US3671415A - Continuous lead-in core for an electrode assembly - Google Patents

Continuous lead-in core for an electrode assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
US3671415A
US3671415A US66034A US3671415DA US3671415A US 3671415 A US3671415 A US 3671415A US 66034 A US66034 A US 66034A US 3671415D A US3671415D A US 3671415DA US 3671415 A US3671415 A US 3671415A
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United States
Prior art keywords
titanium
casing
core
metal
foraminate
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Expired - Lifetime
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US66034A
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English (en)
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John Howliston King
Frank Smith
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Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
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Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous

Definitions

  • An electrode assembly for an electrolytic cell which comprises a substantially horizontally extending foraminate titanium structure carrying on at least a part of its surface a coating comprising an operative anode material, an array of parallel spaced rods approximately covering the area of said foraminate structure, each rod having a titanium casing which is rigidly and conductively connected along its length to the upper surface of said foraminate structure and is also at tached to the titanium casing of at least one rectangular bar which passes transversely over said rods by welds which enclose in fluid-tight manner intercommunicating openings through the juxtaposed areas of the casings of said rod and said bar, the casing of each said rectangular bar having an opening in its
  • the present invention relates to an anode assembly for an electrolytic cell. More particularly it relates to an anode assembly that is particularly useful in a mercury-cathode cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solution.
  • the permanent anode comprises a supporting structure made of a film-forming metal, usually titanium, carrying a coating of an operative anode material, i.e. a material which is capable of transferring electrons from the electrolyte to the supporting structure of the anode and which is resistant to electrochemical attack in the cell.
  • an operative anode material i.e. a material which is capable of transferring electrons from the electrolyte to the supporting structure of the anode and which is resistant to electrochemical attack in the cell.
  • the earliest coatings were platinum group metals and/or their oxides. More recently it has been proposed to use a number of other conducting and semiconducting materials which have the necessary catalytic properties and wear resistance to function as anode coatings.
  • Anode assemblies of this type cannot, however, provide good current distribution over the whole working area of the anode unless the horizontal member or members that carry the active coating are made undesirably thick and expensive.
  • the present invention provides an anode assembly in which the current distribution is considerably improved, which is resistant to mechanical distortion and which also enables a lowresistance connection to be made to an electrical bus-bar outside the cell.
  • anode assembly for an electrolytic cell which comprises a substantially horizontally extending foraminate titanium structure carrying on at least a part of its surface a coating comprising an operative anode material, an array of parallel spaced rods approximately covering the area of said foraminate structure, each rod having a titanium casing which is rigidly and conductively connected along its length to the upper surface of said foraminate structure and is also attached to the titanium casing of at least one rectangular bar which passes transversely over said rods by welds which enclose in fluid-tight manner intercomrnunicating openings through the juxtaposed areas of the casings of said rod and said bar, the casing of each said rectangular bar having an opening in its upper face, and attached in fluid-tight manner to said upper face to enclose said opening an upstanding wall of titanium sheet, the space within said upstanding wall and the titanium casings of said bar and said rods being substantially filled by a continuous core of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, said core being bonded to the surrounding titanium
  • the opening in the upper face of the casing of each rectangular bar is a rectangular opening and the upstanding titanium wall is also made rectangular and is attached to the upper face of the bar by a continuous weld around the periphery of the said opening so as to provide a large intercomrnunicating area between the core metals of these components.
