US3773570A - Construction element having strongly negative temperature coefficients of elasticity moduli - Google Patents

Construction element having strongly negative temperature coefficients of elasticity moduli Download PDF

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Publication number
US3773570A
US3773570A US00084307A US3773570DA US3773570A US 3773570 A US3773570 A US 3773570A US 00084307 A US00084307 A US 00084307A US 3773570D A US3773570D A US 3773570DA US 3773570 A US3773570 A US 3773570A
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alloy
temperature
construction element
elasticity
elements
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US00084307A
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English (en)
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S Steinemann
M Peter
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STRAUMANN AG R
STRAUMANN R AG CH
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STRAUMANN AG R
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
    • G01K11/22—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using measurement of acoustic effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/32—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using change of resonant frequency of a crystal

Definitions

  • the disclosure is directed to construction elements having highly negative temperature coeflicients of the moduli of elasticity, and which are characterized in that the construction elements consists of, or contain as the predominant phase, a metal having a paramagnetic atomic susceptibility x z 40, 10 emu/gatom at room temperature, and also a positive temperature coefficient of this susceptibility l/x (ix/J1. Furthermore, the construction element is characterized by a preferred orientation of the crystallites of the metal and which preferred orientation has a rigid orientation relationship to the occurring mechanical load.
  • the materials of the construction elements may be, for example, alloys of Sr and Ca, Ti and Al, Zr and Se, and multicomponent alloys as Ti-Zr-Al, Ti-Sc-Al.
  • the elements may consist of a Samarium-base alloy.
  • the construction elements also may be characterized in that the metal contains limited amounts of B, C, N or O, so-called interstitials of low atomic size.
  • the disclosure is also directed to methods of producing the preferred orientations by cold-working, annealing, or both and these processes are also applicable for hardening the metal by dispersion or precipitation.
  • a specific example of an article in the disclosure is a tuning fork useable as a temperature sensor by virtue of its marked change in resonance frequency with changes of temperature.
  • e l/E dEldT minus 1 to 3 10' per degree
  • low that is to say between plus 1 10' degrees "'and minus 1 10' degrees
  • the present invention is related to metallic construction elements having highly negative temperature coefficients of the moduli of elasticity, and characterized in that they consist of, or contain as a predominant phase, a metal which has at room temperature a paramagnetic atomic susceptibility X larger than 40 1O" emu/g-atom, and also a positive temperature coefficient of the susceptibility l/X dX/JI.
  • a metal which has at room temperature a paramagnetic atomic susceptibility X larger than 40 1O" emu/g-atom, and also a positive temperature coefficient of the susceptibility l/X dX/JI.
  • the contribution of the electron gas to elasticity is given by the kinetic energy of this electron gas.
  • a direct measure of this energy is the specific heat at low temperature (also called electron heat) and, like the susceptibility, it measures the density of states.
  • the susceptibility figure of 40 l0 emu/g-atom corresponds to about a specific heat coefficient of 8 l0 cal/g-atom degree.
  • a high susceptibility, or what is equal, a high density of state and high energy of the electron gas will correlate to the distortion of the crystal lattice, that is to elasticity.
  • the temperature coefficient of the susceptibility l/X dX/dT must be positive for a strong negative temperature coefficient of elasticity, e.g., l/E dE/zfl or 1/6 dG/dT; this rule applies if X is sufficiently large.
  • a second basic element of this invention is preferred orientation.
  • the strong negative temperature coefficient of the metal is a single crystal property and anisotropic. It has been found that the strong temperature dependence of elasticity occurs only for certain directions, that is, it is anisotropic.
  • the engineering metals however are polycrystalline and therefore, provisions must be made to produce a minimum amount of preferred orientation of all crystallites and furthermore the load axis of the construction element must be specified relative to this preferred orientation. These conditions then say that the anisotropic crystallites are all oriented in such a way to give the strong temperature dependence of elasticity.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide metallic construction elements having strong negative temperature coefficients of elasticity and which are of high mechanical strength.
  • FIG. 1a graphically represents the paramagnetic susceptibility X
  • FIG. lb graphically represents the temperature coefficient l/x dx/JI of the paramagnetic susceptibility as a function of the electron per atom ration e/a for the transition elements of the 4th, 5th and 6th period of the periodic table and their alloys;
  • FIG. 1c the preferred electron per atom ratios for the metals for construction element
  • FIG. 2 shows a cubic and hexagonal cell of a crystal lattice with the orientation of the loud axis of the construction element giving the highest negative temperature coefficient of elasticity
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a measuring device embodying the invention.
  • Metals utilizable for the construction elements according to the invention must be paramagnetic and have a high magnetic susceptibility x and a positive temperaturecoefficient l/x dx/dT of this susceptibility.
  • the electron per atom ratio e/a completely circumscribes all alloys having two or more components between te elements of different groups and periods of the periodic system.
  • the electron per atom ratio is the mean number of electrons to be counted beyond closed shells. This is the number of electrons which are decisive for bonding, to the number of atoms.
  • the atomic percentages are therefore calculated as the sum of the products atomic concentration times outer electrons (or valency or group number in the periodic table):
  • the elasticity behaviour of the single cristal is determined by the single crystal moduli and an orientation function Q; Q defines the orientation of the load or external stress relative to the axis of the crystal lattices. It is now a standard laboratory technique to determine the mean Q of a poly- A crystalline metal relative to some fixed direction or plane of the metallic body or half product (bar, sheet etc.); in this case this fixed direction is the load axis of the construction element.
