US3761385A - Electrode structure - Google Patents

Electrode structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US3761385A
US3761385A US00158414A US3761385DA US3761385A US 3761385 A US3761385 A US 3761385A US 00158414 A US00158414 A US 00158414A US 3761385D A US3761385D A US 3761385DA US 3761385 A US3761385 A US 3761385A
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United States
Prior art keywords
inner plate
plate
titanium
outer plates
aluminum
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00158414A
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English (en)
Inventor
W Ruthel
Long J De
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Oxytech Systems Inc
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Hooker Chemical Corp
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Assigned to OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION reassignment OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE APRIL 1, 1982. Assignors: HOOKER CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CORP.
Assigned to OXYTECH SYSTEMS, INC. reassignment OXYTECH SYSTEMS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, A NY CORP
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12347—Plural layers discontinuously bonded [e.g., spot-weld, mechanical fastener, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12361—All metal or with adjacent metals having aperture or cut
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12486—Laterally noncoextensive components [e.g., embedded, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12611—Oxide-containing component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
    • Y10T428/12743—Next to refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component

Definitions

  • An electrode suitable for use in an anode assembly of a' cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions which comprises a multi-layered, plate-like structure, substantially rectangular in shape.
  • This structure is formed of an inner plate of an electrically conductive material, such as aluminum, copper, or iron.
  • This inner plate is encapsulated within two outer plates of a valve metal, such as titanium, tantalum, or niobium.
  • the two outer plates are discontinuously bonded to the inner plate by effecting a fusion of that portion of the inner plate at the bond to the outer plate, with no substantial fusing of the outer plate.
  • the exterior of these outer plates is covered with an electrically active coating of a noble metal, noble metal alloy, noble metal oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • This invention relates to an improved electrode structure, and more particularly it ⁇ relates to an improved metallic or dimensionally stable electrode which is suitable for use in an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions.
  • an object of the present invention to provide an improved electrode of the metallic or dimensionally stable type which is suitable for use in an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions.
  • Anotherobject of the present invention is to provide anpimprovevd metallic electrode of the above type which maybe fabricated' in a wide variety of sizes without sacricing electrical operating eciencies.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for fabricating metallic or dimensionally stable electrodes.
  • FIG. l is a sectional view of an electrode of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the conductive metal inner core of the present electrodes
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the electrode of the present invention with the top outer plate removed;
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of the assembled electrode of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes an electrode, suitable for use in an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions which comprises a multi-layered structure, substantially rectangular in shape, having (l) An inner plate of an electric-ally conductive metal, said plate having two sets of substantially oppositely disposed sides, one side of one of said sets having at least one slot running from the side, in the direction toward the oppositely disposed side and terminating short thereof,
  • the electrodes of the present invention may be utilized in any suitable assembly, such as an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions.
  • an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions is described in a copending application filed of even date herewith, and identified as Ser. No. 158,238.
  • These electrodes may, however, be used with various other assemblies, which provide suitable mounting means, electrical connections, and the like, depending upon the nature of the environment in which the electrode is to be used.
  • these electrodes are particularly adapted for use in the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions, they may also be used, with appropriate assemblies, in other areas, such as for the electrodialysis of brackish water, the cathodic protection of iron and steel structures immersed in sea water, and the like.
  • the present electrodes are multi-layered, plate-like structures which, desirably, are substantially rectangular in shape. Although these electrodes may be fabricated in various other shapes, the substantially rectangular shape has been found to be particularly adaptable for most uses. In general, the overall size of these electrodes will be dictated by the particular environment in which they are used. It has been found, however, that where solid titanium electrodes have generally been restricted to sizes not substantially in excess of about 1 foot by 2 feet, because of the high operating costs encountered, due to the relatively high resistance of the titanium where larger sizes are used, the size of the electrodes of the present invention need not be so limited.
  • Electrodes sizes as large as 3 feet by 3 feet, 3 feet by 4 feet, 5 feet by 5 feet, or even larger, are feasible and practical without sacrificing the electrical operating eiiiciencies. It is, therefore, possible when using the electrodes of the present invention, to optimize the size and shape of the cell design so as to obtain the maximum production from the cell per square foot of floor space which it occupys. Additionally, the overall capital investment for cells utilizing these electrodes is also appreciably less than for cells utilizing solid titanium electrodes.