  • the substantially horizontally extending foraminate titanium structure which carries the coating comprising an operative anode material may be a multi-holed titanium sheet, e.g. a sheet of expanded titanium metal, or a louvred structure such as may be obtained by pressing out louvres from a titanium sheet by means of a slitting and forming tool.
  • the louvre slats so obtained may suitably be turned at right angles to the original plane of the titanium sheet or they may have each of their edges rolled round to form approximately hemicylindrical members corresponding with the slots from which the metal forming them has been pressed out.
  • a suitable multiholed titanium sheet may also be formed by isostatic pressing of titanium powder, i.e.
  • the foraminate titanium structure may be built up from longitudinally-extending titanium members spaced apart with their long axes parallel to each other, running transversely beneath the supporting array of aluminum-cored titanium rods and rigidly and conductively connected, e.g. by welding, to the titanium casing of each of the said rods.
  • the longitudinally-extending titanium members which form the foraminate titanium structure may be for instance flat strips, rods, hemicylindrical channels which are convex upwards or convex downwards, or channels of U- shape or inverted U-shape, the closed end of the U being optionally flattened.
  • titanium we mean titanium metal alone or an alloy based on titanium and having anodic polarization properties comparable to those of titanium as known in the art.
  • the operative anode material may be any material which is active in transferring electrons from an electrolyte to the underlying titanium structure of the anode assembly and which is resistant to electrochemical attack under the conditions ruling in the cell where the anode is to be used.
  • the operative anode material may suitably consist of one or more platinum group metals, i.e.
  • the coating comprising an operative anode material may also contain oxidic semiconducting compounds or again it may contain electronically non-conducting oxides, particularly oxides of the film-forming metals such as titanium, as is known in the art, to anchor the operative anode material more securely to the supporting titanium structure and to increase its resistance to dissolution in the working cell.
  • a preferred coating for anodes that are to be used in mercury-cathode cells electrolyzing alkali metal chloride solutions consists of at least one oxide of at least one platinum group metal, particularly ruthenium dioxide, as the operative electrode material. and titanium dioxide.
  • the current distributing structure of the present anode assembly consisting of a continuous core of aluminum or an aluminum alloy within a titanium casing is suitably manufactured by substantially the same method, of which the essential steps are l) removing any oxide skin from the internal surface of the titanium casing, (2) substantially filling the casing with molten core metal, (3) maintaining the filled casing at a temperature between the melting points of the casing and the core metal for a time sufiicient to form a titanium/core metal interdiffusion alloy zone at the titanium/core metal interface and then (4) allowing the core metal to solidify by cooling, steps 2, 3 and 4 being carried out in an inert atmosphere, e. g. an argon atmosphere.
  • an inert atmosphere e. g. an argon atmosphere.
  • the oxide skin may be removed from the titanium casing by pickling in a mixture of 20% nitric acid and 4% hydrofluoric acid after degreasing as necessary. It is also preferred to pickle the core metal in 30% caustic soda solution to remove any protective lubricant and oxide before melting. Furthermore, the internal surfaces of the titanium casing, after removal of the oxide skin therefrom, may be coated with a metal chloride/fluoride flux before filling with the core metal to aid alloy bonding of the casing with the core metal.
  • the time of heating the molten core metal in contact with the titanium casing should not be unnecessarily prolonged so as to avoid creating so much interdiffusion as might weaken the resistance of the titanium casing to corrosive conditions.
  • the core metal is commercially pure aluminum a suitable time and temperature are 30 minutes at 700 C. The time should be reduced at higher temperatures eg to about 5 minutes at 800 C. Lower temperatures are possible if a lowermelting aluminum alloy is used as the core metal, for instance an alloy of aluminum with one or more of silicon, copper and magnesium, and containing a major proportion of aluminum.
