US3602980A - Method for forming a sheet metal joint - Google Patents

Method for forming a sheet metal joint Download PDF

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Publication number
US3602980A
US3602980A US786084A US3602980DA US3602980A US 3602980 A US3602980 A US 3602980A US 786084 A US786084 A US 786084A US 3602980D A US3602980D A US 3602980DA US 3602980 A US3602980 A US 3602980A
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United States
Prior art keywords
rivet
punch
bubble
end wall
transverse end
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US786084A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert E Heffner
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Alcoa Corp
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Aluminum Company of America
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
    • B21D51/383—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures scoring lines, tear strips or pulling tabs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/04—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of riveting
    • F16B5/045—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of riveting without the use of separate rivets
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49915—Overedge assembling of seated part
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body

Definitions

  • an upstanding hollow rivet is formed in a sheet of deformable material, and the rivet staked to compressively fold the material of the rivet outwardly over the material around the aperture through the member being attached thereto, to form a head on the rivet which preferably is thicker and not thinner than the transverse end wall in the upstanding rivet before heading.
  • the method comprises gathering metal for a rivet by forming a raised bubble in the sheet material by conventional means, reforming the bubble into an upstanding hollow rivet having a substantially cylindrical sidewall and an upwardly arcuate transverse end wall, positioning an apertured member over the hollow rivet, and heading the rivet by positioning a mandrel in the rivet and upsetting it by means of a punch to compressively fold and thicken the transverse end wall of the rivet.
  • the rivet attachment is quite strong and is not as prone as the heretofore known rivets to failure by stripping of the rivet head.
  • the relatively thick transverse end wall produces a strong resisting lever against the lifting forces which would tend to buckle a weaker end wall.
  • forming a rivet by the present invention does not require drastic thinning of metal in the end closure to gather metal for the rivet, and does not require coining metal in and around the rivet. Consequently, a rivet produced by this method is not as vulnerable to corrosive attack as are many of the heretofore known integral rivets with areas of very thin residue material.
  • a feature of the method of the invention is the combination of forming an upwardly arcuate transverse end wall on the hollow rivet and the avoidance of any thinning of metal between the mandrel and the punch in staking the rivet to form a head thereon.
  • the forming and staking of the arcuate transverse end wall of the rivet results in the introduction of compressive folding forces into the end wall to thicken the same, and the avoidance of any thinning whatsoever during staking insures that the rivet head produced thereby is at least as thick as the end wall of the unstaked rivet.
  • a relatively high rivet is also beneficial to the formation of a strong rivet attachment in the invention because a high rivet provides more area of metal to be compressively folded to form a thickened rivet head. While the ability to form a high rivet is dependent on alloy, temper, metal gauge, and tooling precision among other factors, it is also enhanced by forming an arcuate transverse end wall on the rivet in accordance with the method of the invention.
  • an object of the invention is to provide an improved method of forming a sheet metal rivet joint having a relatively thick transverse end wall.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an improved method of forming an integral rivet for attaching a tab to a tear strip in an end closure in which there is a minimum of degradation of the protective coating on the end closure.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a container end closure having a tab attached thereto in accordance with the method of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view through the rivet of the end closure in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view of dies used to form a bubble.
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view of the dies used to reform the bubble into an upstanding hollow rivet.
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 4 with the reforming operation completed.
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 5 showing alternative tools for forming the rivet.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view of tools used to stake the rivet shown before the staking operation has begun.
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 7 with staking initiated.
  • FIG. 9 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 7 with staking partially effected.
  • FIG. 10 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 7 with staking completed.
  • FIG. 11 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view illustrating the compressive stresses in a button during staking.
  • FIG. 12 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, cross-sectional view of two punches that could be used to reform the bubble into a rivet.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph on which is plotted the relationship of some of the various parameters that effect the strength of a rivet formed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph similar to the graph in FIG. 12 showing the parameters for a smaller rivet.
  • FIG. 1 shows a metal end closure 10 exemplary of a general type having an integral rivet joint made in accordance with the invention.
  • the material of the end closure is preferably aluminum or aluminum alloy container sheet having a gauge thickness in the range of 0.008 to 0.016 inch.
  • the end closure 10 comprises a recessed end panel 12 with a peripheral flange 14 therearound adapted to be secured over the open end of a container 24.
  • the end closure 10 has a removable tear strip 16 defined by score line 18, and has a pull tab 20 attached to the tear strip 16 by means of an integral rivet 22 as is hereinafter described.
