US3641382A - Channel intensifier glass compositions - Google Patents

Channel intensifier glass compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
US3641382A
US3641382A US843745A US3641382DA US3641382A US 3641382 A US3641382 A US 3641382A US 843745 A US843745 A US 843745A US 3641382D A US3641382D A US 3641382DA US 3641382 A US3641382 A US 3641382A
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United States
Prior art keywords
matrix
input
face
channel
output
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Expired - Lifetime
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US843745A
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English (en)
Inventor
Derek Cregeen
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/102—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing lead
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/102—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing lead
    • C03C3/105—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing lead containing aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/24—Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces

Definitions

  • one unit area of the device is sufficiently similar to that of any 3,253,434 9 a en 6 8 /6 T other unit area for image purposes.
  • the matrix consists of a 3,341,730 GOOdflch 9 llead-bismuth silicate glass which has been reduced in 3,343,025 9/1967 Ignamwskl at hydrogen so that the channel surfaces have a conductive 3,520,831 7/1970 Trap ..3 1 3/103 X reduced oxide layer i a resistivity in the range 010 to 1 14 ohms/square.
  • This invention relates to electronic image intensifier devices. More particularly the invention relates to channel intensifier devices and to electronic imaging tubes employing such devices. Such devices will be defined later but, briefly, they are secondary-emissive electron-multiplier devices comprising a matrix in the form of a plate having a large number of elongated channels passing through its thickness, said plate having a first conductive layer on its input face and a separate second conductive layer on its output face to act respectively as input and output electrodes.
  • a potential difference is applied between the set up an electron field to accelerate the electrons, which field establishes a potential gradient created by current flowing through resistive surfaces formed inside the channels or (if such channel surfaces are absent) through the bulk material of the matrix.
  • Secondary-emissive multiplication takes place in the channels and the output electrons may be acted upon by a further accelerating field which may be set up between the output electrode and a suitable target, for example a luminescent display screen.
  • channel intensifier devices or, more briefly, channel plates
  • a channel intensifier device is a secondary-emissive electron-multiplier device for an electronic imaging tube which device comprises a resistive matrix in the form of a plate the major surfaces of which constitute the input and output faces of the matrix, a conductive layer on the input face of the matrix serving as an input electrode, a separate conductive layer on the output face of the matrix serving as an output electrode, and elongated channels each providing a passageway from one face of the assembly consisting of matrix and input and output electrodes to the other face of said assembly, the distribution and cross sections of the channels and the resistivity of the matrix being such that the resolution and electron multiplication characteristic of any one unit area of the device is sufficiently similar to that of any other unit area for the imaging purposes envisaged.
  • imaging tube or system employing such a device can be referred to for convenience as an image intensifier" tube or system rather than as an image converter” tube or system even in applications where the primary purpose is a change in the wavelength of the radiation of the image.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawing An embodiment of an X-ray image intensifier according to the invention is diagrammatically shown in cross section in FIG. 1 of the drawing, while FIG. 2 serves for further explaining the manner in which the ray conversion takes place.
  • an evacuated envelope 1 which is manufactured from insulating material, for example, glass or ceramic or from metal, for example, aluminum, the flat wall part on the left-hand side is permeable to X-rays and the flat wall on the right-hand side is transparent so that in certain cases these parts of the wall have to be provided with windows.
  • the shape which these parts of the wall must have in that they are sufficiently strong is not shown because this is a known structural problem.
  • the envelope is provided with lead-in conductors 2, 3 and 4 for electric voltages.
  • the secondary-emission intensifier 5 and a fluorescent screen 6 are arranged in the space enclosed by the envelope. lt is noted in this connection that the simplest possible arrangement is shown. It is normal that in X-ray intensifiers a reduced image is reproduced on the viewing screen of the two electrode layers of the matrix so as to photocathode image by electron optical projection. Further means required for that purpose may be provided in the present image intensifier without departing thereby from the way shown of converting the X-rays into radiation for the image observation.
  • the secondary-emission intensifier is lined on both sides with a conducting layer, the coating 7 being connected to the supply conductor 2 and the coating 8 to the supply conductor 3.
  • the fluorescent screen is connected to the supply conductor 4. Increasing voltages are supplied from the two voltage sources 9 and 10 with the supply conductors 2, 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 2 shows a small portion of the secondary-emission intensifier 5, namely two joints 1] and 12 between successive channels l3, l4 and 15.
  • the whole intensifier consists of channels spaced apart in a similar manner.
  • X-rays impinging. upon the solid material are indicated by the waving lines X, and X,.
  • the ray X has penetrated to the point D, where a photoelectron is liberated.
  • This electron substantially moves at right angles to the direction of the incident ray along the line Ph 1.
  • the point where this electron is generated is so near to the surface of the solid substance that there is no chance for it to generate any further secondary electrons in the substance.
  • the photoelectron enters the channel 14 and crosses to the opposite side where one or more secondary electrons are liberated at the point where it impinges.
  • the movement of these electrons is directed in the longitudinal direction of 'the channel.
  • the electrons Under the influence of transverse components of the speed which are also operative, the electrons will repeatedly strike the wall of the channel as a result of which their number increases continuously.
  • the invention provides a channel intensifier device (as herein defined) wherein the matrix is made of a glass having substantially the following composition (in mol SiO -70 to 80 AMO to 4 PbO-7.5 to 18 "together 0-l3 Bi O 0.5 to 4.0 and wherein the channel surfaces have a conductive reduced oxide layer with a resistivity in the range l0 to ohms/square.
  • the main effect of increasing the PhD and/or Bi O at the expense of silica is to produce layers having more conductivity.
  • the rate of fall in resistivity is greater for Boo, than for PhD.
  • the alumina has substantially no effect on the electrical properties of the material, its main or sole function being to increase the hardness of the glass.
  • a preferred range of compositions is as follows (the percentages are mol throughout):
  • this composition is suitable for a relatively large and coarse channel intensifier device for use in an X-ray image converter, the channel diameter being approximately p..
  • Blodgett in the second of the references cited has shown that most of the conduction occurs within a distance of approximately 100 A. of the surface exposed to the hydrogen although the blackened layer is of the order 1 to 2 ,u. thick.
  • a channel intensifier device comprising a platelike resistive matrix provided with a plurality of narrow parallel channels extending between opposite major surfaces of said matrix which constitute the input and output faces respectively of the matrix, and conductive layers on the input and output faces respectively of said matrix, said matrix consisting of a glass of substantially one of the following compositions (in mol Composition 1 Composition 2 SiO, 73.3 72.3 AhO, l .l 1.] PhD l0.8 [0.8
  • channel surfaces have a conductive reduced oxide layer with a resistivity in the range 10' to l0 ohms/square 2.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
US843745A 1968-07-31 1969-07-22 Channel intensifier glass compositions Expired - Lifetime US3641382A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB36567/68A GB1168415A (en) 1968-07-31 1968-07-31 Improvements in or relating to Image Intensifiers

