US3794100A - Method of making a billet suitable for manufacturing into a superconductor - Google Patents

Method of making a billet suitable for manufacturing into a superconductor Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3794100A
US3794100A US00047390A US3794100DA US3794100A US 3794100 A US3794100 A US 3794100A US 00047390 A US00047390 A US 00047390A US 3794100D A US3794100D A US 3794100DA US 3794100 A US3794100 A US 3794100A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
rods
crucible
melt
matrix metal
billet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00047390A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
J Raymond
C Whetstone
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cryomagnetics Corp
Original Assignee
Cryomagnetics Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cryomagnetics Corp filed Critical Cryomagnetics Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3794100A publication Critical patent/US3794100A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • B22D27/045—Directionally solidified castings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
    • H01B12/10—Multi-filaments embedded in normal conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10N60/0128—Manufacture or treatment of composite superconductor filaments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/912—Metal founding
    • Y10S505/913—Casting process
    • Y10S505/915—Making composite product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49014—Superconductor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting
    • Y10T29/49991—Combined with rolling

Definitions

  • the temperature of the thusly charged crucibles upper portion is maintained above the matrix metals melting point.
  • the crucible is maintained in a hot environment while the bottom of the crucible is centrally chilled. In this manner the charge is solidified from the bottom toward the top so that the solidification progresses upwardly and outwardly in a conical pattern.
  • the casting is separated from the crucible to form a cored extrusion billet.
  • the rods are separated from the casting and the resulting open holes are filled with superconductive material to form a composite superconductor extrusion billet.
  • the rods themselves are made of a superconductive material so as to eliminate the step of separating the rods from the casting.
  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing pattern-cored extrusion billets for composite superconductors; and to the production of particularly high quality superconductor wire.
  • Composite superconducting wire is comprised of strands of superconductive material inbeded in a matrix of a metalsuch as copper and is frequently extruded from a billet.
  • One form of superconductive wire includes upward to 1000 filaments of superconductor alloy distributed in an array in a normal metal matrix such as copper. These filaments should be continuous from one end of the wire or strip to the other and separated from one another over their entire length by the matrix material.
  • Such composite structures are currently fabricated by techniques involving extrusion of composite billets that are subsequently swaged, drawn, or rolled into superconductive wire, rod or strips which form the final product.
  • Each billet used in the extrusion process is conventionally in the form of a right circular cylindrical matrix of normal metal such as copper in which rods of a superconducting material are arranged with their long axes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the matrix cylinder.
  • it is customary to form such a billet by drilling holes in a copper slug and then loading the holes with a superconductive material.
  • a plurality of wafers of the matrix metal have holes drilled therein in a predetermined pattern.
  • the wafers are then stacked up so that their holes are aligned for receipt of superconductive rods.
  • This wafer-rod structure is then encased to form an extrusion billet.
  • Still another method of formingsuch billets is to form a pattern-arranged bundle of rods comprised of the matrix material and superconductive materials. This pattern arranged bundle of rods is then encased to form either an extrusion billet or a smaller bundle that can be swaged or drawn into a final product without employing the extrusion step.
  • a method of this type is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,465,429 and 3,465,430 to Barber et al.
  • An intermediate object of the invention is to provide a superconductor extrusion billet that is substantially defect free. ln this regard it is a principle of the invention to form such a billet by means of a unique casting technique. Barber el al have suggested that extrusion billets can be cast, but such techniques have not heretofore proven practical. One reason for this is the generally accepted belief that extremely expensive and sophisticated casting equipment would be necessary to make defect free castings of the required geometry and size because of the large shrinkage tendencies and other defect producing mechanisms encountered during solidification of normal matrix metals.
