US3670543A - Drawing and ironing process - Google Patents

Drawing and ironing process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3670543A
US3670543A US794141*A US3670543DA US3670543A US 3670543 A US3670543 A US 3670543A US 3670543D A US3670543D A US 3670543DA US 3670543 A US3670543 A US 3670543A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cup
blank
ironing
depressions
die
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US794141*A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard Robert Bolt
Delbert Edmond Wobbe
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Primerica Inc
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American Can Co
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Publication date
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D45/00—Ejecting or stripping-off devices arranged in machines or tools dealt with in this subclass
    • B21D45/06—Stripping-off devices
    • B21D45/065—Stripping-off devices for deep-drawn cans, e.g. using stripping fingers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
    • B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
    • B21D22/201—Work-pieces; preparation of the work-pieces, e.g. lubricating, coating

Definitions

  • the metal sheet Prior to the drawing and ironing of a sheet or blank of a material such as untinned low carbon cold rolled steel to form a tubular article such as a can body, the metal sheet is roughened in such manner as to provide an overall, uniformly dense pattern of minute depressions in its surface. Oil or other lubricant is applied to the roughened surface and is retained within these small depressions during the drawing and ironing operation, whereby to reduce the mechanical and frictional forces on the blank and on the drawing and ironing dies and thus eliminate galling of the dies and minimize fracture of the metal.
  • the drawing dies usually produce a relatively shallow cup having bottom and sidewall thicknesses substantially equal to the original thickness of the blank. Thereafter, the ironing dies thin the sidewall of the drawn cup and cause retrograde flow of the metal, thereby increasing the height of the cup while leaving the thickness of its bottom substantially unchanged.
  • a drawing or redrawing die may be designed to also function as an ironing die, as for example disclosed in our U.S. Pat. No. 3,203,218, granted on Aug. 3, 1965.
  • drawing means the forming of recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies, and refers to the operation wherein a peripheral margin of a flat blank is turned inwardly and simultaneously smoothed by means of a drawing punch and die to form a cup having a wrinkle free sidewall whose thickness is substantially equal to the thickness of the original blank, while ironing means a thinning of the sidewall of a drawn cup by forcing the cup through tools wherein clearance between punch and die is less than the thickness of the sidewall.
  • the sidewall of the cup is elongated by reducing its thickness with no reduction in the inside diameter of the cup.
  • the preferred manner of effecting this roughening is by sand blasting the metal stock with a fine gritty material. such as sand or aluminum oxide in such manner as to obtain a uniform, dense pattern of small depressions.
  • a fine gritty material such as sand or aluminum oxide in such manner as to obtain a uniform, dense pattern of small depressions.
  • These depressions are gradually reduced in depth, or ironed out, during the formation of the container body, but it is desirable that they be of sufficient depth so that they are not completely eliminated until the need of lubrication no longer exists.
  • the depressions should remain in existence, in gradually shallowing form, during all ironing operations,
  • the sand blasting of the metal stock is preferably effected on the sheet or web from which the body blanks are cut, prior to the blanking operation, since there is a tendency for warpage to occur if the individual blanks are sand blasted.
  • both sides of the stock are preferably sand blasted in order to minimize warpage.
  • sand blasting which term for the purposes of this invention is used to describe a process wherein any suitably gritty particulate material, which may or may not be sand, is projected against the blank to roughen its surface
  • any suitably gritty particulate material which may or may not be sand
  • the invention is notso limited, and other methods, such as acid etching, mechanical abrasion by means of rolls or brushes, etc., may be utilized.
  • An object is to provide a practical method of drawing and ironing a thin-walled, cup-shaped steel container from uncoated steel stock.
  • a further object is to provide a method of drawing and ironing an uncoated steel blank without galling of the dies or fracture of the stock.
  • a still further object is to provide a method of forming a drawn and ironed container from uncoated steel wherein adequate lubrication during the ironing steps may be readily and easily accomplished.
  • the steel In drawing and ironing an article from a flat blank made from a material such as uncoated low-carbon sheet steel, the steel is treated by blasting its surface with a gritty material such as aluminum oxide or sand to provide a uniformly roughened surface containing a high density of minute depressions.
  • the pre-roughened blank is then placed in a drawing and ironing press where a punch forces it through a drawing die to form it into a shallow, seamless cup. Thereafter, the sidewall of the drawn cup is forced through one or more ironing dies which thin and elongate the sidewall.
  • the blank Prior the drawing operation and especially prior'the ironing operations, the blank is coated with a lubricant, and sufficient lubricant is retained in the small depressions of the roughened surface during these forming operations to reduce the mechanical and frictional forces between the blanks and the drawing and ironing dies.
