US3842820A - Device for supplying thermal energy to one or more places to be heated - Google Patents

Device for supplying thermal energy to one or more places to be heated Download PDF

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Publication number
US3842820A
US3842820A US00113520A US11352071A US3842820A US 3842820 A US3842820 A US 3842820A US 00113520 A US00113520 A US 00113520A US 11352071 A US11352071 A US 11352071A US 3842820 A US3842820 A US 3842820A
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United States
Prior art keywords
combustion
ducts
thermal energy
air
wall
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00113520A
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English (en)
Inventor
A Michels
R Meijer
Beukering H Van
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2258/00—Materials used
    • F02G2258/10—Materials used ceramic

Definitions

  • a device for supplying thermal energy to a place to be heated comprising a combustion chamber constructed from a number of slit-like flow ducts for reacting air-fuel mixture, which ducts immediately ad join, with their inlet side, the inlets for air of combustion and fuel.
  • the ducts are bounded mainly by parts of a heat-transmitting wall through which thermal energy can be withdrawn from the reacting air-fuel mixture.
  • the invention relates to a device for supplying thermal energy to one or more places to be heated, comprising a combustion chamber with which communicate at least one inlet for air of combustion and at least one inlet for fuel.
  • Devices .of this type are known and are used in various places, for example, in hot-gas engines in which a working medium performs a closed thermodynamic cycle, such as hot-gas reciprocating engines and hot-gas turbines, to supply thermal energy to the heater of said engines.
  • the hot gases of combustion formed in the combustion chamber are conducted to the place to be heated, deliver thermal energy there, and are then exhaused to the atmosphere, if desirable after first having exchanged heat with, for example, air of combustion to be supplied to the combustion chamher.
  • the gases of combustion removed from the device contain a certain quantity of nitrogen oxides. These nitrogen oxides are detrimental to health and may therefore not exceed a certain concentration in the atmosphere. All this makes the device less suitable for use in places where air pollution is to be minimized. Such places are, for example, factory spaces and storage spaces, mines and the like, in which the device can be arranged stationary or form part, for example, of the heating system of hot-gas engines for traction purposes. Such places should then be ventilated which of course is disadvantageous.
  • the present invention is based on the recognition of the fact that the formation of-nitrogen oxides increases strongly with the temperature at which the combustion takes place and on the recognition of the fact that the combustion process in the combustion chamber occurs substantially adiabatically. Decrease of the quantity of nitrogen oxides in the gases of combustion on be obtained according to the invention by ensuring that the temperature at which combustion takes place in the combustion chamber does not rise too high.
  • the device according to the invention is characterized in that the combustion chamber is constructed from a number of slit-like flow ducts for reacting air-fuel mixture which ducts immediately adjoin, with their inlet side, the inlets for fuel and air of combustion, said ducts being mainly bounded by parts of at least one heat transmitting wall through which heat can be withdrawn from the reacting air-fuel mixture.
  • the combustion chamber is constructed from a number of slit-like flow ducts for reacting air-fuel mixture which ducts immediately adjoin, with their inlet side, the inlets for fuel and air of combustion, said ducts being mainly bounded by parts of at least one heat transmitting wall through which heat can be withdrawn from the reacting air-fuel mixture.
  • a number of inlets for fuel or air of combustion which viewed in the direction of .flow are arranged one behind the other after the inlet side communicate with the flow inlets.
  • All the wall parts of the heat-transmitting wall(s) then contribute to the same extent to the removal of thermal energy. This means on the one hand that in the proximity of the inlet side there is no danger of strong formation of nitrogen oxides and of thermal overload of the heat transmitting wall(s) as a result of too high reaction temperatures.
  • the whole available surface of the heat-transmitting wall(s) is efficiently used for withdrawing thermal energy from the reacting mixture, so that a homogeneous temperature distribution is adjusted over the said surface which is favourable for an efficient heat transfer to cooling medium which is present on the side of the heat transmitting wall remote from the flow ducts, as well as for avoiding thermal stresses in the heat transmitting wall.
  • the side of the heat transmitting wall remote from the flow ducts also forms the boundary of a heat-transporting device in which aheattransporting medium is present which can withdraw thermal energy from the reacting air-fuel mixture through the heat transmitting wall and can deliver thermal energy elsewhere to a place to be heated via a further heat transmitting wall.
  • aheattransporting medium can withdraw thermal energy from the reacting air-fuel mixture through the heat transmitting wall and can deliver thermal energy elsewhere to a place to be heated via a further heat transmitting wall.
  • the heattransporting device is constituted by a closed space and the heat-transporting medium withdraws thermal energy from the reacting air-fuel mixture while being converted from the liquid phase into the vapour phase, and
  • the present device uses, in much more favourable heat transfer conditions, a small and simple evaporation-condensation system, and a ditto heater.
  • the remaining thermal energy in the gases of combustion which leave the combustion chamber can furthermore be used to preheat air of combustion.
  • a further favorable embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that a porous mass present in the closed space communicates the heat-transmitting wall and the further heat transmitting wall together.
  • the heat-transporting device is constituted by a closed system of ducts in which the heat-transporting medium can circulate by means of a pumping device incorporated in the said system.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a hot-gas engine, for example, a hot-gas reciprocating engine or a hot-gas turbine, in which a gaseous working medium traverses a closed thermodynamic cycle and to which working medium thermal energy is supplied from without through the wall of a heater.