  • a suitable time of heating to form the alloy bond is about 6 hours.
  • FIG. I shows in isometric projection one embodiment of such an assembly and also shows a method of connecting an electrical bus-bar thereto
  • FIGS. 2-4 illustrate in part sectionalelevation methods of filling the core metal into the titanium casing during the manufacture of such assemblies and
  • FIG. 5 shows in part elevation a suitable method of installing an anode assembly according to the invention in an electrolytic cell.
  • each of two current lead-in members 4 consisting of an upstanding rectangular titanium sheet wall surrounding an aluminum core carry the current to a primary current distributor member 3 consisting of a hollow rectangular box of titanium sheet enclosing an aluminum core.
  • the upstanding titanium wall of the current lead-in member 4 is continuously welded around the periphery of a rectangular opening in the upper face of the titanium casing of the primary current distributor member 3 so that the spaces enclosed by the wall of member 4 and the casing of corresponding member 3 are intercommunicating through the said opening.
  • Each primary current distributor member 3 carries current to a parallelspaced array of secondary current distributor members 2, each in the form of a rod consisting of an aluminum core within a titanium tube having a titanium closure at each end.
  • the juxtaposed areas of the titanium tube of each member 2 and the titanium casings of members 3 have intercommunicating openings and these tubes and casings are welded together in fluid-tight manner around the said openings to form passage-ways between the spaces enclosed by each tube and the casings of the members 3.
  • 1 is a substantially horizontal extending sheet of expanded titanium metal carrying a coating comprising an operative anode material to form a working anode surface. This is supported from above by bonding it to the titanium casings of each of the secondary current distributor members 2 along the length thereof.
  • the expanded metal sheet may be of quite light gauge and may be bonded to the titanium casings of the secondary current distributors 2 directly, for instance by electrical-resistance welding, or may be connected thereto by electricalresistance welding or argon are spot welding it to a series of titanium studs which have been fixed to the said titanium casings by a capacitor discharge stud-welding process, thus avoiding any significant heating such as might cause distortion or damage.
  • the expanded metal sheet 1 may be welded in the abovedescribed manner to the secondary current distributor members 2 before or after applying the coating comprising an operative anode material to the sheet.
  • steps must be taken to prevent distortion of the sheet during the subsequent coating operation if the coating method involves heating the anode assembly to temperatures such as would cause significant differential expansion between the aluminum-cored supporting network and the sheet, as for instance the conventional method of producing coatings comprising platinum group metals and/or their oxides by applying paint compositions containing compounds of the platinum group metals and then heating at a temperature of about 450 C or higher.
  • Such distortion can be avoided or reduced to an insignificant extent by cutting the expanded metal sheet into sections and welding one section to each of the secondary current distributor members 2. Any minor distortions that do then occur during a subsequent heating step can easily be corrected by simple pressing, whereas we have found that distortion caused in this way in a full-area sheet cannot subsequently be corrected.
  • distortion in a subsequent hot-coating step can be avoided by cutting each member into short sections. The most suitable procedure is to weld the uncut members to each of the current distributors 2 and then to make narrow expansion gaps in each member by running a saw through them between each pair of neighboring welds before carrying out the hot-coating step.
  • the titanium casings of current leadin members 4, primary current distributor members 3 and secondary current distributor members 2 form an integral fluid-tight casing with only the upper faces of the lead-in members 4 open and that the spaces enclosed thereby are all intercommunicating one with the next.
  • the aluminum core within this integral casing is one continuous core. It is formed by freezing a filling of aluminum from the molten state therein after alloy-bonding to the surrounding casing for the appropriate time in the molten state as described hereinbefore.
