US4858132A - Optical navigation system for an automatic guided vehicle, and method - Google Patents

Optical navigation system for an automatic guided vehicle, and method Download PDF

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Publication number
US4858132A
US4858132A US07/095,608 US9560887A US4858132A US 4858132 A US4858132 A US 4858132A US 9560887 A US9560887 A US 9560887A US 4858132 A US4858132 A US 4858132A
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target
vehicle
light
spaced
detector
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US07/095,608
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English (en)
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Fredrik Holmquist
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Nationsbank of North Carolina NA
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NDC Technologies Inc
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Assigned to NDC TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment NDC TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HOLMQUIST, FREDRICK
Priority to EP88850297A priority patent/EP0307381A3/de
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Assigned to NDC AUTOMATION, INC. reassignment NDC AUTOMATION, INC. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE ON 12/01/1987NC Assignors: AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY, INC., A NC CORP. (CHANGED TO), NDC AUTOMATION, INC., A CORP. OF NC, NDC SYSTEMS, INC., A CORP. OF NC, NETZLER AND DAHLGREN COMPANY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. A DE CORP. (MERED INTO)
Assigned to NATIONSBANK OF NORTH CAROLINA, N.A. reassignment NATIONSBANK OF NORTH CAROLINA, N.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NDC AUTOMATION, INC.
Assigned to NATIONSBANK OF NORTH CAROLINA, N.A. reassignment NATIONSBANK OF NORTH CAROLINA, N.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NDC AUTOMATION, INC.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D1/00—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots
    • G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
    • G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
    • G05D1/0231—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/783—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems
    • G01S3/784—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems using a mosaic of detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D1/00—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots
    • G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
    • G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
    • G05D1/0231—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means
    • G05D1/0242—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means using non-visible light signals, e.g. IR or UV signals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D1/00—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots
    • G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
    • G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
    • G05D1/0268—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using internal positioning means
    • G05D1/0272—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using internal positioning means comprising means for registering the travel distance, e.g. revolutions of wheels

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a navigation system for an automatically guided vehicle, and a method of navigating an automatically guided vehicle. Characteristics of the system provide for both steering and distance measurement and control.
  • the applicant is Assignee of U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,995 which discloses an apparatus and method for optical guidance of an automatic guided vehicle.
  • a computer determines the cartesian coordinates of a single light source through a camera attached to the vehicle. Distance is determined by calculating the angle between the known height of the camera lens above the surface on which the vehicle travels and the known height of the light source above the surface on which the vehicle travels. The angle, or azimuth, is converted by the computer into a distance value.
  • the invention in the '995 patent performs well in many environments. However, in conditions where the surface on which the vehicle travels is irregular the computed angle is subject to error. In addition, many applications involve the placement and removal of heavy cargo onto and off of the vehicle. The changes in the weight on the vehicle cause the level of the camera to change due to, for example, tire and shock absorber compression, causing error in distance computation. In such instances, a wire guided system has been the usual alternative.
  • the invention disclosed in this application avoids these problems and offers additional advantages such as the ability to guide over greater distances. The invention is particularly useful in environments such as hospitals, food and drug processing plants, offices, elevators, and areas with steel floors, ceramic tile floors or similar structures which cannot accept wire guidance-type systems. However, the system is so flexible that it can be used in combination with a wire-guided system, if desired.
  • the system comprises a target positioned at each spaced-apart point defining the vehicle path.
  • the target includes a first light source for emitting a first light beam and a second light source horizontally spaced-apart from the first light source for emitting a second light beam.
  • a light receiving camera and lens is mounted on the vehicle for receiving the first and second horizontally spaced-apart light beams and focusing the beams on a detector.
  • the detector has a vertically extending axis representing the path of the vehicle to the target.
  • the beams are focused on the detector at two spaced-apart points on opposite sides of the vertically extending axis wherein a difference in distance from the vertical axis of the detector of the two spaced-apart points represents a deviation from the proper path of the vehicle to the target and an equality of distance of two the spaced-apart points to the vertically extending axis represents the proper path to the target.
