US4959139A - Binder pitch and method of preparation - Google Patents

Binder pitch and method of preparation Download PDF

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Publication number
US4959139A
US4959139A US07/295,425 US29542589A US4959139A US 4959139 A US4959139 A US 4959139A US 29542589 A US29542589 A US 29542589A US 4959139 A US4959139 A US 4959139A
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coke
pitch
tar
thermal
finely subdivided
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US07/295,425
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II Dave L. Blakeburn
Ta-Wei Fu
Keith M. Roussel
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ConocoPhillips Co
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Conoco Inc
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Assigned to CONOCO INC., A DE CORP. reassignment CONOCO INC., A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: FU, TA-WEI, BLAKEBURN, DAVE L. II, ROUSSEL, KEITH M.
Priority to US07/295,425 priority Critical patent/US4959139A/en
Priority to CA000614405A priority patent/CA1333374C/fr
Priority to NO893957A priority patent/NO174159C/no
Priority to JP1268864A priority patent/JP2845990B2/ja
Priority to ES90300167T priority patent/ES2075142T3/es
Priority to DE69021221T priority patent/DE69021221T2/de
Priority to EP90300167A priority patent/EP0378326B1/fr
Publication of US4959139A publication Critical patent/US4959139A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10C—WORKING-UP PITCH, ASPHALT, BITUMEN, TAR; PYROLIGNEOUS ACID
    • C10C3/00—Working-up pitch, asphalt, bitumen

Definitions

  • Graphite electrodes used in electric arc furnaces for the production of steel are normally prepared from needle like or premium grade cokes.
  • the quality of coke, especially premium coke is often measured by its coefficient of thermal expansion which preferably should not exceed 9 ⁇ 10 -7 /° C. and most preferably 2 ⁇ 10 -7 /° C. on a fine grained flour artifact.
  • the electrodes usually are prepared from coke which contains a particle size distribution with a maximum size of about 1/2 inch down to a fine flour.
  • coke particle sizes are from 10 to 50 percent by weight +20 mesh with at least 20 weight percent of the particles less than 40 mesh.
  • the particle size distribution and structure of the petroleum coke raw material in the electrode are substantially retained through the graphitizing process.
  • the resulting graphitized specimens can be examined by microscopic methods so that the final graphite product can in part be characterized by the particle size distribution and structure of the raw material.
  • a binder usually a coal tar pitch
  • iron oxide is used to control the "puffing" of high sulfur petroleum coke during the subsequent electrode graphitization process.
  • Small amounts of non-viscous petroleum oil may be added to the mixture as a lubricant.
  • the plasticized mixture of sized coke, pitch and iron oxide is extruded at temperatures near the softening point of the pitch to form green electrodes of approximately the required finished dimensions. Usually these electrodes are from about 18 to about 24 inches in diameter and may be of varying lengths.
  • the green electrode next is baked at a temperature from about 1400° to about 1800° F. during which the binder is carbonized to form a rigid body. Subsequent to the baking process, the electrode may be impregnated (one or more times) with an impregnating pitch and rebaked to eventually provide a higher density and strength and lower electrical resistivity.
  • the final process step is that of graphitization.
  • the baked carbon electrodes are packed in furnaces surrounded by insulating materials and heated to temperatures near 5000° F. This temperature is necessary to convert the amorphous carbon in the electrode to the crystalline graphitic state.
  • binder pitch suitable for use in the preparation of graphite electrodes used in electric arc furnaces for the production of steel is obtained by hydrotreating an aromatic mineral oil, subjecting the hydrotreated material to thermal cracking, subjecting the thermal tar from the thermal cracking to vacuum distillation to recover a heavier thermal tar and combining the heavier thermal tar with super finely divided particles of calcined premium coke.
