US4108232A - Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim - Google Patents

Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim Download PDF

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Publication number
US4108232A
US4108232A US05/736,686 US73668676A US4108232A US 4108232 A US4108232 A US 4108232A US 73668676 A US73668676 A US 73668676A US 4108232 A US4108232 A US 4108232A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
wheel rim
base
shield
tire
well
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US05/736,686
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert O. Simpson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
Original Assignee
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co filed Critical Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
Priority to US05/736,686 priority Critical patent/US4108232A/en
Priority to CA287,436A priority patent/CA1060766A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4108232A publication Critical patent/US4108232A/en
Assigned to CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION reassignment CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MOTOR WHEEL CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B21/00—Rims
    • B60B21/12—Appurtenances, e.g. lining bands
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C5/00—Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes
    • B60C5/12—Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes without separate inflatable inserts, e.g. tubeless tyres with transverse section open to the rim
    • B60C5/16—Sealing means between beads and rims, e.g. bands
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T152/00—Resilient tires and wheels
    • Y10T152/10—Tires, resilient
    • Y10T152/10495—Pneumatic tire or inner tube
    • Y10T152/10738—Pneumatic tire or inner tube with means to protect tire from rim

Definitions

  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,642,897 and 2,087,228 show and describe conventional tire flaps which are used in conjunction with inflatable innertubes for protecting the tube against chafing by the wheel rim on which the tire and inflatable tube are mounted.
  • Such flaps are only used as a cushion for protecting the innertube and are, therefore, not required to be impervious to fluids since they are not relied on to maintain inflation of the tire.
  • Very narrow and loosely fitting flaps are employed in the wells of spoked wheel rims of bicycles and motorcycles to cushion and protect the innertubes of the tube-type tires against chafing or piercing by the spokes which are secured in openings formed in the wells of the wheel rims.
  • Special wheel rims have recently been developed for motorcycles to accommodate conventional tubeless tires. These special rims are designed to resemble conventional spoked wheel rims normally used on motorcycles and have rigid, radially oriented spoke-like arms which connect the outer wheel rim, on which the tire is mounted to the hub that is used in mounting the wheel rim to the axle of the motorcycle.
  • the support arms are integrally cast with the hub and wheel rim to eliminate any openings through which air can leak and cause deflation of the tire.
  • motorcyclists with conventional spoked-wheel rims are still unable to use conventional tubeless tires.
  • the invention is directed to the solution of this problem by the provision of a device which allows the utilization of tubeless tires with conventional spoked wheel rims of a motorcycle.
  • the invention is in a shield for sealing the cavity of a tubeless tire from the ambient atmosphere when the tire is mounted and inflated on a conventional, spoked wheel rim.
  • the shield comprises an elastic, fluid impervious annulus which is designed to matingly conform to the well and base of a conventional spoked wheel rim and sealingly engage the beads of the tire even under low inflation pressures, thereby forming with the fluid impervious innerliner of the tire, an airtight chamber in which the proper air pressure can be maintained within the tire.
  • the tubeless tire 5 comprises the essential components of a fluid impervious innerliner 7, a plurality of carcass plies 8,9 covering the innerliner 7, and a tread 10 and pair of sidewalls 11,12 surrounding the carcass plies 8,9 and terminating at a pair of inextensible annular beads 13,14.
  • a belt structure 15, comprising a plurality of belt plies 16,17, is interposed between the tread 10 and a radially outermost carcass ply 9 in cases where the tubeless tire 5 is of the bias-belted or radial type.
  • the carcass plies 8,9 and the belt structure 15, if one is used, are reinforced with any suitable cords composed of material of the group of rayon, nylon, polyester, glass, aramid and steel.
  • the drop-center rim 6 essentially comprises a generally cylindrical base 20 having opposing marginal edges 21,22.
  • a pair of upstanding annular rim flanges 23,24 are disposed along the marginal edges 21,22 of the base 20.
  • a generally U-shaped well 25 is formed in the base 20 intermediate the opposite marginal edges 21,22 thereof.
  • the well 25 extends radially inwardly toward the center axis of the wheel rim 6.