  • the important example to discuss in relation to these prescriptions is the tuning fork of FIG. 3 as a temperature sensor.
  • the tuning fork is made of Ti-4 percent Al alloy which has hexagonal structure. The melted alloy is hot-rolled to form of a bar, then hot-rolled to strip, this strip is annealed at 750 C and slightly cold-rolled.
  • the preferred orientation in this shape is described by Q 0,2 relative to the length direction.
  • the tuning fork whose movement of the prongs gives bending stresses, is cut lengthwise (if transverse Q would be about 0,4 and not favorable for the strong temperature dependence of resonance frequency).
  • TI-Iis manufacturing includes therefore the steps: produce preferred orientation by working and choose the good orientation for the construction element. Another way is to fix the orientation of the construction element in a semiproduct and apply transformation steps for this semiproduct that give the preferred orientation.
  • Preferred orientations for polycrystalline metals are produced by drawing and/or rolling (hot-rolling or cold-rolling) and/or annealing.
  • thermoelastic coefficient The materials and separable phases of which the articles according to the invention consist, and which have a strongly negative thermoelastic coefficient, depend to accordingly on the conditions x large (namely 40 emu/g-atom at room temperature) and dX/dl positive. Their occurrence is not tied to a fixed structure. For e/a 1.9 to 2.5 (about group 2a of the periodic system) the close packed cubic structures are predomil5 nant, for e/a 3.7 to 4.3 predominantly the hexagonal structure exists.
  • moduli of elasticity are rather different for the two ranges of electron per atom ratios and thus permit a selection in this respect also; in fact, different rigidi- 5,000 ppm); operations are nearly the same as for the former alloy.
  • FIG. 3 of the drawing illustrates an example of construction of an article according to the invention.
  • This is a measuring device 1 in the form of a tuning fork, which may, for example, consist of one of the materials listed in the table and which is here used to measure the temperature of the body 2 or of the ambient.
  • the measuring body 1 carries electromechanical transducers 3, which may, for example, be piezocrystals, which maintain an oscillation through a feedback circuit 4, the measurement of frequency being effected in the circuit unit 5.
  • V w electromechanical transducers
  • the modulus of elasticity of the body has great dependence on temperature, its natural frequency is also correspondingly dependent on temperature, and the natural frequency measured in the circuit unit 5 serves as a measure of the temperature. Since the accuracy of indication is independent of the properties and of any variations of the transmission members, a very convenient temperature measurement device is thus obtained, which works reliably even at high temperatures, and in which the indication can be made at a point at a great distance from the point of measurement because frequency measurement suffers few perturb-a:
  • This tuning fork can be produced by cutting or stamping it out of a metal sheet which has the properties according to the invention, and thus, for example, consists of alloy No. 4 in the table.
  • the preferred oriencordingto the present invention, such strengthening 6O tation has been produced by hot-rolling and still reinprocedures are also possible.
  • Example No. 4 is a precipitation-hardening alloy; the metal is quenched from temperatures in the region 800 to l,l0O C and precipitation-annealed at 400 to 600 C and coldworking can be performed between the two operations.
  • Example No. 5 is a dispersion-hardening alloy (alloying.
  • tuning fork is B,C,O,N, the so-called interstitials up to forced by the heat treatment at 800 l,l0O C and cold-rolling.
  • Cutting of the tuning fork ist now done for the condition I 0.25, e.g., in lengthwise direction for a cold-rolled and flattened bar (for other shapes I can 5 call for other orientations).
  • any other article in which a highly negative temperature coefficient for the whole'or part of it is desired'or necessary may obviously also be produced from the structural matterial, such as for example parts of machines running at high speed and tending towards undesirable natural vibrations, and wherein the natural frequency of these parts should decrease with rising temperature.
  • the stiffness of such materials decrease with increasing temperature, however, their strength is not markedly affected up to 600 C or even higher.
  • Such conditions for a structural material can also be desirable in aeronautic construction.
  • a temperature sensitive metallic construction element comprising an alloy, said alloy consisting essentially of a major portion of strontium and a minor portion of another element selected from Group Ila of the Periodic Table, and further characterized by having a. a highly negative temperature coefficient of the moduli of elasticity, a paramagnetic atomic susceptibility X Z 40 10 emu/mo] and a positive temperature coefficient l/X dX/dT b.
  • said element having a prereferred orientation which generates anisotropy of the temperature coefficients of the moduli of elasticity by cold-working or annealing, said preferred orientation being defined by the mean value of the product sum of the direction cosine taken overall the crystalline orientations with respect to the stress direction, said value being greater than 0.2 for the elastic modulus and smaller than 0.2 for the shear modulus.
  • a temperature sensitive metallic construction element comprising an alloy, said alloy consisting essentially of a first element selected from the Group Nb of the Periodic Table and one or more additional elements selected from the transition metal series, tin and aluminum and further characterized by having a. a highly negative temperature coefficient of the moduli of elasticity, a paramagnetic atomic susceptibility X 2 40 10 emu/mol, a positive temperature coefficient l/X dX/a'l, and
  • said element having a preferred orientation which generates anisotropy of the temperature co efficients of the moduli of elasticity by coldworking or annealing, said preferred orientation being defined by the mean value of the product sum of the direction cosine taken overall the crystalline orientations with respect to the stress direction, said value being smaller than 0.25 for the elastic modulus and greater than 0.25 for the shear modulus.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
US00084307A 1966-08-29 1970-10-27 Construction element having strongly negative temperature coefficients of elasticity moduli Expired - Lifetime US3773570A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1249466A CH461815A (de) 1966-08-29 1966-08-29 Gegenstand mit stark negativem Temperaturkoeffizienten der Elastizitätsmoduln