  • a drawn and ironed one-piece uncoated steel container having a seamless sidewall whose thickness is less than the end wall.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a marginal edge portion of a steel blank having its top and bottom surfaces roughened in accordance with the principles of the instant in vention;
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a drawing and ironing apparatus which is used to form the blank of FIG. 1 into a seamless container utilizing the method of the instant invention
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a seamless container produced by the apparatus of FIG. 2.
  • This steel is of the type known as black plate, and may be chemically treated (either before or after the hereinafter described sand blasting treatment) to protect it against corrosion, as by being provided with an extremely thin coating of an inorganic chemical composition, as exemplified in U. S. Pat.
  • this galling of the dies can be eliminated if the steel is treated, prior to the-drawing and ironing operations, by blasting its surface with a hard particulate material such as sand or aluminum oxide in orderto roughen them.
  • the blasting-operation may be effected by utilizing commercially available air blasting equipment and will be of the metal sheet. For example, when sand blasting the low.
  • carbon, cold rolled steel,.it is preferable to use aluminumoxide of grit or finer, and preferably in the order of 80 to 240 grit, or sand in the order of 50 to mesh.
  • Other materials and particulate sizes may be used, depending on various factors such as the properties of the metal being blasted, the characteristics of the drawing and ironing dies, the size and configuration of the article being formed, and the properties of the lubricant to be used during the forming process.
  • air blasting low carbon, cold rolled steel with 80 grit aluminum oxide produced a 70 microinch average RMS with a 320 microinch maximum, while a grit aluminum oxide produced a 30 microinch-average RMS with a250 microinch maximum,
  • the surface roughened blank 10 is operated upon by the'ap-' paratus of FIG. 2, the operation and structure of which is covered in our U. S. Pat. No. 3,203,218, granted Aug. 3], 1965.
  • the apparatus comprises a stack of dies, generally designated 14, mounted within a die holder 16. Both the die stack 14 and the die holder 16 are mounted in a suitable press which may be hydraulically or mechanically actuated.
  • topmost die 18 in the stack 14 is a combined drawing andironing die formed with a central aperture 20 which has a rounded drawing face 22 at its upper surface and an ironing face 23 immediately therebelow.
  • a cylindrical forming punch 24 having a flat bottom surface 26 of any suitable configuration is reciprocally mounted above the die 18 in axial alignment with the die aperture 20.
  • the fiat circular blank 10 is inserted between the die 18 and an annular blank holder 28 disposed above the die.
  • the blank holder 28 is formed with a central aperture 30 having an inner diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the punch 24.
  • a spaced series of guide holes 32 extends through the blank holder 28 adjacent its outer edge. Studs 34 having shanks 36 and heads 38 are threadably engaged with the die holder 16 with their shanks 36 extending upwardly through the holes 32 in the blank holder 28 to prevent the blank holder 28 from moving transversely relative to the die 18, while permitting it to move to some extent along the longitudinal axis of the die.
  • the lower surface of the blank holder 28 has formed in it a circular recess 40 of substantially the same diameter as that of the blank 10 and having a depth which is slightly less than the thickness of the blank 10, the recess 40 serving to position the blank in axial alignment with the die aperture 20.
  • the marginal edge portion 42 of the blank 10 is gripped between the die 18 and the blank holder 28 with a substantial predetermined force due to the action of a plurality of heavy compressed springs 44 which are disposed about the stud shanks 36 and held between the blank holder 28 and the stud heads 38.
  • means are provided to raise the blank holder 28 against the pressure of the springs 44 at a suitable time to permit the feeding of the blank 10 into position.
  • the blank '10 Prior to its insertion into the apparatus of FIG. 2, the blank '10 is coated with a suitable lubricant which fills the depressions on its roughened surfaces 12.
  • a suitable lubricant which fills the depressions on its roughened surfaces 12.
  • Ordinary motor oil ranging in viscosity from S.A.E. 20 to S.A.E. 40 has been found to be satisfactory for the purposes of this invention, but-other lubricants may of course be used.
  • the upper end of the punch 24 is attached to a piston rod 46 which is actuated by a suitable power source such as hydraulic cylinder (not shown).
  • a suitable power source such as hydraulic cylinder (not shown).
  • the punch 24 moves downwardly, bringing its lower'surface 26 into contact with the blank 10.
  • the center portion of the blank is forced downwardly into the aperture and the marginal edge portion 42 of the blank 10 is progressively forced from beneath the blank holder 28 and into contact with the drawing face 22 and ironing face 23 of the die 18 and is drawn and ironed into a tubular configuration to form a sidewall of a shallow cup.
  • the force with which the marginal edge portion 42 of the blank 10 is gripped between the blank holder 28 and the die 18 is maintained at a level sufficient to insure that the blank 10 is not wrinkled or folded as its marginal edge portion 42 is withdrawn.
  • the marginal edgeportion 42 As the marginal edgeportion 42 is carried through and reshaped by the die 18, at least some of the lubricant which is contained in the depressions on the outside surface of the cup (the undersurface of the blank 10) functions to lubricate the die 18 and to reduce the friction between it and the blank 10. This result is had because the depressions are not ironed out by the die 18, although they are reshaped and made somewhat shallower by it. Thus, the sidewall of the cup which is formed by the die 18, as it leaves the die 18 still has shallow lubricantcontaining pockets in its surfaces.