  • the end closure may be provided with a protective coating on its undersurface to protect the sheet metal of which it is formed from attack by the contents of the container.
  • This coating may be any of several well-known materials that are widely used for this purpose, with epoxy, epoxy phenolic and vinyl resins being nonlimiting examples thereof.
  • the tab 20 is generally of a lever type and has an aperture therein for receiving the integral rivet 22 for attachment to the tear strip 16.
  • the tab 20 is lifted to rupture the score line 18 and then pulled across the end panel to sever tear strip 16 from the panel.
  • the pull tab 20 is affixed to the tear strip 16 by an integral rivet 22, as shown in FIG. 2, which is formed by the method illustrated in FIGS. 3 through 10.
  • the method essentially comprises the steps of forming a raised bubble in the end panel, reforming the bubble into an upstanding hollow rivet, positioning an apertured tab over the rivet, and staking or heading the rivet to affix the tab to the end closure.'
  • the object of forming the bubble is to generate additional surface area of metal to be used in the formation of the rivet. To generate this additional area, the metal of the end panel is stretched and thinned to form the bubble. In the preferred method, the diameter of the bubble is approximately twice the diameter of the rivet to be formed therefrom.
  • the bubble-forming operation is essentially a drawing operation employing a male die or punch 28 having either a conical surface or a hemispherical surface 30, a holddown member 26 and a female die 32 having a circular die cavity 34 therein with a small radius 36 at its entrance so that the sheet material can be drawn thereover during forming.
  • the deformable sheet material of the end closure 10 is restrained against the female die 32 by the holddown 26, and the punch 28 is advanced into the die cavity 34 to draw the deformable material into the cavity and over the surface 30 of the punch.
  • the press not shown, has a preset stop to control the amount of drawing.
  • the sheet material is uniformly thinned during the drawing to produce a bubble 38 of substantially uniform crosssectional thickness.
  • bubbles were formed in end closures made of aluminum, container sheet alloy of 0.0l-inch gauge in a full hard condition resulting from cold reduction, e.g. rolling, of at least 85 percent of the thickness of fully recrystallized, e.g. annealed stock.
  • the bubbles were formed having heights h, as indicated in FIG. 3, in a range of 0.1 to 0.140 inch, and approximately 0.435-inch base diameters.
  • the metal of the end closure was uniformly thinned to a thickness of 0.0090 to 0.0095 inch over the area of the bubble.
  • the end closure 10 is removed from the dies of FIG. 3 and positioned in the dies shown in FIG. 4 for reforming the bubble 38 into an upstanding hollow rivet.
  • the rivet-forming dies comprise a male die 40 having a punch 42 with an arcuately domed working end 41 shaped to the specification of the rivet to be formed as hereinafter described, and a female die 44 having a die cavity- 46 therein designed to coact with the punch.
  • a small radius 48 is provided around the mouth of the die cavity 46 to permit the metal of the bubble 38 to be drawn between the coacting surfaces, and to form a smooth transition in the end closure around the base of the bubble 38.
  • the bubble 38 is usually slightly taller or higher than the hollow rivet to be formed therefrom. This is shown in FIG. 4, with the bubble 38 extending above the punch 42 used for forming the rivet.
  • the bubble 38 is positioned over the punch 42 and restrained by means of a holddown member 43 around the periphery of the bubble, and the female die 44 is advanced against the male die 40 to draw and reform the bubble over the punch 42.
  • the metal in the bubble is only slightly thinned, if any occurs, during the reforming into the rivet 50.
  • the rivet 50 generally conforms to the shape of the punch 42 and has a substantially cylindrical sidewall 52 and an upwardly arcuate transverse end wall 54.
  • the 0.110 to 0.145- inch-high bubbles were reformed into hollow rivets of approximately 0.220-inch diameters and heights H in the range of 0.130 inch to 0.150 inch, with the higher rivets being formed from the higher bubbles.
  • Measurement of the rivets indicated that there was only slight if any thinning of the sheet metal during the reforming operation, and the transverse end walls of the upstanding, hollow rivets were in the range of 0.0087 to 0.0094 inch thick. This is approximately 0.85 of the section thickness of the end closure in its original condition before formation of the bubble.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates alternative tools that can be used to reform the bubble into an upstanding rivet.
  • These tools comprise a male die 74 having a punch 76 with an arcuately domed working end 78 and a female die 80 having a die cavity 82 therein designed to cooperate with the punch 76 to form an upstanding rivet 50 similarly to the dies in FIG. 5.
  • the female die 80 in FIG. 6, however, has a coining face 84 for extruding metal from around the base of the button 50 into the rivet to increase the height thereof.
  • the tools of FIG. 6 are used primarily on end closures in which a higher rivet is desirable to provide additional metal for forming the rivet head, but in which there is no protective coating or in which the integrity of such coating is not a factor.
  • the end closure 10 is transferred to staking dies, and an apertured tab is positioned over the hollow rivet.
  • the aperture in the tab 20 substantially conforms to the outer diameter of the upstanding rivet 50 and fits snugly thereover.
  • the staking dies comprise a bottom die 58 having an upper supporting surface 56 and a fixed mandrel 60 over which the rivet 50 is positioned, a holddown member 62 to restrain the assembly of end closure 10 and tab 20 on the bottom die 58, and a punch 64 for upsetting the rivet 50 to fold the metal of the rivet over the metal of the tab 20 around the tab aperture.
  • the diameter of the mandrel 60 on the supporting die 58 conforms substantially to the inside diameter of the sidewall of the hollow rivet, and has its upper surface 61 disposed approximately in the plane of the upper surface of the tab 20.
  • the upper surface 61 of the mandrel 60 is disposed slightly above the upper surface of the tab 20 to provide the optimum degree of central support for the rivet as will be explained, but can also be disposed in or below the plane of such surface.
  • FIGS. 8-10 illustrate in detail the progressive buckling and folding of the rivet 50 during the upset or heading operation