  • a cored billet matrix is formed in a manner similar to that sometimes used in connection with fuel elements for nuclear reactors.
  • One such technique is described in an article by A.W. Hare and R.F. Dickenson appearing at p. 210 et seq., Vol 66 of the Transactions of American Foundrymens Society 1958). in this regard a plurality of rods are assembled in a predetermined configuration to form a core which is surrounded by a controlled purity and composition molten matrix metal within a heated crucible.
  • the top of the crucible and its charge are maintained above the matrix metal s melting point; and, at the same time, a chill block is brought into contact with the bottom center ofthe crucible while the sides of the crucible are maintained in a hot environment.
  • the charge solidifies from the bottom up and the center out so that it solidifies in the pattern of an upwardly progressing cone. in this manner shrinkage, porosity and other defects are eliminated so that the resulting matrix metal is nonporous throughout.
  • the cast billet is formed without sophisticated and complex zone refining equipment, vibrational casting apparatus, centrifugal casting devices or the like. Consequently, the method of the invention is relatively inexpensive.
  • a major advantage of the invention is the provision of a cored superconductor billet having a unitary matrix metal structure.
  • a cored superconductor billet having a unitary matrix metal structure.
  • a plurality of matrix metal rods are assembled in a container there is considerable difficulty in bonding the similar-metal rods together.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method of easily, accurately, and economically controlling the resistivity ratio of composite superconductive wire; and in accordance with the principles of the invention dealing with this particular object, an alloying or contamainant" material is added to the molten matrix metal in an amount corresponding to a predetermined resistivity ratio of the corresponding superconductor.
  • the coi'ed casting is separated from the crucible so that the rods can be removed if desired.
  • the resulting holes can be filled with a superconductive material to form an extrusion billet which is drawn or otherwise suitably reduced to form superconductive wire, rod, or strip.
  • the resulting product not only has operating superconducting characteristics that are far superior to those produced by prior art methods, but the wire is free of burrs or jagged protrusions resulting from outer containers such as those described in US. Pat. 3,465,430.
  • the smooth surface obtained by this invention is easier to both fabricate and insulate.
  • FIG. 1 is an end view of a billet core used in an embodiment of the inventions method
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the FIG. 1 billet core taken along the lines 22 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a portion of a furnace and crucible adapted to practice a preferred embodiment of the inventions method
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the manner in which a billet matrix is solidified during a directionally controlled freezing step of the methods preferred embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of apparatus for controlling the solidification of the billet matrix illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • a retainer plate is affixed to both a core support rod 12 and a lower pattern plate 14. These elements are made of a high purity graphite.
  • the lower pattern plate 14 and a corresponding upper pattern plate 16 have holes 18 drilled therein to accommodate the ends of a plurality of rods 20 preferably hollow quartz which have at least one end sealed as at 22 to prevent the escape of air and the entrance of copper during an immersion step to be described shortly.
  • the core array of FIG. 1 is assembled by screwing the graphite core support rod 12 into the lower rod retainer plate 10, sliding the lower pattern plate 14 down the core support rod, and sliding the upper pattern plate 16 into its proper position on the core support rod. Both the upper and lower pattern plates are than locked in position with small tungsten or graphite pins such as 26 and 28.
  • a suitable number of quartz tubes 20 are loaded in the partially assembled core by inserting them, closed end 22 up (to the right in FIG. 2) through the holes 18 in the top pattern plate 16 so that they terminate in corresponding holes in the bottom pattern plate 14.
  • the top retainer plate 24 is slid down the core support rod 12 and securely pinned as described above.
  • FIG. 3 After the core array of FIG. 1 is constructed as described above, it is placed in a furnace to be heated. At the same time, a crucible 30 (FIG. 3) is placed on a somewhat donut-shaped stool 32 in a furnace 34.
  • the inside walls of the crucible are slightly tapered at a rate of about one quarter inch per foot so that the crucibles inside diameter is smaller at its bottom end than its top which is covered by an insulated plug 35.
  • This graphite plug 35 is machined to both fit the top of the crucible and accommodate a tube 36 for delivering inert gas to the crucibles interior if desired.
