinder 13.
  • Multiplier piston 65 is moved back into the illustrated rest position, check valve 67 is opened and shot piston 65 moves toward multiplier piston 65, displacing pressure medium through the open check valve 67 and through shot line 36 now communicating with reservoir 30 whereas line 42 is communicating with pump 31.
  • check valve 75 in connecting block 70 is closed again and accumulator 16 simultaneously is hydraulically charged. Over flow valve 80 and shutoff valve 85 are either out of operation or in the blocking position.
  • throttle member 90 as well as pressure vessel 95, have been shown as including adjusting elements. Generally, it may suffice to make one of these elements adjustable since, in accordance with electrical engineering principles, for this combination,
  • shutoff valve 85 results, in an exceedingly simple manner, in an absolute blocking of multiplier piston 65 during the casting phase until actual mold filling, on the one hand, and to any desired multiplication within the pressure limit range set by accumulator 16. Owing to this arrangement, it is possible to provide and adjust overflow valve 80, regardless of the prevailing pressures which differ very greatly in dependence on the chill mold and the casting parts, to the actual lower, by a constant amount, than the pressure prevailing in accumulator 16.
  • the mode of operation of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS corresponds to that of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the em-' bodiment ofthe invention shown in FIG. 3 has the advantage that the instrumentation includes, in part, simpler elements.
  • the third embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 4, has basically a hydraulic electric circuit arrangement.
  • a solenoid or electrically operated shutoff valve 115 for the pressure dependent control of shutoff valve 115, a pressure dependent reversing switch, 125 is used.
  • Switch 125 includes a cylinder 126 in which there is slidable a piston 128 biased by a spring 127, to the left, and loadable, counter to the spring bias, by the hydraulic pressure acting on shot piston 62.
  • the piston rod 129 of piston 128 extends through an axially adjustable bearing 130 and carries a contact closer 140. At least one rest contact pair 141 and at least one working contact pair 142, of an electric circuit, are operatively associated with circuit closer 140.
  • the electric circuit includes a potential source 145, a time switch 146 and a variable resistance or potentiometer 147 having an adjustable tap 148.
  • Tap 148 is connected with the operating winding 150 of the electrohydraulic shutoff valve 115
  • time switch 146 is connected with the working contacts 142 of switch 125
  • rest contacts 141 of switch 125 are connected, in parallel with adjustable tap 148, to the operating winding 150 of shutoff valve 115.
  • shot line 36' communicates directly with multiplier cylinder 13.
  • an electrohydraulic valve 115 such as shown in French Pat. No. 1,472,397, as such an electrohydraulic valve is able to block off increasingly greater hydraulic pressures by the use of increasingly greater exciter current.
  • shutoff valve 115 As the function of shutoff valve 115 is-to block precontrol line 82, during the actual mold-filling phases and against the highest hydraulic pressures which become active from overflow valve 80, maximum excitation is also necessary for valve 115. Conversely, overflow valve 80 must be adjusted to a certain pressure during the multiplication.
  • both pressure regulations are possible through the electrohydraulic shutoff valve 115. Therefore, the adjustment 81 directly correlated with overflow valve 80 is set to a maximum safety value.
  • rest contacts 141 of switch 125 are closed by circuit closer 140 so that there flows, from potential source 145 through exciter winding 150 of shutoff valve 115, the maximum current available from source 145. Accordingly, a maximum pressure, such as is characteristic of electrohydraulic valve 115 at maximum excitation, is blocked.
  • the pressure acting on shot piston 62 effects a reversed pressure, determined at pressure In close analogy with the description referring to FIGS. 1
  • FIG. 3 the pressing unit, comprising the parts 12, 13, and 16 is indicated only marginally, while the pressure medium connections 42, 43, 34 and 36 are represented in a manner substantially identical with the representation in FIG. 2.
  • multiplier control 33 the variation already indicated above, namely the use of a permanently set throttle member together with a very simple pressure vessel with a plain and not stepped piston 106, but with a mechanical stop 98, is employed.
  • a pressure-reducing element 108 is arranged between accumulator charging line 34 and pressure vessel 105, in such a way that the pressure supplied to pressure vessel 105 is always dependent reversing member primarily by spring 127 which biases piston 128, closer is shifted from rest contacts 141 to working contacts 142.