  • a number of arcuately spaced openings 26 are provided in the bottom 27 of the well 25 to receive radially oriented spokes 28 which extend between the outer wheel rim 6 and a hub (not shown) used for mounting the wheel rim 6 on the axle of a motorcycle or sports car.
  • the wheel well 25 is also supplied with an opening 29 for receiving a conventional valve stem 30 used in the inflation of the tubeless tire 5.
  • a shield 31 is provided for covering the wheel rim 6 between the beads 13,14 of the tire 5.
  • the shield 31 is composed of any suitable elastic, fluid impervious material, e.g. natural or synthetic rubber.
  • the shield 31 is designed to matingly engage and conform to the configurations of the wheel rim 6, when the tire 10 is mounted and inflated on the wheel rim 6, as shown in the drawing.
  • the shield 31 can be molded or cast in such a configuration, or formed in a generally cylindrical shape having a diameter which, for convenience of mounting the shield 31 on the wheel rim 6, should be at least equal to the overall diameter of the cylindrical base 20.
  • the shield 31 has opposing marginal edges 32,33 which extend laterally beyond the rim flanges 23,24 of the wheel rim 6.
  • portions of the shield 31 will be compressed between the tire beads 13,14 and the adjacent rim base 20, so that the shield 31 is in sealing engagement with the tire beads 13,14 even under low inflation pressure of the tire 5.
  • This is not the case with the flap shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,087,228, as no attempt is made to seal the flap against the beads.
  • cements were unsuccessfully tried as a means for securing a narrow shield in sealing relation over the spoke openings 26 in the wheel rim 6.
  • the positioning of the shield 31 between the rim base 20 and tire beads 13,14 acts as a mechanical seal which can be readily broken by removal of the tire 5 from the wheel rim 6 to permit easy removal and replacement of the shield 31.
  • a bulbous portion 34 is integrally formed with the shield 31 along each of the marginal edges 32,33 and acts to maintain the shield 31 firmly in position on the wheel rim 6 and keep the shield 31 from being drawn into the wheel well 25 during the mounting and inflation of the tubeless tire 5.
  • the bulbous portions 34 also act as visual aids in determining whether the shield is properly maintained in position on the wheel rim 6.
  • a plurality of transversely oriented ribs 35 are circumferentially spaced around the shield 31, intermediate the opposing marginal edges 32,33 when the shield 31 is formed in a cylindrical shape.
  • the ribs 35 form accordion-type folds or pleats around the shield 31 to allow controlled movement of the shield 31 into the well 25 and eliminate any transverse wrinkles in the shield 31 as it moves or contracts circumferentially into the well 25, since such wrinkles become the focal points of a build-up of stress which causes premature failure of the shield 31 from fatigue or bending.
  • the air valve 30 is conventionally secured to the shield 31. It can be appreciated from a study of the drawing that the shield 31 coacts with the fluid impervious innerliner 7 to seal the cavity 36 of the tire 5 from the ambient atmosphere and prevent leakage of fluid, e.g. air, through the openings 26 in which the spokes 28 are contained.
  • the shield 31 is preferably free of any reinforcement cords, but can be reinforced with any suitable cords, as previously defined, which are disposed at appropriate angles that allow the shield 31 to expand and contract freely into and out of the well 25 of the wheel rim 6.
  • a valveless shield 31 can be utilized in cases where the tubeless tire 5 is provided with a valve in one of the sidewalls 11,12 of the tire 5, or the air valve 30 can be located in other portions of the shield 31 than as shown in the drawing.
  • an elastic shield which permits the use of tubeless tires on conventional spoked wheel rims.
  • the elastic shield is designed to matingly engage and cover the wheel rim between the beads of the tire mounted on the rim, thereby sealing the cavity of the tire from the ambient atmosphere, whereby air, under pressure, is maintained within the tire.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)
US05/736,686 1976-10-28 1976-10-28 Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim Expired - Lifetime US4108232A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/736,686 US4108232A (en) 1976-10-28 1976-10-28 Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim
CA287,436A CA1060766A (fr) 1976-10-28 1977-09-26 Etancheite pour le montage d'un pneu sans chambre sur une roue a rayons

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/736,686 US4108232A (en) 1976-10-28 1976-10-28 Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4108232A true US4108232A (en) 1978-08-22

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/736,686 Expired - Lifetime US4108232A (en) 1976-10-28 1976-10-28 Shield for sealing a tubeless tire on a spoked wheel rim

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US (1) US4108232A (fr)
CA (1) CA1060766A (fr)