  • a hot-gas engine for example, a hot-gas reciprocating engine or a hot-gas turbine, in which a gaseous working medium traverses a closed thermodynamic cycle and to which working medium thermal energy is supplied from without through the wall of a heater.
  • the hot-gas engine according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a device for supplying thermal energy to one or more places, which device has been described above.
  • such a hot-gas engine presents the great advantage that the gases of combustion originating from such engines, are substantially free from not only detrimental carbon monoxides and unburnt hydrocarbons, but also from detrimental nitrogen oxides.
  • an engine is obtained which is extremely suitable for use in those places where air pollution should be minimized.
  • such an engine can be compact of construction by using a device for supplying thermal energy in which the heat transmitting wall forms part of an evaporation-condensation system which communicates with the heater of the engine.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show devices for supplying thermal energy to one or more places.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show devices for supplying thermal energy in which the heat transmitting wall also forms part of a heat-transporting device constructed as a closed evaporation-condensation system.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show hot-gas engines, the heaters of which communicate with a device for supplying thermal energy via a closed evaporation-condensation system.
  • FIG. 7 shows a device for supplying thermal energy in which the heat transmitting wall also forms part of a heat transporting device constructed as a closed system of ducts in which heat-transporting medium can circulate.
  • FIG. 1a shows a device for supplying thermal energy.
  • FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the device taken on the line IbIb of FIG. 1a, while FIG. 10 is an elevation of FIG. la in the direction of the arrow A.
  • Reference numeral 1 denotes a combustion chamber with which an inlet 2 for air of combustion, an inlet 3 for fuel, and an outlet 4 for gases of combustion communicate.
  • the combustion chamber is constructed from a number of slit-like combustion ducts 5, which are mainly bounded by a heat transmitting wall 6 which in this case has a pleaded construction.
  • the further boundaries are side surfaces 7, lower surface 8, and upper surface 9 these ducts are shown to be generally planar, with a planar space between each two ducts.
  • the inlet side 10 of the slit-like ducts immediately adjoints the inlets 2 and 3.
  • the operation of the device is as follows: air of combustion and fuel is supplied to the slit-like ducts 5 via the inlets 2 and 3, the air-fuel mixture reacting in said ducts. While the chemical reaction take place, thermal energy is withdrawn from the reacting mixture in the slit-like ducts 5 through the heat transmitting wall 6 by conducting a cooling medium along the outside of the heat transmitting wall 6 in similar secondary ducts. As a result of this, the reaction temperatures do not rise high, so that the formation of nitrogen oxides substantially does not occur. Since the slit-like ducts immediately adjoin the inlets, air-fuel mixture cannot react elsewhere, that is to say, outside said ducts, and produce there high reaction temperatures with consequent strong formation of nitrogen oxides.
  • ducts are constructed in the form of slits, an intimate thermal contact between reacting mixture and the heat transmitting wall is ensured while in addition a large heat transmitting surface of the said wall is available, a slit being generally defined as a long narrow opening, where the length is substantially greater than the width, resulting in a relatively large circumference of a slit in cross-section for a given area of the crosssection.
  • the gases of combustion formed in the ducts leave the combustion chamber 1 via the outlet 4.
  • FIG. 2b is a' cross-sectional view taken on the line IIbIIb of FIG. 2a; FIG. again is an elevation of FIG. 2a in the direction of the arrow A.
  • the device furthermore comprises a number of inlets 11 which, viewed in the direction of flow, are situated one behind the other and communicate with the flow ducts 5.
  • the heat transmitting wall 6 also forms a wall of a closed space 12, in which a heat-transporting medium is present which can withdraw heat from the reacting mixture through the heat transmitting wall 6 while being converted from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and can deliver thermal energy, via a further heat transmitting wall of the space 12, to a place to be heated while being converted from the vapor phase into the liquid phase.
  • a heat-transporting medium is present which can withdraw heat from the reacting mixture through the heat transmitting wall 6 while being converted from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and can deliver thermal energy, via a further heat transmitting wall of the space 12, to a place to be heated while being converted from the vapor phase into the liquid phase.
  • the choice of the heat-transporting medium is determined, for example by the desirable operating temperature of the heat transmitting wall at which complete combustion still takes place in the combustion ducts.
  • FIG. 4 shows the device for supplying thermal energy according to FIG. 2, in which the heat transmitting wall 6 forms a wall of one (FIG. 4b) or more (FIG. 4c) closed spaces 12, in which, as in the device shown in FIG. 3, a heat-transporting medium is present which withdraws thermal energy from the reacting air-fuel mixture through the heat transmitting wall 6 while being converted from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and can supply thermal energy to one or more places to be heated, through the further heat transmitting wall 13 while being converted from the vapor phase into the liquid phase.
  • a heat-transporting medium is present which withdraws thermal energy from the reacting air-fuel mixture through the heat transmitting wall 6 while being converted from the liquid phase into the vapor phase and can supply thermal energy to one or more places to be heated, through the further heat transmitting wall 13 while being converted from the vapor phase into the liquid phase.
  • a porous mass 14 is provided on the inner walls of the closed spaces 12.
  • This porous mass has such a capillary structure that, while using the surface tension of liquid heat-transporting medium in the given operating position of the space 12, it is capable, by capillary action, of returning condensate formed on the further heat transmitting wall 13 to the heat transmitting wall 6. In this manner the return of condensate is possible without using gravity, or, in the absence of gravity, even against gravity. This provides a great freedom in the arrangement of the device.