  • the aforesaid integral titanium casing of members 2, 3 and 4 may all be welded together, and after cleaning, etching and heating to the required temperature may be filled with the molten core metal through the open tops of the current lead-in members 4 in an argon atmosphere.
  • Perfect filling of the cross-section of each member is not essential so long as continuity is adequately established between the neighboring members.
  • FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings illustrates the preferred form of titanium end closure for the titanium tubes of current distributors 2 when this second method of filling is used.
  • FIG. 2 shown in longitudinal section on a larger scale an end portion 6 of the titanium tube of one current distributor 2 of FIG. 1 with a loosely fitting aluminum rod 7 placed inside.
  • a titanium end closure 8 has then been inserted and sealed in place by welding around the end of the tube as indicated at 9, thus avoiding overheating of the aluminum rod during this welding operation.
  • FIG. 3 shows in schematic form a vertical section through part of a primary current distributor 3 with its attached current lead-in member 4.
  • An anode assembly according to the invention for instance the embodiment comprising parts 1-4 of FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, is installed in a cell by passing each current lead-in 4 through an opening provided in the cell cover and pulling it up to seat the upper face of the primary current distributor 3 against resilient gasket-means which has been applied around the lead-in 4. This may be done in the manner shown in FIG. 5, wherein parts l-4 refer to the same parts of the anode assembly as in FIG. 1.
  • the assembly is installed in the cell by tapping a threaded spindle 14 into the aluminum core of the lead-in 4, passing the spindle through a conventional bridge-piece l5 resting on the cell cover 16 and tightening downwards on to the bridge piece a nut 17 running on the spindle so as to pull the spindle upwards and compress gasketmeans 18 which has been applied around the lead-in 4 to make a fluid-tight joint.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings there is also shown a method of attaching a bus-bar outside the cell to the anode assembly.
  • the upper face of each current lead-in 4 is machined to a true plane so that a bus-bar 5, suitably of aluminum, can be secured to it (by bolts not shown) to make good electrical contact with the exposed aluminum core of the lead-in 4.
  • the aforesaid spindle used to pull the anode assembly into place in the cell with the aid of a bridge-piece will then pass down into the aluminum core of the lead-in 4 through the bus-bar 5.
  • An anode assembly for an electrolytic cell which comprises a substantially horizontally extending foraminate titanium structure carrying on at least a part of its lower surface a coating comprising an operative anode material. an array of parallel-spaced titanium tubes approximately covering the area of said foraminate structure, each tube being rigidly and conductively connected along its length to the upper surface of said foraminate structure and is also attached by welds to at least one titanium casing which passes transversely over said tubes, said casing and said tubes havin intercommunicatin uxtaposed openings enclosed by sai titanium casing an tubes in fluid-tight manner, said casing having an opening in its upper face, and attached in fluid-tight manner to said upper face of said titanium casing to enclose said opening an upstanding current lead-in casing of titanium sheet, the communicating spaces within said upstanding current lead-in casing and the titanium casing and said tubes being substantially filled by an integral continuous core of aluminum or aluminum alloy, said core being bonded to the surrounding titanium surfaces by an inter diffusion layer of an
  • anode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the opening in the upper face of the casing is a rectangular opening and the upstanding current lead-in casing enclosing said opening is attached to the said upper face by a continuous weld around the periphery of the said opening to form a rectangular enclosure.
  • each of the said tubes is connected to the expanded titanium metal sheet by a series of titanium studs, each of which is welded to the tube and the sheet.
  • anode assembly according to claim 1 wherein the anode material is a material selected from the group consisting of a platinum group metal and an oxide of a platinum group metal.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
US66034A 1969-09-02 1970-08-21 Continuous lead-in core for an electrode assembly Expired - Lifetime US3671415A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB43329/69A GB1267985A (en) 1969-09-02 1969-09-02 Anode assembly