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the stresses that are introduced into the rivet during this operation.
  • the arcuate transverse end wall is progressively inverted and buckled to form an upwardly concave configuration therein having a depressed central portion 53 and an annular portion 55 contiguous therewith.
  • the progressive inversion of the end wall proceeds until its depressed central portion 53 bears against the upper surface 61 of the mandrel 60, which resists further buckling of the rivet and causes the annular portion 55 to be folded outwardly and downwardly t form a head 66 on the rivet as seen in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the compressive forces that are present in the rivet 50 with the depressed central portion 53 bearing on the upper surface 60 of the mandrel 60.
  • Force arrows F generally indicate the force of the punch against the top of the rivet
  • forces arrows F indicate the supporting force provided by the bottom die 58
  • force arrow F indicates the support provided by the upper surface 61 of the mandrel 60.
  • FIG. 10 shows the bottom position of the punch 64 as it completes its downward stroke as controlled by a preset stop in the press, not shown.
  • the staking punch 64 moves very rapidly, and does in fact strike the upwardly arcuate end wall 54 of the rivet when staking is initiated.
  • the punch does not, however, compress or squeeze any metal from the transverse end wall of the rivet at the completion of its stroke because the preset stop in the press stops the punch before the transverse end wall is squeezed against the mandrel.
  • the gap 70 may be so small as to be almost nonexistent, just as long as the punch 64 does not move downward so far as to compress and squeeze the metal of the rivet heat 66 between the mandrel 60 and punch 64.
  • the upper surface 61 of the mandrel 60 is in, or slightly above, the plane of surface of the tab 20, and the punch 64 is stopped slightly over one gauge thickness of metal thereabove.
  • Some air may be entrapped in the hollow rivet above the mandrel 60 and be compressed by the collapse of the rivet during staking. It is believed that leaving the small air gap 70 between the surface 61 of the mandrel and the head of the rivet 22 also provides accommodation for such compressed air.
  • the effect of the staking operation is to thicken the transverse end wall and fold it radially outwardly over the tab 20 to form a head 66 on the staked rivet 22.
  • the transverse end wall of the rivets were thickened in the range of 0.0005 to 0.0015 inch.
  • the radius of curvature R of the arcuate end 41 of the punch 42 used in reforming the bubble into an upstanding rivet was varied so as to produce rivets having a variety of transverse end all configurations.
  • the radius of curvature R of the end of a punch was less than one-half the punch diameter D the punch 42 was blended from its rounded end into the side of the tool as shown in the top half of FIG. 12.
  • the radius R was more than one-half the punch diameter D
  • the tool was ground on a small radius at the juncture of the rounded end and the side of the punch as shown in the bottom half of FIG. 12.
  • the dimensions of the taper and of the blending radius are not considered to be critical.
  • the hollow rivets formed by these punches were headed to form rivet attachments as illustrated in FIG. 7 through 10 to affix tabs to the tear strips in the end closures without thinning the metal in the transverse end walls of the hollow rivets.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 graphically illustrate the results of tests on the two sizes of rivets.
  • the ratio of the radius of curvature R of the punch to the diameter D of the punch was plotted against (1) the height of the hollow rivet before staking, (2) the head diameter of the staked rivet, and (3) the percent increase in thickness of the transverse end wall of the rivet during staking. It is seen from the graphs that the maximum rivet head diameters and the maximum increase in the thickness of the transverse end wall of the rivet were achieved using rivet forming punches 42 having R to D ratios in the range of 0.48 to 0.80 for the larger rivets, and 0.48 to 0.66 for the smaller rivets. With punches having R to D ratios over 0.80 or 0.66, depending upon the rivet size, it was found that the transverse end walls of the hollow rivets were too flat to produce any significant buckling and folding during staking.
  • the coated end closures having the rivets formed therein in accordance with the invention were tested for coating degradation by exposing them to an acidified copper sulfate solution for 30 minutes.
  • end closures of like alloy and coating, but having rivets formed therein by a known method in which the transverse end wall of the unstaked rivet is other than arcuate and which is thinned during staking were also exposed to the acidified copper sulfate solution for a like period.
  • Examination of the two sets of end closures revealed severe attack of the metal in the rivets formed by the known method. In fact, the end walls in some of these rivets were completely perforated by the acidified copper sulfate solution. Contrariwise, the test specimens formed in accordance with the invention showed practically no evidence of attack by the acidified copper sulfate solution.
  • a method for affixing a tab having an aperture therethrough to, a container end closure of deformable sheet material comprising the steps of:
  • heading the rivet by moving a punch with a substantially flat working end against the arcuate central portion of the transverse end wall of the rivet while supporting the end closure against a die having an anvil extending into the hollow rivet to approximately the height of the upper surface of the tab, to progressively invert the arcuate transverse end wall and form an upwardly concave configuration therein with a depressed central portion and an annular portion contiguous therewith, and when said depressed central portion contacts and bears against the anvil, to fold the annular portion downwardly and outwardly to form a head on the rivet, the punch stopping before its working surface reaches a position with respect to theupper surface of the anvil equal to the thickness of the head of the rivet away from the upper surface of the anvil to avoid thinning the metal in the transverse end wall of the rivet during heading.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
US786084A 1968-12-23 1968-12-23 Method for forming a sheet metal joint Expired - Lifetime US3602980A (en)