  • the furnace has one or more primary heat inlets such as 38; one or more secondary heat inlets such as 40; and a hole 42 in the bottom thereof to accommodate a chill-block 44 which may be raised upwardly through the stool 32 to rest against the bottom of the crucible 30.
  • a temperature sensing element 46 enters the top of the crucible and passes along its side to sense the temperature of the crucible at various points along its length.
  • a second temperature sensing element 48 extends up to the crucibles bottom adjacent to the chillblock 44; and both of the temperature sensing elements are connected to a temperature indicator-controller 50 (see also H6. 5).
  • the temperature indicator controller 50 provides outputs on lines 52 and 54 to control primary and secondary heaters 56 and 58 respectively which provide heat to the primary and secondary heat inputs 38 and 40 to the furnace as shown in H6. 5. Similarly, the temperature control 50 provides an output on line 58 for controlling a. chill water supply 60 which delivers chill water through conduit 62 to a chill water'recess 64 in the furnaces chillblock 44. The heaters and chill water supply can also be controlled manually.
  • a charge of high purity oxygernfree, highconductivity (OFHC) copper is placed in the crucible 30 as illustrated by dotted line 65 in W6. 3.
  • the crucible 30 is preferably of a high purity graphite in order to minimize melt contamination from this source. This is particularly important where the inventions method is used to produce superconductive wire having a high resistivity ratio. That is, the ratio of its resistance at room temperature to its resistance at the superconductive temperature such as 4.2K., for example. Typically desired resistivity ratios are about l50-200, but this ratio drops rapidly as impurities are introduced into the copper.
  • the use of graphite is significant because it does not combine with copper, but the crucible can also be made out of other materials which would not contaminate the copper.
  • matrix materials other than copper can also be used; and, in those cases where it is desired to provide a superconductor having a low resistivity ratio the copper or other matrix can be intentionally alloyed. For example, as little as 7 percent nickle drops the resulting structures resistivity ratio to about 5:1. in this regard, it has been found that the method of the invention is admirably suited for both accurately and inexpensively controlling the resistivity ratio of composite superconductive wire. For any given combination of normal metal and superconductor metal the composite wires resistivity ratio can be controlled to within an accuracy that has not been previously obtainable in commercially available composite wire.
  • the charge After the charge has been melted and superheated, it fills the crucible to about the level of line 66 in H6. 3. At this point, the preheated core assembly is slowly lowered into the melt so as to be covered by molten copper. The primary heater is then turned off and the melt is subjected to a controlled unidirectional freezing step which will now be described.
  • the temperature controller 50 is adapted to direct chill water from source so through conduit 62 to the chill-water cavity 64, of the chill-block 44..
  • heat from source 58 is directed through secondary heating conduits 40 toward the upper portion of the crucible so that the top of the melt is maintained above the matrix metals melting point 1083" centrigrade in the case of ()FHC copper; and the crucible is kept in the furnace so that its sides, although not further specifically heated, are maintained in a hot environment. in this manner, the matrix gradually solidifies from the bottom up and inside out in a cone-like fashion so as to eliminate the casting defects generally associated with uncontrolled soldification. For example, with the controlled solidification step a shrinkage cavity does not form in the center of the billet as occurs if the melt solidifies from the outside in.
  • a pyramid or cone type solidification pattern results. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the melt 68 solidifies first at its bottom center and then at its outer edges in the manner of an upwardly progressing pyramid or cone placed on top of the previously solidified matrix below.
  • dotted-line 70 might represent the extent of solidification at a first point in time
  • dotted line 72 might represent the extent of solidification at a subsequent point in time
  • dotted-line 74! might represent the extent of solidification at a still later point in time. It is this solidification cone pattern of progressive solidification that provides a casting that is substantially free of undesired voids or conventional casting defects.
  • the casting After the casting is sufficiently cooled it is extracted from the crucible with the core array cast inside. The portions of the casting containing the pattern and retainer plates are then cut off and, if desired, the outer surface of the casting is turned to the desired dimensions. in this regard, however, one of the advantages of the invention is that only a small portion of the originally cast matrix material is wasted. For example, the