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US3671415A true US3671415A (en) 1972-06-20

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US (1) US3671415A (fr)
JP (1) JPS4937511B1 (fr)
BE (1) BE755592A (fr)
DE (1) DE2043560A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2060810A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB1267985A (fr)
NL (1) NL7012910A (fr)
ZA (1) ZA705724B (fr)

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3793164A (en) * 1973-04-19 1974-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Corp High current density brine electrolysis
US3839179A (en) * 1971-07-17 1974-10-01 Conradty Fa C Electrolysis cell
US3849879A (en) * 1973-10-01 1974-11-26 Dow Chemical Co Method of making a composite magnesium-titanium conductor
US3862023A (en) * 1972-09-15 1975-01-21 Ppg Industries Inc Electrode having silicide surface
US3900296A (en) * 1973-10-01 1975-08-19 Dow Chemical Co Composite magnesium-titanium conductor
US3912616A (en) * 1973-05-31 1975-10-14 Olin Corp Metal anode assembly
US3933616A (en) * 1967-02-10 1976-01-20 Chemnor Corporation Coating of protected electrocatalytic material on an electrode
US4005003A (en) * 1975-04-15 1977-01-25 Olin Corporation Multi-component metal electrode
US4045320A (en) * 1976-05-28 1977-08-30 A. S. Skarpenord Galvanic anode
EP0044035A1 (fr) * 1980-07-11 1982-01-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrode
US4457821A (en) * 1983-01-17 1984-07-03 Pennwalt Corporation Cathodic protection apparatus for well coated metal vessels having a gross bare area
US4460450A (en) * 1982-03-12 1984-07-17 Conradty Gmbh & Co. Metallelektroden Kg Coated valve metal anode for the electrolytic extraction of metals or metal oxides
US4510034A (en) * 1982-08-31 1985-04-09 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Coating type insoluble lead dioxide anode
US4557818A (en) * 1983-07-13 1985-12-10 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Gas-evolving metal electrode
US4661232A (en) * 1984-02-24 1987-04-28 Conradty Gmbh & Co. Metallelektroden Kg Electrode for electrolytic extraction of metals or metal oxides
US4708888A (en) * 1985-05-07 1987-11-24 Eltech Systems Corporation Coating metal mesh
US4784735A (en) * 1986-11-25 1988-11-15 The Dow Chemical Company Concentric tube membrane electrolytic cell with an internal recycle device
US4900410A (en) * 1985-05-07 1990-02-13 Eltech Systems Corporation Method of installing a cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US5031290A (en) * 1989-02-14 1991-07-16 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Production of metal mesh
US5421968A (en) * 1985-05-07 1995-06-06 Eltech Systems Corporation Cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US5451307A (en) * 1985-05-07 1995-09-19 Eltech Systems Corporation Expanded metal mesh and anode structure
US5607778A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-03-04 Purolator Products Company Method of manufacturing a porous metal mat
US5725743A (en) * 1993-10-29 1998-03-10 Vaughan; Daniel J. Electrode system and use in electrolytic processes
US20100276281A1 (en) * 2009-04-29 2010-11-04 Phelps Dodge Corporation Anode structure for copper electrowinning

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2234389A1 (en) * 1973-06-08 1975-01-17 Magnitogorsky Dvazhdy Inert anode for electroplating processes - esp. used to replace tin anodes periodically in tinning baths
US4013525A (en) 1973-09-24 1977-03-22 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Electrolytic cells
FI58656C (fi) * 1978-06-06 1981-03-10 Finnish Chemicals Oy Elektrolyscell och saett att framstaella densamma
DE2949495C2 (de) * 1979-12-08 1983-05-11 Heraeus-Elektroden Gmbh, 6450 Hanau Elektrode für Elektrolysezellen

Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1045966A (en) * 1963-06-10 1966-10-19 Ici Ltd Electrical conductor
US3297561A (en) * 1961-05-08 1967-01-10 Ici Ltd Anode and supporting structure therefor
US3318792A (en) * 1957-12-17 1967-05-09 Ici Ltd Mercury cathode cell with noble metaltitanium anode as cover means
US3380908A (en) * 1964-03-23 1968-04-30 Asahi Chemical Ind Explosion bonded electrode for electrolysis
US3409533A (en) * 1964-03-23 1968-11-05 Asahi Chemical Ind Mercury-method cell for alkali chloride electrolysis
US3507771A (en) * 1966-09-30 1970-04-21 Hoechst Ag Metal anode for electrolytic cells
US3562008A (en) * 1968-10-14 1971-02-09 Ppg Industries Inc Method for producing a ruthenium coated titanium electrode

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3318792A (en) * 1957-12-17 1967-05-09 Ici Ltd Mercury cathode cell with noble metaltitanium anode as cover means
US3297561A (en) * 1961-05-08 1967-01-10 Ici Ltd Anode and supporting structure therefor
GB1045966A (en) * 1963-06-10 1966-10-19 Ici Ltd Electrical conductor
US3380908A (en) * 1964-03-23 1968-04-30 Asahi Chemical Ind Explosion bonded electrode for electrolysis
US3409533A (en) * 1964-03-23 1968-11-05 Asahi Chemical Ind Mercury-method cell for alkali chloride electrolysis
US3507771A (en) * 1966-09-30 1970-04-21 Hoechst Ag Metal anode for electrolytic cells
US3562008A (en) * 1968-10-14 1971-02-09 Ppg Industries Inc Method for producing a ruthenium coated titanium electrode