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4289186A (en) * 1979-03-07 1981-09-15 Dunlop Limited Sealing means for pneumatic tire and wheel rim assemblies
US4401144A (en) * 1979-03-07 1983-08-30 Dunlop Limited Wheel rims for pneumatic tires
US4824177A (en) * 1987-10-29 1989-04-25 Aloy Jorge N Spoked vehicle wheel with tubeless tire
US4930558A (en) * 1989-03-08 1990-06-05 Sahagian Edward H Insert for pneumatic wheel
FR2664857A1 (fr) * 1990-07-17 1992-01-24 Michelin & Cie Ensemble pneumatique et protecteur de bourrelet amovible.
EP0633150A1 (fr) 1993-07-07 1995-01-11 Hutchinson Dispositif d'étanchéité pour roue à rayons et roue comportant un tel dispositif
EP0616911A3 (fr) * 1993-03-26 1995-05-24 Aloy Jorge Nadal Aménagement pour le gonflage des pneumatiques sans chambres à air.
EP0790141A1 (fr) * 1996-02-19 1997-08-20 Hutchinson Jante de roue à rayons destinée à être équipée d'un pneumatique sans chambre, et roue à rayons ainsi équipée
US6019149A (en) * 1999-09-08 2000-02-01 Stringer; Raymond E. Wheel seal and method
US6145937A (en) * 1999-07-13 2000-11-14 Alex Machine Industrial Co., Ltd. Bicycle wheel rim
US20040095014A1 (en) * 2002-11-20 2004-05-20 Mavic S.A. Base for a rim of a wheel and a rim having such a base
US20060017316A1 (en) * 2004-07-23 2006-01-26 Flavio Rodrigues Light rim wheel
US20060076099A1 (en) * 2004-10-13 2006-04-13 Kuo Hsu S Safety pneumatic tire for the biclycle
US20070029869A1 (en) * 2005-08-05 2007-02-08 Shimano, Inc. Bicycle rim
WO2007045086A1 (fr) * 2005-10-20 2007-04-26 Peter Bradley Gilbert Anneau d’etancheite pour roues
US20080006358A1 (en) * 2006-07-07 2008-01-10 Gerard Tavin Wheel rim, in particular for an all-terrain vehicle or running at low pressure
FR2951668A1 (fr) * 2009-10-27 2011-04-29 Hutchinson Jante de roue a rayons, ensemble monte l'incorporant et son procede d'assemblage
US20110266863A1 (en) * 2009-01-14 2011-11-03 Gianetti Ruote S.P.A. tubeless-type, spoked wheel for vehicles, in particular for motor-cycles
CN102602239A (zh) * 2011-01-19 2012-07-25 亚猎士航太科技股份有限公司 车辆的车轮装置及轮圈单元
CN105916700A (zh) * 2014-01-15 2016-08-31 堤森克鲁波碳零件有限公司 结合具有纤维复合材料轮缘的轮圈以及轮盘的车轮
US20170203621A1 (en) * 2016-01-19 2017-07-20 Innova Rubber Co., Ltd. Tire having screw-type nozzle
WO2017127029A1 (fr) * 2016-01-22 2017-07-27 N.D. Rubber Public Company Limited Tampon d'étanchéification permettant d'empêcher les fuites d'air d'un pneumatique de véhicule
WO2018017050A1 (fr) * 2016-07-18 2018-01-25 Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin Pneumatique avec pièce d'étanchéité pour pneus sans chambre installé sur des roues en plusieurs parties
US10052911B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2018-08-21 Enve Composites, Llc Rim strip for bicycle rim
CN109153284A (zh) * 2016-04-04 2019-01-04 慕贝尔碳纤维技术有限公司 车辆用的车轮
US10596850B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2020-03-24 Enve Composites, Llc Rim strip for bicycle rim
DE102022121909A1 (de) * 2022-08-30 2024-02-29 Shimano Inc. Felge für ein vom menschen angetriebenes fahrzeug