  • the shallow cup While its upper portion is still engaged by the die 18, the shallow cup enters a second die 48 mounted in the die holder 16 below the first die 18.
  • the second die 48 is an ironing die and has an ironing face 50 which is smaller in diameter than and axially aligned with the ironing face 23 of the die 18.
  • a spacer plate 52 is disposed between the die 18 and the die 48 to produce a predetermined spacing between them. The downward movement of the punch 24 forces the sidewall of the shallow cup past the ironing face 50, thereby reducing the thickness of and also elongating its sidewall.
  • the lubricant which is present in the still-roughened surfaces of the shallow cup serves to lubricate the die 48 and prevent metal build-up on it.
  • the characteristics of the roughened surfaces 12 and the dimensions of the die 48 are such that the small depressions are not completely removed in this ironing operation, and carry some of the lubricant through the die 48 and thus make it available for the next ironing operation, which is effected by a third die 54 which has an ironing face 56 and is mounted in die holder 16 below the ironing die 48 and is suitably spaced therefrom by a spacer 58.
  • the ironing face 56 is aligned with and has a diameter somewhat smaller than that of the ironing face 50.
  • the punch 24 continues downwardly, it carries the cup into the ironing face 56, thus effecting a further ironing operation on the side wall of the cup to furtherreduce its thickness and increase its height and produce a drawn and ironed container or can body 60.
  • the walls of the cup, as they enter this die 56 still contain remnants of the original depressions, and these contain lubricant which serves to lubricate the die 54. Desirably, these depressions are substantially eliminated, or ironed out, by the die 54, which is the last die in the die stack 14.
  • the drawn and ironed container body 60 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) has a bottom end 62 of substantially the same thickness as that of the blank 10 and a smooth sidewall 64 whose thickness is substantially less than that of the blank 10. It is to be understood that, while the drawings show three dies in the die stack 14, any suitable number of dies may be used to produce a desired sidewall length and thickness in the body 60. In all cases, it is desirably that the cup, as it enters the final die 54, still have some shallow, lubricant containing depressions in its surface.
  • the stripper 66 consists of a segmented flat annular ring 68 comprising a series of segments 70 adapted to slide radially within a recess 72 in the lower surface of the die holder 16.
  • the segments 70 are urged radially inwardly by springs 74' and are retained within the recess 72 by an annular flat retaining ring 76 secured to the die holder 16 by bolts 78.
  • the segmented ring 68 has a substantially cylindrical inner surface 80 whose diameter is slightly less than the diameter of the punch 24, with a smoothly rounded upper edge 82 anda sharp lower edge 84.
  • the formed container 60 As the formed container 60 is conveyed toward the stripper by the punch 24, it contacts the rounded upper edge 82 of the segmented ring 68, forcing the segments 70 outwardly to allow the punch 24 and container 60 to pass through the ring 68. After the container 60 .has passed through the ring 68, the springs 74 move'the segments 70 inwardly against the punch 24.
  • the actuating means for the punch 24 then move it upwardly.
  • the upper rim 86 of the formed container engages the sharp lower edge 84 of the segmented ring 68. This prevents upward movement of the container 60, thereby stripping it from the punch 24. While the rim 86 of the container 60 is shown as being smooth and level, in practice it is usually rather uneven, and a trimming operation is required'to produce the smooth rimmed configuration of FIG. 3.
  • the exterior surface of the cup undergoes a deformation and change different from that of the interior surface.
  • the exterior surface undergoes severe deformation as it is squeezed between the particular ironing face and the punch and the oil-containing depressions in the surface become shallower.
  • these depressions are not completely eliminated, at least until the final ironing die, and retain a sufficient amount of oil so that during this squeezing the oil that has been retained within the depressions on the surface of the blank provides lubrication for the severe mechanical working and bumishing to which the metal is subjected.
  • the interior side wall is only forced to undergo a 90 tensional bending in the drawing operation, and elongated or stretched during the ironing operation without being mechanically worked or burnished during ironing.
  • the surface on the interior sidewall may, if desired, be initially roughened to a somewhat lesser degree in terms of the density and depth of depressions than the surface of the exterior sidewall.
  • the roughening of the surface on the interior side wall may be completely dispensed with.
  • the interior sidewall have the same degree of roughness as the outside sidewall to retain lubricating oil to reduce the sliding friction between the punch 20 and the interior sidewall of the container during ironing, and to facilitate the stripping operation.
  • the roughening of the blank surface as herein described is generally not necessary in a straight drawing operation where the thickness of the sidewall is not substantially reduced, but it is necessary in an ironing operation where galling of the dies, and consequent tearing of the metal of the blank, or of succeeding blanks, occurs if it is not done.
  • the principles of the instant invention are generally applicable to any metal reforming operation wherein an ironing operation is utilized.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
US794141*A 1969-01-27 1969-01-27 Drawing and ironing process Expired - Lifetime US3670543A (en)