  • the present electrode structures are formed of an inner plate of an electrically conductive material, i.e., a material having an electrical conductivity which is greater than that of the valve metals, such as titanium.
  • the inner plate is formed of aluminum, copper, iron, or alloys of these metals, although other metals may be used as well.
  • aluminum has been found to be particularly preferred as the electrical conductive material, both from the standpoint of cost and physical properties, although copper or iron or their alloys, may also be satisfactorily used.
  • This inner plate is formed so as to have two sets of substantially oppositely disposed sides.
  • the overall dimensions of this inner plate will be dictated by the desired final dimensions of the finished electrodes.
  • the thickness of this inner plate will be dictated by not only the desired dimensions of the final finished electrode and the particular assembly in which it is to be used, but also by the strength i.e., rigidity, and the electrical conductivity that is desired.
  • thicknesses of this inner plate of from about 1/8" to Mi" have been used. These values are merely exemplary, however, as plate thicknesses both less than and greater than this range may also be used, depending upon the requirements in each particular application.
  • This inner plate is formed so that one side of one of the two sets of sides has at least one slot which runs from the side, in a direction toward the oppositely disposed side, but terminates short of the oppositely disposed side.
  • this inner plate is provided with a plurality of these slots, the particular number being determined, primarily, by the overall size of the plate. In general, it has been found to be desirable that a sufficient number of these slots be provided such that the distance between the slots is not substantially greater than about 24 inches. Typically, from about 3 to 5 of these slots will be used.
  • these slots are desirably substantially parallel to each other and to one set of oppositely disposed sides and substantially perpendicular to the other set of sides, the slots may also be formed so as to be non-parallel.
  • the length and width of these slots may vary considerably, with slot lengths which are not substantially in excess of about four-fifths of the distance between the two sides and slot Widths of from about 1A; to 2 inches, being typical. As with the thickness of this inner plate, however, these values are merely exemplary of those which may be used.
  • This inner plate of the electrically conductive material such as aluminum, is disposed between two outer plates of a valve metal which is selected from titanium, tantalum and niobium.
  • a valve metal which is selected from titanium, tantalum and niobium.
  • the two outer plates of titanium are of substantially the same shape as the inner plate of aluminum and are of a size such that when they are disposed on either side of the inner aluminum plate, they overlap the inner plate around its entire periphery. Although the amount of this overlap should be sufficient to permit the outer plates t0 be bonded to each other around the periphery of the inner plate, other than being sufficient to provide for this, the specific amount of the overlap has not been found to be critical.
  • the inner aluminum plate is encapsulated within these outer titanium plates, thereby protecting it from chemical attack by the solutions in which the electrodes are used. This bonding of the two outer plates to each other may be effected in any convenient manner, which will provide for this encapsulation, such as by resistance welding or the like.
  • the two outer plates of titanium are discontinuously bonded to the inner plate of aluminum.
  • discontinuously bonded it is meant that the plates are not bonded to each other over their entire innerface.
  • This bonding of the outer plates to the inner plate is made between the slots in the inner plate and between the slots and the outer edges of the inner plate.
  • the bond is formed by fusion of that portion of the inner plate at the bond to the outer plates, with substantially no fusion of the outer plates.
  • This bonding may be effected by spot-welding techniques, or, in a preferred embodiment, by means of a roller seam resistance weld.
  • the spot weld or the seam weld are disposed so as to be between the slots of the inner ⁇ aluminum plate and between the edge of the inner plate and the slot closest to the edge, as has been indicated above. Desrably, those bonds do not extend beyond the slots in the aluminum inner plate, which slots terminate short of the one side of the plate, as has been indicated above.
  • the welding temperatures used are controlled so as to obtain the fusion of the inner plate at the bond, without effecting any substantial fusion of the titanium outer plates. It has been found that where the welding temperatures used are too low, there will be insuicient melting or fusion of the aluminum plate to effect an adequate bond. Conversely, where the temperatures are too high, there may be fusion of the titanium outer plate with the resulting puncture or rupture of the plate, thus permiting corrosion of the aluminum inner plate by the solutions in which the electrodes are used.
  • the bonding will, thus, be effected by the development of sutiicient heat to locally melt the aluminum at the point of the application of the heat, with substantially no melting or fusion of the titanium, so that upon the subsequent resolidiication or recrystallization of the aluminum an intimate bond is formed with the titanium.
  • the electrode structure having the titanium outer plates bonded to the aluminum inner plate in the manner described above, has, as the linal layer, an electrically active coating on the exterior of the titanium outer plates.
  • This electrically active coating is formed of a noble metal, noble metal alloy, noble metal oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • the noble metals in these compositions are selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and iridium.
  • Particularly, preferred coatings of this type are the noble metal oxide coatings, such as those containing ruthenium oxide.