  • the heavier thermal tar is subjected to a heat soak prior to combining it with the super fine particles of coke.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,041 discloses a binder pitch used in the manufacture of electrodes for use in the production of aluminum. A mixture of raw coke and calcined coke fines (66% through 200 mesh) are mixed with pitch to form the binder and larger coke particles are subsequently added.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,650 discloses a process for the production of petroleum coke by adding coke fines to a coke drum.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,683,107 discloses the preparation of binder pitch used in the manufacture of graphite electrodes in which calcined petroleum coke flour of 50 ⁇ 2 percent of 48/200 mesh and the remainder minus 200 mesh is combined with the binder.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,851 discloses the use of various sized fractions of calcined petroleum coke with aromatic tar to form a binder for use in the preparation of carbon electrodes. A coarse fraction of the coke is first added to the tar followed by the finer fractions. This patent also discloses the use of thermal tar obtained from steam cracking which is subjected to heat soaking or destructive distillation to obtain a suitable binder.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,853,793 discloses binder pitch prepared from a mixture of fully calcined coke fines and coke calcining kiln dust (which is only partially calcined) which has been ground to 60-80 percent by weight less than 200 mesh.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,156 discloses stripping steam cracker tar under reduced pressure, heat soaking the resulting pitch in the absence of oxygen and stripping the heat soaked pitch under vacuum to obtain a binder pitch.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,097 discloses combining ground calcined coke maximum particle size 50 mm, preferably 10-20 mm with a pitch binder.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,132 discloses mixing coal tar pitch or petroleum derived pitch with one hundred parts by weight of ground regular coke consisting of 18 parts particles greater than 10 mesh, 46 parts particles of 10 to 100 mesh and 36 parts particles finer than 100 mesh.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,857 discloses mixing petroleum derived pitch with 19 parts 10 mesh or larger, 26 parts 10-40 mesh, 26 parts 40-150 mesh and 29 parts 150 mesh or finer of calcined regular coke.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram including hydrotreating, thermal cracking and vacuum units adapted for carrying out the process and preparing the composition of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a similar schematic flow diagram which includes a heat soak unit.
  • the feedstocks used in the preparation of the binder pitch of this invention are petroleum aromatic mineral oil fractions.
  • Specific feedstocks include such materials as decant oil, also known as slurry oil or clarified oil, which is obtained from fractionating effluent from the catalytic cracking of gas oil and/or residual oils.
  • Another feedstock which may be employed is ethylene or pyrolysis tar. This is a heavy aromatic mineral oil which is derived from the high temperature thermal cracking of mineral oils to produce olefins such as ethylene.
  • Another feedstock is vacuum resid which is a heavy residual oil obtained from flashing or distilling a residual oil under a vacuum.
  • Still another feedstock is vacuum gas oil which is a lighter material obtained from flashing or distillation under vacuum.
  • Thermal tar may also be used as a feedstock.
  • This is a heavy oil which may be obtained from fractionation of material produced by thermal cracking of gas oil or similar materials.
  • Heavy premium coker gas oil is still another feedstock and is the heavy oil obtained from liquid products produced in the coking of oils to premium coke.
  • Gas oil from coking operations other than premium coking may also be employed as a feedstock.
  • Virgin atmospheric gas oil may also be used as a feedstock. This is gas oil produced from the fractionation of crude oil under atmospheric pressure or above.
  • the above mentioned feedstocks usually contain an amount of sulfur between about 0.8 and about 1.5 weight percent. Any of the preceding feedstocks may be used singly or in combination.
  • feedstocks which provide high yields of coke, such as thermal tars. decant oils, pyrolysis tars and various types of petroleum pitches.
  • a petroleum aromatic mineral oil is introduced to catalytic hydrotreater 4 via line 2, with hydrogen being provided to the hydrotreater through line 5.
  • the catalyst used in hydrotreater 4 comprises a hydrogenation component deposited on a suitable inert carrier.
  • the various hydrogenation components include the metals, salts, oxides, or sulfides of the metals of periodic groups VIII and VIIIB, for example, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
  • the particular catalyst employed is not critical to the invention and any of the conventional catalysts used for hydrogenation can be used.
  • catalysts are typically distended on a suitable inert support of carbon, for example, activated carbon or a dried and calcined gel of an amphoteric metal oxide, for example, alumina, titania, thoria, silica, or mixtures thereof.
  • an amphoteric metal oxide for example, alumina, titania, thoria, silica, or mixtures thereof.
  • the most commonly employed carriers are the silica and alumina-containing carriers or mixtures thereof.
  • hydrotreating process conditions employed may be summarized as follows:
  • the particular process conditions employed for hydrogenation will depend on the mineral oil feedstock which is used in the process.
  • the hydrotreating requirements are simply that the overall conditions should be selected to effect sufficient desulfurization of the feed to provide a hydrotreated product containing not more than about 0.5 weight percent sulfur and preferably not more than about 0.35 weight percent sulfur.
  • the effluent from the catalytic hydrogenator is transferred via line 6 to flash tower 8 where this material is separated into a light fraction and a heavier fraction.
  • the light fraction usually contains all of the light materials boiling below about 650° F., including hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen-containing gases.