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US79414169A 1969-01-27 1969-01-27

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3774426A (en) * 1971-03-24 1973-11-27 Steel Corp Apparatus for and method of forming a workpiece
JPS5114479A (ja) * 1974-07-24 1976-02-04 Nippon Steel Corp Teiinfuriisuchiirutsuupiisukan
JPS5159762A (ja) * 1974-11-21 1976-05-25 Nippon Steel Corp Tsuupiisukanyokohan
US4040282A (en) * 1975-11-24 1977-08-09 National Steel Corporation Ironing ring having improved lubricating characteristics
WO1980001652A1 (en) * 1979-02-12 1980-08-21 Nat Can Corp Coated sheet material and method of forming containers therefrom
US4262512A (en) * 1978-04-26 1981-04-21 National Can Corporation Drawing and ironing assembly for bodymaker
US4324124A (en) * 1978-04-26 1982-04-13 National Can Corporation Stripper assembly for bodymaker
US4381064A (en) * 1979-02-12 1983-04-26 National Can Corporation Coated sheet material and container therefrom
US4541265A (en) * 1979-06-07 1985-09-17 Purolator Products Inc. Process for forming a deep drawn and ironed pressure vessel having selectively controlled side-wall thicknesses
US5678439A (en) * 1993-05-29 1997-10-21 Carnaudmetalbox Plc Spacer
US20090218457A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2009-09-03 Shinji Oishi Shell type needle roller bearing, support structure for compressor spindle, and support structure for piston pump driving portion
US20100111639A1 (en) * 2008-11-03 2010-05-06 Powers Fasteners, Inc. Antigalling anchor bolt and method
US20110219907A1 (en) * 2008-10-01 2011-09-15 Thyssenkrupp Presta Ag Sliding sleeve
CN103240295A (zh) * 2012-02-07 2013-08-14 马尔和赫兰股份有限公司 用于对圆柱体进行表面加工的设备和方法