  • the detector includes means for converting the first and second light beams into a signal representing a bearing of the vehicle from the target and outputting the signal to the vehicle control means for controlling the vehicle position in relation to the target.
  • the detector includes means for converting the distance between the two the spaced-apart points of the first and second light beams into a signal level proportionate to the distance of the vehicle from the target.
  • the lens includes a filter for filtering out visible light to focus the first and second light beams at the detector.
  • the detector includes means for sensing a predetermined voltage proportional to the distance of the vehicle from the target and directing vehicle control means to perform a vehicle function.
  • the first and second light sources are adjustable to vary the distance therebetween for controlling the voltage level of the signal at which the detector directs the vehicle to perform a vehicle function.
  • a navigation system for guiding an automatically guided vehicle having vehicle control means along a variable, pre-determined path defined by a plurality of fixed, spaced-apart points, and comprising a target positioned at each spaced-apart point defining the vehicle path, the target including a first vertical row of light sources for emitting a first series of converging light beam and a second vertical row of light sources horizontally spaced-apart from the first row of light sources for emitting a second series of light beams.
  • a light receiving camera and lens is mounted on the vehicle for receiving the first and second series of horizontally spaced-apart light beams and focusing the beams on a detector.
  • the detector has a vertically extending axis representing the path of the vehicle to the target, the beams being focused on the detector at two spaced-apart points on opposite sides of the vertically extending axis wherein a difference in distance from the vertical axis of the detector of the two spaced-apart points represents a deviation from the proper path of the vehicle to the target and an equality of distance of two the spaced-apart points to the vertically extending axis represents the proper path to the target, and the position of the first and second series of light beams and the vertical field of view of the lens being configured for receiving all of the light beams at a predetermined distance from the target, light from a fewer number of light beams at a closer distance from the target and a light from a still fewer number of light beams at a still closer distance to the target whereby the rate of the change
  • the detector including means for converting the first and second light beams into a signal representing a bearing of the vehicle from the target and outputting the signal to the vehicle control means for controlling the vehicle position in relation to the target.
  • the system includes means for providing control information data between the vehicle and the target.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the floor plan of a hypothetical automatic guidance system which includes guidance according to the present invention and also by wire guidance;
  • FIG. 2 is an elevational view of an automatic guided vehicle in relation to the guidance target
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective schematic view of one camera and target system according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an elevational schematic view of a target having variable target light spacing and a communication receiver
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the signal processing circuitry
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating the detection of the light from the target in order to process the light into signals representing distance and steering;
  • FIG. 7 is a top plan view showing the relationship between distance and the angle of view of the camera.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view illustrating frequency manipulation communication between the camera and the target according to one embodiment of the invention by which both distance computation and steering takes place;
  • FIGS. 9-11 are graphs illustrating the relationship of the offset and distance signals.
  • FIG. 1 a navigation system for guiding an automatic guided vehicle according to the present invention is generally illustrated in FIG. 1 in a hypothetical environment at broad reference 10. While a number of different combinations of systems are possible, as noted above, in FIG. 1 a system according to the present invention is shown which combines with an inductive guidance wire 11 to offer a significant degree of flexibility.
  • the guidance wire 11 is a very cost effective alternative where the wire 11 can be laid into the floor and where the floor itself is very smooth and regular.
  • the wire sensing apparatus is mounted on an automatic guided vehicle 12 but is not further described since it is not per se a part of this invention.
  • areas 13, 14 and 15 are identified as areas 13, 14 and 15. These areas may range between approximately 0.3 meters to approximately 12-14 meters in length when using the particular system described in this application. Different systems operating according to the same principles but with different intensity lights and sensing apparatus can, of course, operate in a system having different distance ranges.
  • vehicle 12 moves along the wire 11 until it reaches one of the areas 13, 14 or 15.
  • the arrival of the vehicle 12 at the correct location can be determined in a number of conventional ways.