  • the heavier fraction which comprises from about 94 to about 99 weight percent of the hydrotreated material entering flash tower 8 is withdrawn from the flash tower through line 12 and introduced to fractionator 18 from which light gases, gasoline and light gas oil are taken off overhead as side products through lines 20, 22, and 24, respectively.
  • a heavy gas oil material usually having a boiling range above about 500° F. is removed from fractionator 18 through line 26 and introduced to thermal cracker 28. If desired, a portion or all of the flash tower bottoms passing through line 12 may be combined through line 16 with the heavy gas oil feed to thermal cracker 28. In thermal cracker 28, temperatures of about 900° to 1100° F.
  • a thermal tar which comprises a major portion of coking components is withdrawn from the bottom of fractionator 18 through line 32 and introduced to vacuum tower 34.
  • vacuum tower 34 a separation is made to provide a heavy gas oil which is withdrawn from the top of the vacuum tower through line 36 and a heavier thermal tar which is removed from the vacuum tower through line 38.
  • the latter material is introduced to mixing vessel 40 where it is joined by calcined coke super fines introduced through line 42.
  • a binder pitch comprising the thermal tar and calcined coke super fines is withdrawn from mixing vessel 40 through line 43.
  • the calcined coke super fines used in the composition and method of this invention may be obtained from any available source of calcined premium coke by subjecting the coke to grinding to provide the desired particle size material.
  • a convenient source of premium coke is the premium coke dust obtained as a by product of the coke calcining process.
  • the gas discharged from a kiln incidental to the calcination of premium coke includes substantial quantities of dust constituted of fine coke particles. These particles are believed to be produced by wear and breakage of larger coke bodies in the kiln feed incidental to handling and tumbling of the feed inside the kiln. The rapid heating of the coke in the kiln may also contribute to particle formation.
  • the amount of coke discharged from the kiln as fines or dust entrained in the kiln exhaust gases is as much as 5 to 10 percent by weight of the total amount of coke fed to the kiln.
  • the kiln flue gases containing the coke dust are passed through a dust collector or other separator which removes the kiln dust from the gas. Consequently, substantial quantities of this kiln dust accumulate incident to the large scale calcination of petroleum coke.
  • kiln dust represents a substantial fraction of the coke feed to a calciner, it is advantageous to utilize this material as a source of the super fines used in the composition and method of the invention.
  • the coke dust is a very fine material, particularly when compared to the particles of coke which are ordinarily used in the preparation of graphite electrodes, it is still much too large in size to be used in the composition and method of the invention.
  • a typical calcined coke dust has the following approximate composition.
  • 60-80 percent of the dust is of a size of 75 microns or larger.
  • the calcined coke super fine particles used in the process of the invention have an average micron size of between about 1 and about 40 microns, preferably between about 1 and about 8 microns, and more preferably not more than about 5 microns.
  • Calcined coke particles having an average size of 5 microns will usually range in size from less than 1 to about 20 microns with the majority of the particles being in the range of between about 3 and about 12 microns. The above values are based on measurements made with a Malvern Particle Sizer 3600 E-type.
  • the calcined coke super fine particles which are introduced to mixing vessel 40 through line 42 are obtained by grinding calcined coke dust. Any suitable commercially available grinding equipment may be used for this purpose.
  • binder pitch would not be withdrawn from mixing vessel 40 through line 43. Instead, the mixture of tar and calcined coke super fines would be transferred via line 44 to fractionator 46 wherein additional fractionation would take place.
  • lighter materials would be removed from the upper portion of the fractionator through lines 48, 50, and 52.
  • the heaviest material in the fractionator would be removed from the bottom through line 56 and would constitute the binder pitch.
  • a heavy gas oil fraction could be withdrawn from fractionator 46 through line 54 and combined with the feed to fractionator 18. Heavy gas oil from vacuum tower 34 may be combined with this recycle material and a portion of the combined recycle may be added to the fresh feed entering the hydrogenation unit via line 57.
  • the calcined coke super fines are preferably added to the tar leaving the vacuum tower, it is within the scope of the invention to introduce these fines to the system at other points.
  • the fines may be added to the tar leaving the thermal cracker or to the bottoms leaving fractionator 46.
  • binder pitch is usually produced from a coal tar pitch, by fractional distillation of the coal tar. This produces a pitch with the following typical properties:
  • the modified Conradson carbon and micro carbon residue are both indicators of coke value, that is, the amount of coke which will be produced from the binder pitch. If the coke value is too low the density and strength of the graphitized electrode produced from the Pitch will not meet the requirements of the steel industry. Thus maximum coke value is desired.