  • time switch 146 is now activated.
  • a reduced exciter current flows through exciter winding of valve 115, the current being reduced because potentiometer 147 is now connected in the excitation circuit and serves as the actual excitation regulator.
  • this reduced exciter current likewise results in a reduced blocking pressure on precontrol line 82, and this leads to a corresponding reduction of the pressure adjustment of overflow valve 80.
  • the multiplication thus is controllably fixed.
  • FIG. 4 has the advantage that, by very simple adjustment of potentiometer 147, any desired multiplication may be set. If desired, several potentiometers may be used so that, for the mold-filling phases as well as for the multiplication, several adjustable already shown in FIGS. 2 and 3,
  • shutoff valve instead of the shutoff valve to be controlled as a function of a pressure difierence, according to FIGS. 2 and 3, there may be provided a valve which, instead of the hydraulic admission originating from the accumulator, presents a selectable mechanical pressure adjustment, in that a practically constant hydraulic pressure admission, on the one hand, and a once selected practically constant pressure adjustment, on the other hand, are equivalent. Against this fixed pressure adjustment, there acts the hydraulic counterpressure control through line 41 and originating from the shot unit.
  • melts in chill molds including mold closing means, a filling bush opening into the mold, a pressing ram displaceable in the filling bush and having a hydraulic pressing unit associated therewith, the pressing unit including a shot cylinder, a
  • said switching device includes means operable to reduce the pressure controlling said shutoff valve, and which is simultaneously efiective on said shot piston, by a predetermined magnitude below the pressure then prevailing in said accumulator.
  • second hydraulic line connectin the pressure medium admission of said shot piston and sat shutoff valve; throttle means interposed in said second hydraulic line; a branch line connecting said second hydraulic line to said accumulator; a pressure vessel interposed in said branch line; and a mechanical separating member movable in said pressure vessel; said mechanical separating member being subjected to the pressure prevailing in said accumulator as well as to the pressure effective on said shot piston.
  • said switching device controls said shutoff valve with a variable time delay; said mechanical separating member comprising a piston displaceable in said pressure vessel; and means adjustably limiting movement of said lastnamed piston in said pressure vessel.
  • controllable shutoff valve is an electrically controllable shutoff valve; said switching device in cluding a hydraulic pressure operated electric switch controlling said shutoff valve as a function of the pressure effective on said shot piston.
  • the improvement claimed in claim 7, including at least one electric excitation regulator for said switch-off. valve; said hydraulic pressure operated switch being effective, in one position, to connect said regulator in effective controlling relation with said shutoff valve and, in another position, to disconnect said regulator from effective controlling relation with said shutoff valve; said excitation regulator and said hydraulic pressure operated electric switch providing for the control of at least one overflow pressure to be effected by said shutoff valve in said overflow valve.
  • the improvement claimed in claim 9 including two adjustable excitation regulators operatively associated with said shutoff valve; said hydraulic pressure operated electric switch being effective to selectively connect a selected one of said adjustable excitation regulators to said shutoff valve; connection of one excitation regulator to said shutoff valve effecting blocking of said multiplier piston, and connection of the other excitation regular to said shutoff valve controlling the magnitude of the multiplier after pressure.
  • the improvement claimed in claim 1 including a second hydraulic line connecting said shot cylinder, on that side of said shot piston facing said pressure ram, to said pressure medium source; a third hydraulic line connecting said first-mentioned hydraulic line to said second hydraulic line; and a check valve interposed in said third hydraulic line and'blocking flow from said first-mentioned hydraulic line to said second hydraulic line.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Actuator (AREA)
  • Control Of Presses (AREA)
US860557A 1968-09-30 1969-09-24 Pressure-casting machine Expired - Lifetime US3601180A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1460968A CH497221A (de) 1968-09-30 1968-09-30 Druckgiessmaschine