  • the quartz rods are next removed from the casting by a leaching process in which the quartz is dissolved under the action of molten sodium hydroxide.
  • the hot billet is then water-quenched to ensure removal of any undisolved quartz and to minimize oxidation of the billet surface.
  • the quartz rods can be removed by leaching in hydrofluoric acid solution or by mechanical means.
  • the matrix casting is cleaned by brushing, leaching, and washing in suitable reagents to provide clean active surfaces.
  • the matrix holes are then filled with rods of superconductive elements or alloys such as niobium, or some appropriate superconducting alloy.
  • niobiumtitanium alloy having up to 70 percent titanium (titanium 30 weight percent niobium); and in a preferred embodiment the composite billet consisted of titanium 45 weight percent niobium rods embedded in an OFHC copper matrix. Whichever the case the composite billet is then extruded, swaged, drawn or in some other way fabricated into composite superconductive wire, rod or strip.
  • the above described method and apparatus for producing a uniform matrix also provides a uniform, superior quality superconductive wire.
  • the resulting wire can be drawn into much longer lengths without suffering a re duction in useful critical current density.
  • a comparison was made between composite wire made by a conventional method and composite wire of the same diameter and composition, but made by the above described method.
  • the maximum length of high quality composite 0.050 diameter wire made by the conventional method was 4,000 feet, while high quality 0.050 wire of the instant invention was drawn to 40,000 feet and it could have been longer if desired.
  • the surface of the resulting wire is free of burrs as opposed to that of prior art processes because the composite extrusion billet is not segmented and thus it is not necessary that the billet be placed in a container prior to drawing. Hence, there are no undesirable protrusions or burrs in the final wire so that it is considerably easier to insulate. It should also be noted that when superconductive wires made in accordance with the invention are placed in structures such as superconductive magnets, they result in a magnet that is much easier to energize because it is both easier to insulate in a short-free manner; and capable of obtaining a higher flux density because of its filament integrity.
  • central graphite supporting rod could be a supporting circumferencial sleeve or longitudinal straps, the quartz tubes could be drilled out; and the inventions method can also be applied to continuous casting.
  • other materials can be used than those specifically described.
  • rods of stainless steel or other suitable metals can be coated with AlQ IiO ,gr other refraclory compounds, and such structures can be used in place of the quartz rods described above; and, if the rods are tapered, they can be removed mechanically;
  • the configuration of the crucible mold, core components and billet can also be changed markedly without departing from the spirit of the invention.
  • square or hexagonal cross sectioned billets can be produced; and optimum packing factors may make it desirable to use core rods having hexagonal, triangular or other geometrical shapes.
  • the quartz rods can also be replaced with superconductor rods whose surfaces have been treated with niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, or the like so as not to combine with the matrix metal and/or form compounds detrimental to the fabrication and useful current density of the superconducting end product.
  • the invention can be practiced by placing core rods composed of a superconducting material directly in the core assembly to produce a finished extrusion billet as the cast product rather than a cored extrusion matrix that must subsequently be loaded with a superconductive material to form the finished composite extrusion billet.
  • core rods composed of a superconducting material directly in the core assembly to produce a finished extrusion billet as the cast product rather than a cored extrusion matrix that must subsequently be loaded with a superconductive material to form the finished composite extrusion billet.
  • Ti-Nb core rods can be directly cast in an aluminum matrix.
  • the core instead of inserting the core assembly into the molten matrix metal, the core can be fixed in the crucible and the molten matrix metal introduced from an outside source; and, in this respect, it will be appreciated that other matrix metals such as lead and tin can also be used.
  • the invention can be practiced in many manners other than those which have been specifically described above.
  • a method of making a cast extrusion billet suitable for manufacturing into a composite superconductor comprising the steps of:
  • rods are comprised of superconductive metal surface-treated with metals selected from the group consisting of niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
  • a method of making an extrusion billet suitable for manufacturing into a composit superconductor comprising the steps of:

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
US00047390A 1970-06-18 1970-06-18 Method of making a billet suitable for manufacturing into a superconductor Expired - Lifetime US3794100A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4739070A 1970-06-18 1970-06-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3794100A true US3794100A (en) 1974-02-26

Family

ID=21948682

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00047390A Expired - Lifetime US3794100A (en) 1970-06-18 1970-06-18 Method of making a billet suitable for manufacturing into a superconductor

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3794100A (fr)
BE (1) BE768666A (fr)
DE (1) DE2130380A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2099186A5 (fr)
NL (1) NL7108149A (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3931847A (en) * 1974-09-23 1976-01-13 United Technologies Corporation Method and apparatus for production of directionally solidified components
US4078299A (en) * 1972-09-11 1978-03-14 The Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. Method of manufacturing flexible superconducting composite compound wires
US4182394A (en) * 1978-09-05 1980-01-08 Dresser Industries, Inc. Rotary rock bit bearing pin hardfacing method and apparatus
US4908923A (en) * 1988-10-05 1990-03-20 Ford Motor Company Method of dimensionally stabilizing interface between dissimilar metals in an internal combustion engine

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112338172B (zh) * 2020-10-15 2021-11-30 浙江申发轴瓦股份有限公司 一种轴瓦外圆浇铸铜合金的浇铸装置及方法
CN113470888B (zh) * 2021-08-09 2025-10-03 宜春市龙腾机械电气有限公司 超导导体的高品质改型加工制作系统

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2362875A (en) * 1943-06-03 1944-11-14 Austenal Lab Inc Casting procedure
US2792605A (en) * 1954-02-15 1957-05-21 English Steel Corp Ltd Method of casting hollow ingots
US3264697A (en) * 1963-04-17 1966-08-09 Roehr Prod Co Inc Method of forming composite metal bodies
US3401738A (en) * 1966-02-10 1968-09-17 United Aircraft Corp Core location in precision casting
US3509622A (en) * 1967-09-28 1970-05-05 Avco Corp Method of manufacturing composite superconductive conductor
US3513537A (en) * 1962-09-07 1970-05-26 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Method of making a composite superconducting wire

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2362875A (en) * 1943-06-03 1944-11-14 Austenal Lab Inc Casting procedure
US2792605A (en) * 1954-02-15 1957-05-21 English Steel Corp Ltd Method of casting hollow ingots
US3513537A (en) * 1962-09-07 1970-05-26 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Method of making a composite superconducting wire
US3264697A (en) * 1963-04-17 1966-08-09 Roehr Prod Co Inc Method of forming composite metal bodies
US3401738A (en) * 1966-02-10 1968-09-17 United Aircraft Corp Core location in precision casting
US3509622A (en) * 1967-09-28 1970-05-05 Avco Corp Method of manufacturing composite superconductive conductor

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4078299A (en) * 1972-09-11 1978-03-14 The Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. Method of manufacturing flexible superconducting composite compound wires
US3931847A (en) * 1974-09-23 1976-01-13 United Technologies Corporation Method and apparatus for production of directionally solidified components
US4182394A (en) * 1978-09-05 1980-01-08 Dresser Industries, Inc. Rotary rock bit bearing pin hardfacing method and apparatus
US4908923A (en) * 1988-10-05 1990-03-20 Ford Motor Company Method of dimensionally stabilizing interface between dissimilar metals in an internal combustion engine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2130380A1 (de) 1971-12-30
BE768666A (fr) 1971-11-03
FR2099186A5 (fr) 1972-03-10
NL7108149A (fr) 1971-12-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3608050A (en) Production of single crystal sapphire by carefully controlled cooling from a melt of alumina
US4569218A (en) Apparatus and process for producing shaped metal parts
US3376915A (en) Method for casting high temperature alloys to achieve controlled grain structure and orientation
JPS63149337A (ja) 反応性金属装入物を誘導溶融する方法
US6640876B2 (en) Method and apparatus for manufacturing copper and/or copper alloy ingot having no shrinkage cavity and having smooth surface without wrinkles
JPS63192543A (ja) 金属の連続鋳造装置及び該装置の操作方法
JPH04228473A (ja) 高温超電導体材料から管状成形体を製造する方法およびそれを実施する為の装置
US3794100A (en) Method of making a billet suitable for manufacturing into a superconductor
CN110144489A (zh) 一种高强度、高导电和高导热铜银系合金线材及其制备方法
US4202400A (en) Directional solidification furnace
US3818578A (en) Method of casting and working a billet having a plurality of openings therein
JP2660225B2 (ja) シリコン鋳造装置
US3795978A (en) Method of fabricating a composite superconductor
JPS61169149A (ja) 連続鋳造方法
US3907550A (en) Method of making same composite billets
US3809147A (en) Method for making products suitable for use in forming composite superconductors
Verhoeven et al. Preparation of Cu-Nb alloys for multifilamentary in situ superconducting wire
US3515205A (en) Mold construction forming single crystal pieces
JPH0230698A (ja) シリコン鋳造装置
EP0322799B1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication d'un bloc en métal cristallin renforcé ou matériau analogue
EP2835191B1 (fr) Moule pour la coulée continue de lingots de titane ou d'alliage de titane, et dispositif de coulée continue comprenant celui-ci
US3783032A (en) Method for producing directionally solidified nickel base alloy
US2530854A (en) Casting apparatus
US3666537A (en) Method of continuously teeming and solidifying virgin fluid metals
JP4672203B2 (ja) 金ボンディングワイヤ用インゴットの製造方法