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US78608468A 1968-12-23 1968-12-23

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US (1) US3602980A (fr)
CH (1) CH517539A (fr)
DE (1) DE1960993C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2026883A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1249049A (fr)
NL (1) NL6918308A (fr)
SE (1) SE379485B (fr)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3826403A (en) * 1971-10-22 1974-07-30 Carnaud & Forges Easy opening end
US3851793A (en) * 1965-06-18 1974-12-03 Fraze Ermal C Easy opening container wall
US3857166A (en) * 1972-10-12 1974-12-31 Cebal Gp Method of riveting a pull tab to a can top
US4145801A (en) * 1978-02-13 1979-03-27 Aluminum Company Of America Method of forming an integral rivet for an easy open can end
US4186678A (en) * 1975-10-20 1980-02-05 Entech Corporation Method of making easy-open, push-tab end for metal containers
US4471541A (en) * 1980-09-24 1984-09-18 Seb S.A. Steam iron sole-plate cover and its method of assembly
US4496052A (en) * 1981-07-06 1985-01-29 Ab Volvo Blister package with means for securing blister
US4507844A (en) * 1980-10-06 1985-04-02 Maurice Renaud T-assembly and method of obtaining same
US4843204A (en) * 1988-01-11 1989-06-27 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Microwave oven cavity housing
US5517743A (en) * 1992-12-05 1996-05-21 Eckold Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and apparatus for joining superposes metal sheets
US5615500A (en) * 1995-11-03 1997-04-01 Black & Decker Inc. Iron with improved connection of soleplate and steam chamber cover
US5749257A (en) * 1994-11-09 1998-05-12 Aluminum Company Of America Rivet in a converted can end, method of manufacture, and tooling
US6125541A (en) * 1998-10-20 2000-10-03 Moog Automotive Products, Inc. Device and method for closing a movable socket and establishing a predetermined wear indicator distance
US6532665B2 (en) 2001-03-15 2003-03-18 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Method for expanding a cover plate
US6619873B2 (en) 2001-09-06 2003-09-16 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Device and method for closing movable socket assemblies by expanding solid cover plates
US20110147186A1 (en) * 2008-09-22 2011-06-23 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Switch device and method of assembling snap action mechanism
US20190224738A1 (en) * 2018-01-23 2019-07-25 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
WO2025151494A1 (fr) * 2024-01-12 2025-07-17 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Construction de coque à bulle inverse et procédé de formation de rivet et outillage associé