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3933616A (en) * 1967-02-10 1976-01-20 Chemnor Corporation Coating of protected electrocatalytic material on an electrode
US3839179A (en) * 1971-07-17 1974-10-01 Conradty Fa C Electrolysis cell
US3862023A (en) * 1972-09-15 1975-01-21 Ppg Industries Inc Electrode having silicide surface
US3793164A (en) * 1973-04-19 1974-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Corp High current density brine electrolysis
US3912616A (en) * 1973-05-31 1975-10-14 Olin Corp Metal anode assembly
US3900296A (en) * 1973-10-01 1975-08-19 Dow Chemical Co Composite magnesium-titanium conductor
US3849879A (en) * 1973-10-01 1974-11-26 Dow Chemical Co Method of making a composite magnesium-titanium conductor
US4005003A (en) * 1975-04-15 1977-01-25 Olin Corporation Multi-component metal electrode
US4045320A (en) * 1976-05-28 1977-08-30 A. S. Skarpenord Galvanic anode
EP0044035A1 (fr) * 1980-07-11 1982-01-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrode
US4444641A (en) * 1980-07-11 1984-04-24 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Electrode
US4460450A (en) * 1982-03-12 1984-07-17 Conradty Gmbh & Co. Metallelektroden Kg Coated valve metal anode for the electrolytic extraction of metals or metal oxides
US4510034A (en) * 1982-08-31 1985-04-09 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Coating type insoluble lead dioxide anode
US4457821A (en) * 1983-01-17 1984-07-03 Pennwalt Corporation Cathodic protection apparatus for well coated metal vessels having a gross bare area
US4557818A (en) * 1983-07-13 1985-12-10 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Gas-evolving metal electrode
US4661232A (en) * 1984-02-24 1987-04-28 Conradty Gmbh & Co. Metallelektroden Kg Electrode for electrolytic extraction of metals or metal oxides
US5451307A (en) * 1985-05-07 1995-09-19 Eltech Systems Corporation Expanded metal mesh and anode structure
US5639358A (en) * 1985-05-07 1997-06-17 Eltech Systems Corporation Cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US4900410A (en) * 1985-05-07 1990-02-13 Eltech Systems Corporation Method of installing a cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US6254743B1 (en) 1985-05-07 2001-07-03 Eltech Systems Corporation Expanded titanium metal mesh
US5421968A (en) * 1985-05-07 1995-06-06 Eltech Systems Corporation Cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US4708888A (en) * 1985-05-07 1987-11-24 Eltech Systems Corporation Coating metal mesh
US5759361A (en) * 1985-05-07 1998-06-02 Eltech Systems Corporation Cathodic protection system for a steel-reinforced concrete structure
US4784735A (en) * 1986-11-25 1988-11-15 The Dow Chemical Company Concentric tube membrane electrolytic cell with an internal recycle device
US5031290A (en) * 1989-02-14 1991-07-16 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Production of metal mesh
US5725743A (en) * 1993-10-29 1998-03-10 Vaughan; Daniel J. Electrode system and use in electrolytic processes
US5607778A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-03-04 Purolator Products Company Method of manufacturing a porous metal mat
US20100276281A1 (en) * 2009-04-29 2010-11-04 Phelps Dodge Corporation Anode structure for copper electrowinning
US8038855B2 (en) 2009-04-29 2011-10-18 Freeport-Mcmoran Corporation Anode structure for copper electrowinning
US8372254B2 (en) 2009-04-29 2013-02-12 Freeport-Mcmoran Corporation Anode structure for copper electrowinning

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2043560A1 (de) 1971-03-11
JPS4937511B1 (fr) 1974-10-09
ZA705724B (en) 1972-04-26
NL7012910A (fr) 1971-03-04
BE755592A (fr) 1971-03-02
GB1267985A (en) 1972-03-22
FR2060810A5 (fr) 1971-06-18

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