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US3601180A true US3601180A (en) 1971-08-24

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US860557A Expired - Lifetime US3601180A (en) 1968-09-30 1969-09-24 Pressure-casting machine

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US (1) US3601180A (fr)
JP (1) JPS522365B1 (fr)
CH (1) CH497221A (fr)
DE (1) DE1949360C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2019245A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1285922A (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766964A (en) * 1971-11-22 1973-10-23 Idra Pressen Gmbh Method of controlling the connection of the multiplier on the pressure piston of a multiple pressure casting machine
US4019561A (en) * 1974-02-12 1977-04-26 Toshiba Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Injection apparatus for die cast machines
US4476912A (en) * 1980-10-14 1984-10-16 Harvill John I Hot chamber die casting machine
US4530391A (en) * 1982-10-15 1985-07-23 Oskar Frech Gmbh & Co. Apparatus for the production of die-cast parts with adjustable piston travel length and initial and final positions
US5052468A (en) * 1989-09-20 1991-10-01 Diecasting Machinery & Rebuilding Co. Method and apparatus for die casting shot control
US11015619B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2021-05-25 Oskar Frech Gmbh + Co. Kg Pressure intensifier device, diecasting machine casting unit and operating method

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2300682C2 (de) * 1973-01-08 1982-12-23 Göllner jun., Josef, 4790 Paderborn-Schloß Neuhaus Kokillengießmaschine
JPS57128526A (en) * 1981-02-04 1982-08-10 Toshiba Mach Co Ltd Pressure controller for injection molding machine
DE102008055542A1 (de) * 2008-12-17 2010-07-01 Bühler Druckguss AG Druckübersetzer mit integriertem Rückschlagventil
JP5548492B2 (ja) * 2010-03-15 2014-07-16 東芝機械株式会社 成形機の射出装置
DE102017221500A1 (de) * 2017-11-30 2019-06-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Hydraulisches System für eine Maschine zum Urformen, insbesondere für eine Druckgussmaschine

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2585297A (en) * 1949-05-23 1952-02-12 Rupert Diecasting Company Aluminum die-casting machine
US2620528A (en) * 1948-11-18 1952-12-09 Sternberg Jaime De Die casting machine
US2634468A (en) * 1948-10-16 1953-04-14 Alfred E Holder Apparatus for pressure casting
US3319701A (en) * 1964-05-13 1967-05-16 Buehler Ag Geb Pressure casting machine having a hydraulically loadable shot unit

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2634468A (en) * 1948-10-16 1953-04-14 Alfred E Holder Apparatus for pressure casting
US2620528A (en) * 1948-11-18 1952-12-09 Sternberg Jaime De Die casting machine
US2585297A (en) * 1949-05-23 1952-02-12 Rupert Diecasting Company Aluminum die-casting machine
US3319701A (en) * 1964-05-13 1967-05-16 Buehler Ag Geb Pressure casting machine having a hydraulically loadable shot unit

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766964A (en) * 1971-11-22 1973-10-23 Idra Pressen Gmbh Method of controlling the connection of the multiplier on the pressure piston of a multiple pressure casting machine
US4019561A (en) * 1974-02-12 1977-04-26 Toshiba Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Injection apparatus for die cast machines
US4476912A (en) * 1980-10-14 1984-10-16 Harvill John I Hot chamber die casting machine
US4530391A (en) * 1982-10-15 1985-07-23 Oskar Frech Gmbh & Co. Apparatus for the production of die-cast parts with adjustable piston travel length and initial and final positions
US5052468A (en) * 1989-09-20 1991-10-01 Diecasting Machinery & Rebuilding Co. Method and apparatus for die casting shot control
US11015619B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2021-05-25 Oskar Frech Gmbh + Co. Kg Pressure intensifier device, diecasting machine casting unit and operating method
US11649836B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2023-05-16 Oskar Frech Gmbh + Co. Kg Pressure intensifier device, diecasting machine casting unit and operating method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1949360C3 (de) 1978-04-20
FR2019245A1 (fr) 1970-06-26
CH497221A (de) 1970-10-15
JPS522365B1 (fr) 1977-01-21
DE1949360B2 (de) 1977-08-11
GB1285922A (en) 1972-08-16
DE1949360A1 (de) 1970-04-23

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