  • the porous mass may be constituted, for example, by ceramic materials, by wire or ribbon-shaped material of metals or metal alloys, or by an arrangement of pipes.
  • a system of grooves in the inner wall of the space, whether or not in combination with one of the other above-mentioned alternatives, is also among the possibilities.
  • FIG. 5 shows a hot-gas engine provided with a device for supplying thermal energy shown in FIG. 3.
  • Reference numeral M denotes the cylinder of a hot-gas engine, namely that part in which during operation the working medium is always at a high temperature.
  • a displacer 15 Inside the cylinder is a displacer 15 which, by an upward movement via a driving mechanism (not shown) connected to the displacer rod 16, can move warm working medium from the expansion space 17 to the cold side of the engine.
  • the working medium flows through a heater 18, a regenerator 19 and a cooler 20.
  • Thermal energy can be supplied from without to the working medium in the expansion space 17 through the wall of the heater 18.
  • the wall of the heater 18 forms the further heat transmitting wall 13 of the closed space 12.
  • thermal energy is withdrawn from reacting air-fuel mixture in the device ll through the heat-transmitting wall6 by the liquid-transporting medium which is present inside space 12 on the said wall.
  • This transporting medium evaporates and moves towards the further heat transmitting wall 13 as a result of the comparatively low vapor pressure prevailing there owing to the slightly lower temperature at that area.
  • the vapor then condenses on the further heat transmitting wall 13 while giving off the heat of evaporation to the said wall. Under the influence of gravity the condensate flows back to the heat transmitting wall 6 to be evaporated again there.
  • the metals sodium, potassium, lithium, cadmium, cesium metal salts, such as the metal halogens zinc chloride, aluminium bromide, cadmium iodide, calcium iodide, zinc bromide or mixtures thereof.
  • metal salts such as the metal halogens zinc chloride, aluminium bromide, cadmium iodide, calcium iodide, zinc bromide or mixtures thereof.
  • metal halogens zinc chloride, aluminium bromide, cadmium iodide, calcium iodide, zinc bromide or mixtures thereof.
  • nitrates, nitrites or mixtures thereof are furthermore nitrates, nitrites or mixtures thereof.
  • FIG. 6 shows a hot-gas engine which comprises a device for supplying thermal energy as is shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b, namely in a cross-sectional view (FIG. 6a)
  • said hot-gas engine is very suitable for use in those places where the pollution of the atmosphere should be drastically restricted.
  • the combustion chamber constructed from the slit-like flow ducts together with the evaporation-condensation system forms a compact heating system with good heat transfer properties and also enables the hot-gas engine in its totality to be constructed in a compact form.
  • Such a compact heating system is also extremely suitable for supplying thermal energy to the heater of a hot-gas engine comprising said compact system in a manner different from the withdrawal of thermal energy from mixture reacting in the slit-like flow ducts, namely by withdrawing thermal energy in the said ducts from gases heated elsewhere.
  • the heat transmitting wall 6 also forms the boundary of a closed system of ducts 28, in which a heat-transporting medium is present which can circulate in said system of ducts by means of a pumping device 29.
  • Thermal energy withdrawn from the reacting medium by the heat-transporting medium via heattransmitting wall 6 is supplied in a heat exchanger 30 to a place to be heated.
  • Heat-transporting medium which has supplied thermal energy in the heat exchanger 30, is again conveyed along the heattransmitting wall 6 by the pumping device 29.
  • Apparatus operable with a source of air and fuel to produce thermal energy to be transferred to a medium comprising a combination combustion and heating chamber including an inlet for said air, and an inlet for said fuel, and an outlet, the chamber having walls which define a plurality of combustion ducts in which said air and fuel are mixed and in which combustion of said mixture and production of said thermal energy occurs, said combustion ducts having width substantially greater than height, with similar secondary ducts defined between each two combustion ducts and with said medium contained in said secondary ducts, and at least one wall of each of said combustion ducts being a boundary wall through which said thermal energy is transferred outward to said medium in the secondary ducts.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a second chamber having walls which define a closed space with a first of said walls being one of said boundary walls of said combustion ducts, and a second of said walls being heattransmitting and spaced from said first, and said medium which is a heat-transporting fluid situated within said second chamber, said fluid being cyclically changeable between liquid and vapor physical states, whereby thermal energy is transferred through said first wall and absorbed by the fluid in a liquid state which is changed to its vapor state and moves to said second wall which absorbs thermal energy from the vapor which returns to its liquid state and flows back to said first wall.
  • Apparatus operable with a source of air and fuel for burning said air and fuel to produce thermal energy comprising, a combination combustion and heating chamber including an inlet for said air and an inlet for said fuel and an outlet, the chamber having walls which define a plurality of combustion ducts which have width substantially greater than height with similar secondary ducts defined between each two combination ducts, and in which said air and fuel are mixed and in which combustion of said mixture and production of said thermal energy occur, at least one wall of each of said combustion ducts being a boundary wall through which said thermal energy is transferrable, the apparatus further comprising means for withdrawing thermal energy from said combustion ducts by transferring said energy through said boundary walls to reduce the temperature of said combustion, and thereby reduce the formation of nitrogen oxides.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US00113520A 1970-03-06 1971-02-08 Device for supplying thermal energy to one or more places to be heated Expired - Lifetime US3842820A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7003199A NL7003199A (fr) 1970-03-06 1970-03-06