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1886470A (en) * 1930-07-16 1932-11-08 Daddio Pasquale Pneumatic tire
DE1002210B (de) * 1955-03-26 1957-02-07 Manfred Juengling Einlage fuer schlauchlose Reifen
US2913034A (en) * 1955-06-03 1959-11-17 Du Pont Tubeless pneumatic tire
GB846016A (en) * 1957-03-25 1960-08-24 Avon India Rubber Co Ltd Improvements in pneumatic tyres
US2998044A (en) * 1958-10-06 1961-08-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Pneumatic tire
US3008770A (en) * 1956-12-19 1961-11-14 American Mach & Foundry Rim for tubeless bicycle tires
US3286757A (en) * 1962-10-31 1966-11-22 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Pneumatic tire and wheel assembly
US3335778A (en) * 1964-04-18 1967-08-15 Dunlop Rubber Co Sealing flap for pneumatic tires
US3507316A (en) * 1966-10-06 1970-04-21 Motobecane Ateliers Spoke wheel tire with inner tube

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1886470A (en) * 1930-07-16 1932-11-08 Daddio Pasquale Pneumatic tire
DE1002210B (de) * 1955-03-26 1957-02-07 Manfred Juengling Einlage fuer schlauchlose Reifen
US2913034A (en) * 1955-06-03 1959-11-17 Du Pont Tubeless pneumatic tire
US3008770A (en) * 1956-12-19 1961-11-14 American Mach & Foundry Rim for tubeless bicycle tires
GB846016A (en) * 1957-03-25 1960-08-24 Avon India Rubber Co Ltd Improvements in pneumatic tyres
US2998044A (en) * 1958-10-06 1961-08-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Pneumatic tire
US3286757A (en) * 1962-10-31 1966-11-22 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Pneumatic tire and wheel assembly
US3335778A (en) * 1964-04-18 1967-08-15 Dunlop Rubber Co Sealing flap for pneumatic tires
US3507316A (en) * 1966-10-06 1970-04-21 Motobecane Ateliers Spoke wheel tire with inner tube