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1675328A (en) * 1927-03-17 1928-07-03 Borland Bruce Seal
US3346948A (en) * 1964-08-14 1967-10-17 Central States Can Corp Method of fastening a tab to a metallic container wall
US3361102A (en) * 1964-11-06 1968-01-02 American Can Co Method of making an end closure
US3391819A (en) * 1963-06-11 1968-07-09 Continental Can Co Rivet on metal can end for attaching pull tab

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1675328A (en) * 1927-03-17 1928-07-03 Borland Bruce Seal
US3391819A (en) * 1963-06-11 1968-07-09 Continental Can Co Rivet on metal can end for attaching pull tab
US3346948A (en) * 1964-08-14 1967-10-17 Central States Can Corp Method of fastening a tab to a metallic container wall
US3361102A (en) * 1964-11-06 1968-01-02 American Can Co Method of making an end closure

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3851793A (en) * 1965-06-18 1974-12-03 Fraze Ermal C Easy opening container wall
US3826403A (en) * 1971-10-22 1974-07-30 Carnaud & Forges Easy opening end
US3857166A (en) * 1972-10-12 1974-12-31 Cebal Gp Method of riveting a pull tab to a can top
US4186678A (en) * 1975-10-20 1980-02-05 Entech Corporation Method of making easy-open, push-tab end for metal containers
US4145801A (en) * 1978-02-13 1979-03-27 Aluminum Company Of America Method of forming an integral rivet for an easy open can end
US4471541A (en) * 1980-09-24 1984-09-18 Seb S.A. Steam iron sole-plate cover and its method of assembly
US4507844A (en) * 1980-10-06 1985-04-02 Maurice Renaud T-assembly and method of obtaining same
US4496052A (en) * 1981-07-06 1985-01-29 Ab Volvo Blister package with means for securing blister
US4843204A (en) * 1988-01-11 1989-06-27 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Microwave oven cavity housing
US5517743A (en) * 1992-12-05 1996-05-21 Eckold Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and apparatus for joining superposes metal sheets
US5755134A (en) * 1994-11-09 1998-05-26 Aluminum Company Of America Rivet in a converted can end, method of manufacture, and tooling
US5749257A (en) * 1994-11-09 1998-05-12 Aluminum Company Of America Rivet in a converted can end, method of manufacture, and tooling
US5615500A (en) * 1995-11-03 1997-04-01 Black & Decker Inc. Iron with improved connection of soleplate and steam chamber cover
US6125541A (en) * 1998-10-20 2000-10-03 Moog Automotive Products, Inc. Device and method for closing a movable socket and establishing a predetermined wear indicator distance
US6532665B2 (en) 2001-03-15 2003-03-18 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Method for expanding a cover plate
US6619873B2 (en) 2001-09-06 2003-09-16 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Device and method for closing movable socket assemblies by expanding solid cover plates
EP2346057A1 (fr) 2008-09-22 2011-07-20 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Dispositif de commutation et procede de montage d'un mecanisme à action rapide
US20110147186A1 (en) * 2008-09-22 2011-06-23 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Switch device and method of assembling snap action mechanism
US8633412B2 (en) 2008-09-22 2014-01-21 Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Switch device and method of assembling snap action mechanism
US20190224738A1 (en) * 2018-01-23 2019-07-25 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
US11059091B2 (en) * 2018-01-23 2021-07-13 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
US20230286033A1 (en) * 2018-01-23 2023-09-14 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
US12017267B2 (en) * 2018-01-23 2024-06-25 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Shell with expandable rivet button and tooling therefor
WO2025151494A1 (fr) * 2024-01-12 2025-07-17 Stolle Machinery Company, Llc Construction de coque à bulle inverse et procédé de formation de rivet et outillage associé

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Publication number Publication date
FR2026883A1 (fr) 1970-09-25
DE1960993B2 (de) 1972-01-05
CH517539A (fr) 1972-01-15
NL6918308A (fr) 1970-06-25
DE1960993A1 (de) 1970-07-02
GB1249049A (en) 1971-10-06
DE1960993C3 (de) 1972-08-03
SE379485B (fr) 1975-10-13

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