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3974001A (en) * 1966-04-22 1976-08-10 Institut Dr. Ing. Reinhard Straumann, A.G. Paramagnetic alloy
US20050196588A1 (en) * 2003-12-08 2005-09-08 Olympus Corporation Electronic device
US20060225526A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2006-10-12 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US20070140065A1 (en) * 2003-10-20 2007-06-21 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US20090116343A1 (en) * 2005-05-14 2009-05-07 Gideon Levingston Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US20100034057A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2010-02-11 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
CN104180919A (zh) * 2014-08-12 2014-12-03 南京理工大学 基于微谐振器的高精度温度测量系统
WO2014201239A3 (en) * 2013-06-14 2015-03-05 The Texas A&M University System Systems and methods for tailoring coefficients of thermal expansion between extreme positive and extreme negative values

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL288063A (de) * 1962-02-09
FR1355568A (fr) * 1962-12-17 1964-03-20 Snecma Procédé de soudo-brasage de deux pièces dont l'une au moins est en graphite

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3974001A (en) * 1966-04-22 1976-08-10 Institut Dr. Ing. Reinhard Straumann, A.G. Paramagnetic alloy
US20060225526A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2006-10-12 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US7641381B2 (en) * 2002-07-12 2010-01-05 Gideon Levingston Mechanical oscillator system
US7726872B2 (en) 2003-10-20 2010-06-01 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US20070140065A1 (en) * 2003-10-20 2007-06-21 Gideon Levingston Balance wheel, balance spring and other components and assemblies for a mechanical oscillator system and methods of manufacture
US20050196588A1 (en) * 2003-12-08 2005-09-08 Olympus Corporation Electronic device
US8333501B2 (en) 2005-05-14 2012-12-18 Carbontime Limited Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US20090116343A1 (en) * 2005-05-14 2009-05-07 Gideon Levingston Balance spring, regulated balance wheel assembly and methods of manufacture thereof
US20100034057A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2010-02-11 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
US8100579B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2012-01-24 Gideon Levingston Thermally compensating balance wheel
WO2014201239A3 (en) * 2013-06-14 2015-03-05 The Texas A&M University System Systems and methods for tailoring coefficients of thermal expansion between extreme positive and extreme negative values
US10557182B2 (en) 2013-06-14 2020-02-11 The Texas A&M University System Systems and methods for tailoring coefficients of thermal expansion between extreme positive and extreme negative values
CN104180919A (zh) * 2014-08-12 2014-12-03 南京理工大学 基于微谐振器的高精度温度测量系统
CN104180919B (zh) * 2014-08-12 2017-05-17 南京理工大学 基于微谐振器的高精度温度测量系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1200192A (en) 1970-07-29
DE1558517B1 (de) 1973-08-16
DE1558517C2 (de) 1974-03-14
CH461815A (de) 1968-08-31
DE1558518C2 (de) 1974-03-21
DE1558518B1 (de) 1973-08-23

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