  • the electrically active coating will be of a thickness of from about 4 to 60 microinches, although in many instances both greater and lesser thicknesses may be used.,In general, however, because of the cost of such coating materials, it is preferred to utilize as thin a coating as possible, consistent with aV reasonable economic life.
  • this electrode is formed of an inner core or plate 1, two outer plates 3 and 4 and an outer layer 5 on the outside of the outer plates 3 and 4.
  • the inner plate 1 is of an electrically conductive material such as aluminum, copper, iron, and alloys thereof, with aluminum being preferred.
  • the outer plates 3 and 4 are formed of a valve metal, with titanium being preferred.
  • the outer coating 5 on the plates 3 and 4 is of an electrically active material such as a noble metal, noble metal alloy, noble metal oxide and mixtures of these, which coatings containing ruthenium oxide being preferred.
  • the plates 3 and 4 are bonded to each other preferably by welding, as is shown at 7.
  • the aluminum inner plate 1 is substantially rectangular in shape and has two sets of substantially oppositely disposed sides 9 and 11 and 13 and 15.
  • Side 11 has a plurality of slots 17 formed therein, which slots run from side 11 toward the oppositely disposed side 9, but terminate short of this side.
  • these slots are desirably substantially parallel to each other and to sides 13 and 1S and substantially perpendicular to sides 11 and 9, they may be positioned in a non-parallel relationship, e.g., in a fan-like shape.
  • the aluminum inner plate 1 is placed on a titanium outer plate 3, which latter plate is of substantially the same shape as plate 1.
  • the size of plate 3, however, is such that it overlaps plate 1 around its entire periphery.
  • the second titanium outer sheet 4 is placed on top of the assembly shown in FIG. 3 and the entire assembly is bonded together.
  • the titanium outer sheets 3 and 4 are discontinuously bonded to the aluminum inner sheet 1 by means of seam welds 19. These welds 19 are made between the slots 17 of the aluminum inner plate 1 and also between the outer edges 15 and 13 of sheet 1 and the slots closest to these edges. Additionaly, the titanium outer sheets 3 and 4 are bonded to each other by means of the Weld 7 which is around the entire periphery of the electrode.
  • the exterior surfaces of the titanium outer plates are then coated with the electrically active coating material 5, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the titanium outer sheets 3 and 4 are shown as being bonded to the aluminum inner sheet 1 by means of the seam welds 19, these seam welds may be replaced by a series of spot welds, positioned in the same relative areas, if desired.
  • a plate or sheet of aluminum or other electrically conductive material is formed into the desired substantially rectangular shape and slotted in the manner shown in FIG. 2.
  • the slotted aluminum plate is placed between two outer plates of titanium or a similar valve metal, which outer plates are of a size such that they overlap the inner aluminum plate around its entire periphery.
  • the outer titanium plates are then bonded to the inner aluminum plate by resistance welding the titanium-aluminum-titanium sandwich to form a seam weld between the slots in the aluminum plate and between the edge of the aluminum plate and the slots closest to the edge.
  • this welding is carried out at temperatures such that there is a melting or fusion of the aluminum, without substantial melting or fusion of the titanium. In this manner, there is one bond between the aluminum and titanium in each section or finger of the aluminum plate and it is through these bonds that the electrical conductivity between the aluminum and titanium is effected.
  • the two outer titanium plates or sheets are bonded to each other around the entire periphery, preferably by resistance welding, so as to encapsulate the alumi- A num inner plate within a titanium envelope, thus forming a leakproof, modular unit in which the aluminum is protected from vthe corrosive action of the solutions in which the electrodes are used.
  • This sealed unit is then coated on its exterior surfaces With an electrically active coating, the preferred coating being a mixture of noble metal oxides, which includes ruthenium oxide.
  • this electrically active coating of noble metal oxides is deposited on the exterior of the titanium outer plates by means of electrophoretic deposition from a dispersion of the noble metal oxides in a solvent.
  • Other coating techniques as are known to those in the art, may also be used, depending upon the particular electrically active coating which is desired.
  • the electrodes of the present invention fabricated in the manner as has been set forth hereinabove, have been found to have excellent electrical characteristics, exhibiting an appreciably lower voltage drop in use than do coated, solid titanium electrodes of the same size. Moreover, by bonding the inner and outer plates of this electrode to each other in the manner which has been described, there has been found to be relatively little physical distortion of the electrode during fabrication. Itis, therefore, feasible to fabricate these electrodes in relatively larger sizes than has been heretofore possible with solid titanium electrodes, while still maintaining the necessary physical tolerances and the overall electrode assembly and without sacrificing the electrical characteristics, e.g., without encountering unacceptable voltage drops.
  • An electrode suitable for use in an anode assembly of a cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions, which comprises a multi-layered structure having (l) an inner plate of an electrically conductive metal,
  • said inner plate having two sets of substantially oppositely disposed sides, one side of one of said sets having a plurality of slots running from the side, in the direction toward the oppositely disposed side and terminating short thereof,
  • the electrode as claimed in claim 4 wherein the inner plate is selected from aluminum, copper, iron and alloys thereof.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
US00158414A 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electrode structure Expired - Lifetime US3761385A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15841471A 1971-06-30 1971-06-30
US15823871A 1971-06-30 1971-06-30