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3641382A true US3641382A (en) 1972-02-08

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US843745A Expired - Lifetime US3641382A (en) 1968-07-31 1969-07-22 Channel intensifier glass compositions

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US3641382A (de)
JP (1) JPS5247300B1 (de)
BE (1) BE736909A (de)
CH (1) CH533358A (de)
FR (1) FR2014085A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1168415A (de)
NL (1) NL6911515A (de)
SE (1) SE342715B (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3911167A (en) * 1970-05-01 1975-10-07 Texas Instruments Inc Electron multiplier and method of making same

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4577133A (en) * 1983-10-27 1986-03-18 Wilson Ronald E Flat panel display and method of manufacture

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU153979A1 (de) *
GB937425A (en) * 1960-03-31 1963-09-18 Corning Glass Works Image orthicon target
US3258434A (en) * 1962-08-01 1966-06-28 Gen Electric Semiconducting glass
US3341730A (en) * 1960-04-20 1967-09-12 Bendix Corp Electron multiplier with multiplying path wall means having a reduced reducible metal compound constituent
US3343025A (en) * 1961-06-09 1967-09-19 Bendix Corp Electron multiplier array for image intensifier tubes
US3394261A (en) * 1964-05-29 1968-07-23 Philips Corp Electronic intensifier device for producing a visible image from an X-ray image
US3520831A (en) * 1966-01-29 1970-07-21 Philips Corp Electrically conductive glass for a secondary emission electrode

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU153979A1 (de) *
GB937425A (en) * 1960-03-31 1963-09-18 Corning Glass Works Image orthicon target
US3341730A (en) * 1960-04-20 1967-09-12 Bendix Corp Electron multiplier with multiplying path wall means having a reduced reducible metal compound constituent
US3343025A (en) * 1961-06-09 1967-09-19 Bendix Corp Electron multiplier array for image intensifier tubes
US3258434A (en) * 1962-08-01 1966-06-28 Gen Electric Semiconducting glass
US3394261A (en) * 1964-05-29 1968-07-23 Philips Corp Electronic intensifier device for producing a visible image from an X-ray image
US3520831A (en) * 1966-01-29 1970-07-21 Philips Corp Electrically conductive glass for a secondary emission electrode

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3911167A (en) * 1970-05-01 1975-10-07 Texas Instruments Inc Electron multiplier and method of making same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1937413A1 (de) 1970-02-19
DE1937413B2 (de) 1976-06-24
SE342715B (de) 1972-02-14
NL6911515A (de) 1970-02-03
BE736909A (de) 1970-02-02
FR2014085A1 (de) 1970-04-10
CH533358A (de) 1973-01-31
GB1168415A (en) 1969-10-22
JPS5247300B1 (de) 1977-12-01

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