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US3842820A true US3842820A (en) 1974-10-22

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US (1) US3842820A (fr)
AT (1) AT307819B (fr)
BE (1) BE763820A (fr)
CA (1) CA928685A (fr)
CH (1) CH539779A (fr)
DE (1) DE2105951B2 (fr)
FR (1) FR2084240A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB1347891A (fr)
NL (1) NL7003199A (fr)
SE (1) SE381928B (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5282507A (en) * 1991-07-08 1994-02-01 Yazaki Corporation Heat exchange system
US20090194265A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2009-08-06 T. Rad Co., Ltd. Heat Exchanger
WO2012129079A1 (fr) * 2011-03-21 2012-09-27 The Penn State Research Foundation Brûleur à haut rendement et interface de moteur thermique à cycle fermé

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0056927B1 (fr) * 1981-01-27 1985-05-29 FIDES TREUHAND GmbH Machine à piston
US4578949A (en) * 1983-12-28 1986-04-01 Sanden Corporation Hot gas reciprocating apparatus and convector heater

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5282507A (en) * 1991-07-08 1994-02-01 Yazaki Corporation Heat exchange system
US20090194265A1 (en) * 2004-09-28 2009-08-06 T. Rad Co., Ltd. Heat Exchanger
US7854255B2 (en) * 2004-09-28 2010-12-21 T. Rad Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger
WO2012129079A1 (fr) * 2011-03-21 2012-09-27 The Penn State Research Foundation Brûleur à haut rendement et interface de moteur thermique à cycle fermé
US20140007570A1 (en) * 2011-03-21 2014-01-09 John David Herr High Efficiency Combustor and Closed-Cycle Heat Engine Interface
US9683514B2 (en) * 2011-03-21 2017-06-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy High efficiency combustor and closed-cycle heat engine interface

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SE381928B (sv) 1975-12-22
GB1347891A (en) 1974-02-27
DE2105951A1 (de) 1971-09-16
AT307819B (de) 1973-06-12
BE763820A (fr) 1971-09-06
DE2105951B2 (de) 1976-06-10
CA928685A (en) 1973-06-19
CH539779A (de) 1973-07-31
FR2084240A5 (fr) 1971-12-17
NL7003199A (fr) 1971-09-08

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