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US3761385A true US3761385A (en) 1973-09-25

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US00158414A Expired - Lifetime US3761385A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electrode structure
US00158238A Expired - Lifetime US3761384A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Anode assembly for electrolytic cells

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US00158238A Expired - Lifetime US3761384A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Anode assembly for electrolytic cells

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US (2) US3761385A (fr)
JP (1) JPS5210424B1 (fr)
BE (1) BE785407A (fr)
CA (1) CA974933A (fr)
DE (1) DE2231196A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2143784B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1366429A (fr)
IT (1) IT956912B (fr)
NL (1) NL7208707A (fr)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3857774A (en) * 1973-01-26 1974-12-31 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Cathodes for electrolytic cell
US3875042A (en) * 1973-05-24 1975-04-01 Anaconda Co Electrode and method
US3898054A (en) * 1971-03-24 1975-08-05 Arco Nuclear Co Brazed assemblies
US3898149A (en) * 1973-10-31 1975-08-05 Olin Corp Electrolytic diaphragm cell
US3907659A (en) * 1974-04-04 1975-09-23 Holmers & Narver Inc Composite electrode and method of making same
US4049532A (en) * 1971-06-02 1977-09-20 Solvay & Cie. Electrodes for electrochemical processes
US4287027A (en) * 1980-05-20 1981-09-01 Tosk Jeffrey M Method of determining the concentration of reducing agents
WO1983003849A1 (fr) * 1982-04-28 1983-11-10 Gould Inc. Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee
US4582582A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-04-15 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environment
US4627891A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-12-09 Gould Inc. Method of generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water marine environments
US4866999A (en) * 1988-08-18 1989-09-19 Conoco Inc. Corrosion cracking test specimen and assembly
US5619793A (en) * 1993-12-02 1997-04-15 Eltech Systems Corporation Method of refurbishing a plate electrode
US6488826B2 (en) * 1996-12-09 2002-12-03 Patrick Altmeier Fluid electrode system for resistive slope sensors