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2239044A (en) * 1938-12-23 1941-04-22 John W Leighton Method of treating steel bars
US2434290A (en) * 1941-03-05 1948-01-13 Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp Electrolytic tin plate
GB621535A (en) * 1943-12-07 1949-04-11 Philips Nv Improvements in or relating to methods of manufacturing metal bodies by extruding blanks
GB625011A (en) * 1945-10-27 1949-06-21 Willem Van Leer Improvements in or relating to a method and apparatus for the manufacture of hollow metal articles
US2821156A (en) * 1951-12-05 1958-01-28 Lyon George Albert Die
US3145832A (en) * 1961-05-02 1964-08-25 Anchor Post Prod Pressure die for wire drawing
US3203218A (en) * 1961-05-22 1965-08-31 American Can Co Method and apparatus for forming metal containers
US3360157A (en) * 1965-05-04 1967-12-26 American Can Co Method of forming a coated metal container and article produced thereby
US3413832A (en) * 1965-07-27 1968-12-03 Nat Standard Co Wire drawing method
US3577753A (en) * 1968-09-30 1971-05-04 Bethlehem Steel Corp Method and apparatus for forming thin-walled cylindrical articles

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2239044A (en) * 1938-12-23 1941-04-22 John W Leighton Method of treating steel bars
US2434290A (en) * 1941-03-05 1948-01-13 Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp Electrolytic tin plate
GB621535A (en) * 1943-12-07 1949-04-11 Philips Nv Improvements in or relating to methods of manufacturing metal bodies by extruding blanks
GB625011A (en) * 1945-10-27 1949-06-21 Willem Van Leer Improvements in or relating to a method and apparatus for the manufacture of hollow metal articles
US2821156A (en) * 1951-12-05 1958-01-28 Lyon George Albert Die
US3145832A (en) * 1961-05-02 1964-08-25 Anchor Post Prod Pressure die for wire drawing
US3203218A (en) * 1961-05-22 1965-08-31 American Can Co Method and apparatus for forming metal containers
US3360157A (en) * 1965-05-04 1967-12-26 American Can Co Method of forming a coated metal container and article produced thereby
US3413832A (en) * 1965-07-27 1968-12-03 Nat Standard Co Wire drawing method
US3577753A (en) * 1968-09-30 1971-05-04 Bethlehem Steel Corp Method and apparatus for forming thin-walled cylindrical articles

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3774426A (en) * 1971-03-24 1973-11-27 Steel Corp Apparatus for and method of forming a workpiece
JPS5114479A (ja) * 1974-07-24 1976-02-04 Nippon Steel Corp Teiinfuriisuchiirutsuupiisukan
JPS5159762A (ja) * 1974-11-21 1976-05-25 Nippon Steel Corp Tsuupiisukanyokohan
US4040282A (en) * 1975-11-24 1977-08-09 National Steel Corporation Ironing ring having improved lubricating characteristics
US4324124A (en) * 1978-04-26 1982-04-13 National Can Corporation Stripper assembly for bodymaker
US4262512A (en) * 1978-04-26 1981-04-21 National Can Corporation Drawing and ironing assembly for bodymaker
US4381064A (en) * 1979-02-12 1983-04-26 National Can Corporation Coated sheet material and container therefrom
US4285223A (en) * 1979-02-12 1981-08-25 Narayan Das Phosphate and ester coating method
WO1980001652A1 (en) * 1979-02-12 1980-08-21 Nat Can Corp Coated sheet material and method of forming containers therefrom
US4541265A (en) * 1979-06-07 1985-09-17 Purolator Products Inc. Process for forming a deep drawn and ironed pressure vessel having selectively controlled side-wall thicknesses
US5678439A (en) * 1993-05-29 1997-10-21 Carnaudmetalbox Plc Spacer
US20090218457A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2009-09-03 Shinji Oishi Shell type needle roller bearing, support structure for compressor spindle, and support structure for piston pump driving portion
US8661686B2 (en) * 2003-09-16 2014-03-04 Ntn Corporation Method of manufacturing a shell type needle roller bearing including drawing and ironing operations
US20110219907A1 (en) * 2008-10-01 2011-09-15 Thyssenkrupp Presta Ag Sliding sleeve
US9010215B2 (en) * 2008-10-01 2015-04-21 Thyssenkrupp Presta Ag Sliding sleeve
US20100111639A1 (en) * 2008-11-03 2010-05-06 Powers Fasteners, Inc. Antigalling anchor bolt and method
CN103240295A (zh) * 2012-02-07 2013-08-14 马尔和赫兰股份有限公司 用于对圆柱体进行表面加工的设备和方法
US20140047887A1 (en) * 2012-02-07 2014-02-20 Mall & Herlan Gmbh Apparatus and method for surface treatment of cylindrical elements

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CA920540A (en) 1973-02-06
CH494075A (de) 1970-07-31

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