  • vehicle 12 may be in any one of the areas 13, 14, or 15.
  • the navigation system 10 comprises three basic parts: a target 20, a camera 50 which includes a detector 70, and a signal processor.
  • the signal processor 60 interfaces with a vehicle controller 90 which decodes signals transmitted by the camera 50 for guidance and distance detection.
  • Target 20 operates as a transmitter in the system and sends a modulated infrared light beam to the camera 50.
  • white light can be used
  • infrared has the advantage of being discrete from ambient environmental light which might interfere with the proper operation of the system.
  • light intensity decreases by the square of the distance away from the target as that distance is increases and increases by the square of the distance away from the target as that distance decreases. From a distance of 0.3 meter from the target 20 to a distance of 14 meters from the target, the ratio of intensity is on the order of 2000 to 1.
  • the camera 50 cannot properly detect this wide a variation, so a number of infrared light sources are used.
  • the target 20 includes two parallel rows of lights 21 and 22, which are preferably infrared light emitting diodes. These rows are grouped around a center light 21a, 22a, respectively.
  • a pair of intermediate lights 21b, 22b are positioned on either side of lights 21a, 22a, and a pair of outer lights 21c, 22c are positioned at the top and bottom of the target 20.
  • the camera is provided with a limited vertical field of view. At a distances beyond 2.1 meters from the target 20, camera 50 receives light from all three groups of lights. At a distance of between 1.2 and 2.1 meters, camera 50 receives light only from the "a" and "b" groups of lights. At distances closer than 1.2 meters, camera 50 receives light only from the "a" group of lights. See FIG. 2.
  • the lights 21c, 22c emit 11 times as much light as do lights 21a, 22a.
  • the lights 21b, 22b emit 2.5 times as much light as do lights 21a, 22a. Since there are twice as many "b” and “c” group lights as there are group “a” lights in the embodiment disclosed here, a variation in light intensity is created at the distance over which the system operates of an order of magnitude much less than if a single light was being sensed over a distance of 12 to 14 meters.
  • Target 20 can be constructed so as to be adjustable for operating at different positions and for different distances. This is accomplished by mounting lights 21, 22 on separate housings 24, 25 which are laterally movable relative to each other, as is shown in FIG. 4.
  • camera 50 has a lens 51 over which is placed a infrared filter, if the camera is used in combination with a target 20 which is emitting infrared light.
  • the photo detector 70 has a light sensitive grid which generates a signal to the signal processor 60.
  • target 20 has two rows of lights 21, 22 which are a predetermined horizontal distance apart and collectively emit two pulse trains, each at a different frequency. These two pulse trains are focused at two different spots on the detector 70.
  • the detector 70 creates a current which varies according to the place where the focused light strikes the detector 70 and the intensity of the light striking the detector 70.
  • Detector 70 outputs a signal proportionate to the horizontal offset distance from the centerline of the detector 70, as is shown in FIG. 6. If the offset on one side is equal to the offset on the other side of detector 70, then the lights 21, 22 are straight ahead and the vehicle 12 is headed directly towards target 20. To cancel the light intensity variation for steering control, the two signals are directed through separate preamplifiers 71, 72 through filters 71A, 72A, respectively, to an integrator 73 where the signals are summed, giving the sum of the incoming current as a measurement of intensity. The difference in the horizontal offset of the preamp 71 signal from the preamp 72 signal is calculated in differentiator 73a.
  • the difference from 73a is divided in a divider 75 by the sum of the two signals 73 to achieve a normalized value which is independent of intensity.
  • the signal samples are synchronized in a phase-locked loop circuit 74.
  • Sample and hold circuits 76, 77 are switched on to sample the values of the lights 21 and, while holding that value, to sample the lights 22 and holding that value. This sequence occurs over a time span of 10 milliseconds and then repeats, thereby sampling both rows of lights 100 times each second. This is an analog process.
  • Signal processing continues by summing values output from sample and hold circuits 76, 77 in a summing circuit 78 to give an offset signal.