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2223083B1 (fr) * 1973-03-28 1976-05-21 Solvay
US3981790A (en) * 1973-06-11 1976-09-21 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Dimensionally stable anode and method and apparatus for forming the same
BE802182A (fr) * 1973-07-11 1973-11-05 Solvay Electrolyseur a electrodes verticales
US3984304A (en) * 1974-11-11 1976-10-05 Ppg Industries, Inc. Electrode unit
US4036727A (en) * 1974-11-11 1977-07-19 Ppg Industries, Inc. Electrode unit
FR2308700A1 (fr) * 1975-04-25 1976-11-19 Solvay Assemblage anodique pour cellule d'electrolyse
JPS5546680U (fr) * 1978-09-22 1980-03-27
JPS5933723U (ja) * 1982-08-25 1984-03-02 星浦　正吉 ライト付釣用帽子
DE3421480A1 (de) * 1984-06-08 1985-12-12 Conradty GmbH & Co Metallelektroden KG, 8505 Röthenbach Beschichtete ventilmetall-elektrode zur elektrolytischen galvanisierung
DE3537575A1 (de) * 1985-10-22 1987-04-23 Conradty Nuernberg Inerte verbundelektrode, insbesondere anode fuer die schmelzflusselektrolyse
DE3881933T2 (de) * 1987-04-10 1994-02-10 Mitsubishi Materials Corp Verfahren zur Elektrogewinnung von Metall mit einer Elektrodeneinheit aus Anoden- und Kathoden-Platten und Rahmengestell zum Bauen einer solchen Elektrodeneinheit.
JP2012533722A (ja) 2009-07-16 2012-12-27 ロッキード マーティン コーポレーション 熱交換器用螺旋管束集成装置
KR20150040376A (ko) * 2009-07-17 2015-04-14 록히드 마틴 코포레이션 열 교환기 및 제작 방법
US9777971B2 (en) 2009-10-06 2017-10-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Modular heat exchanger
US9670911B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2017-06-06 Lockheed Martin Corporation Manifolding arrangement for a modular heat-exchange apparatus
CN109763146B (zh) * 2019-03-27 2021-03-26 贵州省过程工业技术研究中心 一种铝电解用钛基复合材料阳极制备方法

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3898054A (en) * 1971-03-24 1975-08-05 Arco Nuclear Co Brazed assemblies
US4049532A (en) * 1971-06-02 1977-09-20 Solvay & Cie. Electrodes for electrochemical processes
US3857774A (en) * 1973-01-26 1974-12-31 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Cathodes for electrolytic cell
US3875042A (en) * 1973-05-24 1975-04-01 Anaconda Co Electrode and method
US3898149A (en) * 1973-10-31 1975-08-05 Olin Corp Electrolytic diaphragm cell
US3907659A (en) * 1974-04-04 1975-09-23 Holmers & Narver Inc Composite electrode and method of making same
US4287027A (en) * 1980-05-20 1981-09-01 Tosk Jeffrey M Method of determining the concentration of reducing agents
WO1983003849A1 (fr) * 1982-04-28 1983-11-10 Gould Inc. Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee
DE3342803T1 (de) * 1982-04-28 1984-05-03 Gould Inc. (n.d.Ges.d. Staates Delaware), 60008 Rolling Meadows, Ill. Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Erzeugung elektrischer und magnetischer Felder in Salzwasser-Umgebungen
US4582582A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-04-15 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environment
US4627891A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-12-09 Gould Inc. Method of generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water marine environments
US4866999A (en) * 1988-08-18 1989-09-19 Conoco Inc. Corrosion cracking test specimen and assembly
US5619793A (en) * 1993-12-02 1997-04-15 Eltech Systems Corporation Method of refurbishing a plate electrode
US5783053A (en) * 1993-12-02 1998-07-21 Eltech Systems Corporation Combination inner plate and outer envelope electrode
US6488826B2 (en) * 1996-12-09 2002-12-03 Patrick Altmeier Fluid electrode system for resistive slope sensors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7208707A (fr) 1973-01-03
DE2231196A1 (de) 1973-01-11
GB1366429A (en) 1974-09-11
CA974933A (en) 1975-09-23
IT956912B (it) 1973-10-10
FR2143784A1 (fr) 1973-02-09
JPS5210424B1 (fr) 1977-03-24
FR2143784B1 (fr) 1977-07-22
US3761384A (en) 1973-09-25
BE785407A (fr) 1972-12-27

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