Cited By (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4289186A (en) * 1979-03-07 1981-09-15 Dunlop Limited Sealing means for pneumatic tire and wheel rim assemblies
US4401144A (en) * 1979-03-07 1983-08-30 Dunlop Limited Wheel rims for pneumatic tires
US4824177A (en) * 1987-10-29 1989-04-25 Aloy Jorge N Spoked vehicle wheel with tubeless tire
US4930558A (en) * 1989-03-08 1990-06-05 Sahagian Edward H Insert for pneumatic wheel
FR2664857A1 (fr) * 1990-07-17 1992-01-24 Michelin & Cie Ensemble pneumatique et protecteur de bourrelet amovible.
WO1992001576A1 (fr) * 1990-07-17 1992-02-06 Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin - Michelin & Cie Emsemble pneumatique et protecteur de bourrelet amovible
US5232032A (en) * 1990-07-17 1993-08-03 Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin - Michelin & Cie Assembly consisting of a tire and a removable bead protector
EP0616911A3 (fr) * 1993-03-26 1995-05-24 Aloy Jorge Nadal Aménagement pour le gonflage des pneumatiques sans chambres à air.
FR2707213A1 (fr) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-13 Hutchinson Dispositif d'étanchéité pour roue à pneumatique et roue comportant un tel dispositif.
EP0633150A1 (fr) 1993-07-07 1995-01-11 Hutchinson Dispositif d'étanchéité pour roue à rayons et roue comportant un tel dispositif
EP0790141A1 (fr) * 1996-02-19 1997-08-20 Hutchinson Jante de roue à rayons destinée à être équipée d'un pneumatique sans chambre, et roue à rayons ainsi équipée
FR2744953A1 (fr) * 1996-02-19 1997-08-22 Hutchinson Jante de roue a rayons destinee a etre equipee d'un pneumatique sans chambre, et roue a rayons ainsi equipee
US6145937A (en) * 1999-07-13 2000-11-14 Alex Machine Industrial Co., Ltd. Bicycle wheel rim
US6019149A (en) * 1999-09-08 2000-02-01 Stringer; Raymond E. Wheel seal and method
US20040095014A1 (en) * 2002-11-20 2004-05-20 Mavic S.A. Base for a rim of a wheel and a rim having such a base
FR2847202A1 (fr) * 2002-11-20 2004-05-21 Mavic Sa Fond de jante prevu pour equiper une jante de velo
US7104300B2 (en) 2002-11-20 2006-09-12 Salomon S.A. Sealing strip for a rim of a wheel and a rim having a sealing strip
US20060017316A1 (en) * 2004-07-23 2006-01-26 Flavio Rodrigues Light rim wheel
US20060076099A1 (en) * 2004-10-13 2006-04-13 Kuo Hsu S Safety pneumatic tire for the biclycle
US7431404B2 (en) 2005-08-05 2008-10-07 Shimano Inc. Bicycle having annular sealing member
US20070029869A1 (en) * 2005-08-05 2007-02-08 Shimano, Inc. Bicycle rim
WO2007045086A1 (fr) * 2005-10-20 2007-04-26 Peter Bradley Gilbert Anneau d’etancheite pour roues
US20090301626A1 (en) * 2005-10-20 2009-12-10 Peter Bradley Gilbert Sealing ring for wheels
US8444155B2 (en) 2005-10-20 2013-05-21 Ontario Inc. Sealing ring for wheels
US20080006358A1 (en) * 2006-07-07 2008-01-10 Gerard Tavin Wheel rim, in particular for an all-terrain vehicle or running at low pressure
US20110266863A1 (en) * 2009-01-14 2011-11-03 Gianetti Ruote S.P.A. tubeless-type, spoked wheel for vehicles, in particular for motor-cycles
US8925603B2 (en) * 2009-01-14 2015-01-06 Gianetti Ruote S.P.A. Tubeless-type, spoked wheel for vehicles, in particular for motor-cycles
FR2951668A1 (fr) * 2009-10-27 2011-04-29 Hutchinson Jante de roue a rayons, ensemble monte l'incorporant et son procede d'assemblage
EP2316663A1 (fr) 2009-10-27 2011-05-04 Hutchinson Jante de roue à rayons, ensemble monté l'incorporant et son procédé d'assemblage
US20110121637A1 (en) * 2009-10-27 2011-05-26 Hutchinson Spoked Wheel Rim, Mounted Assembly Incorporating It and Its Method of Assembly
US8544514B2 (en) 2009-10-27 2013-10-01 Hutchinson Spoked wheel rim, mounted assembly incorporating it and its method of assembly
CN102602239A (zh) * 2011-01-19 2012-07-25 亚猎士航太科技股份有限公司 车辆的车轮装置及轮圈单元
CN105916700A (zh) * 2014-01-15 2016-08-31 堤森克鲁波碳零件有限公司 结合具有纤维复合材料轮缘的轮圈以及轮盘的车轮
CN105916700B (zh) * 2014-01-15 2020-02-14 蒂森克虏伯碳零部件有限公司 结合具有纤维复合材料轮缘的轮圈以及轮盘的车轮
US10773545B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2020-09-15 ThyssenKrupp Carbon Components GmbH Vehicle wheel having a connection of a wheel rim with rim base made from fiber composite material and a wheel disc
US10052911B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2018-08-21 Enve Composites, Llc Rim strip for bicycle rim
EP3386772A4 (fr) * 2015-12-07 2019-05-15 ENVE Composites, LLC Ruban fond de jante pour jante de bicyclette
US10596850B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2020-03-24 Enve Composites, Llc Rim strip for bicycle rim
US20170203621A1 (en) * 2016-01-19 2017-07-20 Innova Rubber Co., Ltd. Tire having screw-type nozzle
WO2017127029A1 (fr) * 2016-01-22 2017-07-27 N.D. Rubber Public Company Limited Tampon d'étanchéification permettant d'empêcher les fuites d'air d'un pneumatique de véhicule
CN109153284A (zh) * 2016-04-04 2019-01-04 慕贝尔碳纤维技术有限公司 车辆用的车轮
US11203227B2 (en) * 2016-04-04 2021-12-21 Mubea Carbo Tech Gmbh Wheel for a vehicle
CN109153284B (zh) * 2016-04-04 2022-05-31 慕贝尔碳纤维技术有限公司 车辆用的车轮
WO2018017050A1 (fr) * 2016-07-18 2018-01-25 Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin Pneumatique avec pièce d'étanchéité pour pneus sans chambre installé sur des roues en plusieurs parties
DE102022121909A1 (de) * 2022-08-30 2024-02-29 Shimano Inc. Felge für ein vom menschen angetriebenes fahrzeug

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1060766A (fr) 1979-08-21

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION, 100 SOUTH WACKER D

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOR WHEEL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005392/0671

Effective date: 19900615