  • the row of lights 21 gives a negative value and the row of lights 22 a positive value. If they are summed and a zero value results, then they are equal in magnitude and the vehicle 12 is on the proper path. If anything other than a zero value is obtained the output from summing circuit comprises a signal proportional to the degree to which the vehicle 12 is deviated from the straight line path to target 20.
  • the vehicle controller 90 receives this signal and corrects the path of the vehicle by steering the vehicle to the extent necessary to correct the deviation.
  • the distance detection function is achieved by finding the difference between the values of the sample/hold circuits 76 and 77 signals in a differentiating circuit 79. Since one of these signals is positive and one is negative, the difference obtained is positive and proportionate to the angle between the camera 50 and the two rows of lights 21, 22 created as the vehicle 12 approaches target 20.
  • the value of a particular angle (angle 1 or angle 2 in FIG. 7) is inversely proportional to the distance K1 ⁇ d or K2 ⁇ 2 to the target 20.
  • the positive signal proportional to the distance to the target 20 is output to two level detectors 80 and 81. These detect when a voltage is being achieved which corresponds to a desired vehicle function. When a preset voltage level is obtained, a signal is generated and sent to the vehicle controller 90. For example, an output signal from level detector 80 may indicate a reduction in speed or any other function. When vehicle 12 proceeds further and the voltage level required for level detector 81 is obtained, the vehicle controller 90 may stop the vehicle 12. As many level detectors as are needed can be added to output signals to a vehicle controller and thereby perform any necessary function at the exact location relative to a target where the function is required.
  • Row A represents the key frequency at the target 20. This can be 100 Hz. fixed frequency or, if the communication option is used, a bit pattern of the message.
  • row B a 13,330 Hz. modulated pulse train is transmitted by the right row of lights 22 of target 20.
  • row C a 15,000 Hz. modulated pulse train is transmitted by the left row of lights 21 of target 20.
  • Rows D and E illustrate the signals received through preamps 71, 72 and filters 71A, 72A.
  • row F the key frequency of 100 Hz. is restored by phase lock loop circuit 74 for use in sampling synchronization. After processing through the divider circuit 75 the signal appears as is shown in row G.
  • Row H illustrates the delay which occurs before each sample is taken.
  • Rows I and K show the sampling periods of the right and left divider signals.
  • the camera 50 can be equipped with a transmitter 54 which operates in a loop with the target 20.
  • the transmitter in camera 50 transmits a continuous modulated signal which is received by the receiving sensor 23 on target 20. See FIG. 4. The closer the camera 50 to the target 20, the higher the level of the signal amplitude received by sensor 23. This amplitude is used to transmit back to the camera 50 light having an intensity dependant on distance between the camera 50 and the target.
  • a range of from approximately 0.3 meters to 14 meters is practical.
  • the transmitting effect is proportionate to a 3 milliamp current being transmitted by the center light in each row.
  • the current 19 milliamps, up to a point where at a distance greater than 2.1 meters the current is 90 milliamps.
  • the offset signal used for guidance is the sum of the two values U r and U l .
  • U r is normally positive and U l is normally negative, the offset value will be 0 when the amplitudes of the two signals are equal. This indicates that the vehicle is guiding directly towards a point in the middle between the left and right lights 21 and 22.
  • the distance signal is the difference between the two values U r and U l . As U r is normally positive and U l is normally negative, the distance value will be positive, increasing when the distance to the target 20 is decreasing.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
US07/095,608 1987-09-11 1987-09-11 Optical navigation system for an automatic guided vehicle, and method Expired - Fee Related US4858132A (en)

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US07/095,608 US4858132A (en) 1987-09-11 1987-09-11 Optical navigation system for an automatic guided vehicle, and method
EP88850297A EP0307381A3 (de) 1987-09-11 1988-09-12 Optisches Navigationssystem und Verfahren für automatisch gelenkte Fahrzeuge

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US07/095,608 US4858132A (en) 1987-09-11 1987-09-11 Optical navigation system for an automatic guided vehicle, and method

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