  • the coke value of the pitch and the softening point are the two most important properties of the pitch. If the softening point of the pitch is too high, it becomes difficult or impossible to extrude the electrodes at the pressures commercially available. With too low a softening point the electrode as extruded will be too soft and will deform. Even if the temperature of extrusion is lowered to solve this problem, the coke value of the resulting electrode will be too low for satisfactory electrode performance.
  • Quinoline insolubles in coal tar pitch are small spherical coke-like particles, generally less than 1 micron, which are formed by vapor phase pyrolysis during distillation of the coal tar.
  • the binder pitch composition of this invention has a Conradson carbon residue (D-2416) between about 50 and about 65 weight Percent, a softening point (D-3104) of between about 95° and about 130° C. and preferably between about 110° and about 120° C., and quinoline insolubles (D-2318) not exceeding 18 weight percent.
  • the binder composition of the invention will contain between about 1 and about 18 weight percent of the super fine calcined coke particles and preferably between about 11 and about 15 weight percent of such particles.
  • the mineral oil feed in this figure is processed in hydrogenation unit 104, flash tower 108, fractionator 118, thermal cracker 128, and vacuum tower 134, in the same manner as was described in the discussion of FIG. 1.
  • the operating conditions employed are similar to or may be the same as those used in the process of FIG. 1.
  • the heavy tar leaving the bottom of fractionator 134 is passed through line 138 to furnace 140 wherein it is further heated and then transferred through conduit 142 to heat soak vessel 144.
  • the tar is subjected to a temperature of from about 600° to about 975° F. for a period of between about 0.0030 and about 200 hours and preferably a temperature from about 750° to about 850° F. for a period of from about 1 to about 15 hours.
  • the heavy material in the heat soak vessel is then passed through line 146 to mixing vessel 148 where it is combined with calcined coke super fines introduced through line 150. After mixing in this vessel is complete, binder pitch is withdrawn from the vessel through line 152.
  • Vapors from heat soak vessel 144 are passed through line 154 to fractionator 156 wherein this material is separated into several fractions, a gaseous material which is removed through line 158, a gasoline fraction removed through line 160 and a light gas oil which is removed via line 162.
  • heavy gas oil may be withdrawn from fractionator 156 and recycled to fractionator 118.
  • Heavy gas oil from the vacuum tower may be combined with this material through line 136 and a portion of the heavy gas oil maybe combined with the feed to the hydrogenation unit through line 166.
  • the calcined coke super fines maybe added at any point in the process after the thermal cracking. That is, either before or after the vacuum tower or before or after the heat soak vessel.
  • Mesophase often forms during heat soaking of petroleum feedstocks. This material may be detrimental to electrode properties when extruding and baking the electrode. Accordingly, the conditions employed during heat soaking are controlled to minimize the formation of mesophase.
  • the topped thermal tar obtained in the process of the invention may be used as impregnation pitch as well as a binder pitch.
  • impregnation pitch is in the baking step of preparing finished electrodes.
  • binder pitches for use in the preparation of premium coke electrodes
  • the process of the invention may also be employed to prepare binder pitches for use in anodes used in the aluminum industry.
  • Aluminum grade coke which is normally used in these binder pitches is of lesser quality than premium coke, e.g. it usually has a higher CTE than premium coke.
  • Petroleum based binder pitches as prepared by the method of the invention also find use as specialty binders which are characterized by higher melting points, up to 150° C. or higher. Such binders may be used in graphite brushes in electric motors, airplane parts, auto brake shoes, etc.
  • a decant oil was hydrotreated using a cobalt-molybdenum on silica alumina catalyst at the following conditions:
  • the hydrotreated slurry oil was then thermally cracked at 950° F. to produce a thermal tar which was distilled in a single-stage vacuum distillation unit under the following conditions:
  • the topped thermal tar from the distillation had the following properties:
  • the topped thermal tar obtained above was blended with the calcined coke super fines to form a petroleum binder pitch with the following properties:
  • CTE coke coefficients of thermal expansion
  • Electrodes with a diameter of 0.75 inches were made using the petroleum binder pitch of Example 1 and the coal tar binder pitch of Example 2 with the following formulation:
  • a petroleum pitch was prepared by topping a thermal tar at the following conditions:
  • the topped thermal tar (21 wt% yield) had the following properties:
  • the topped thermal tar was heat soaked at the following conditions:
  • the heat soaked topped thermal tar had the following properties:
  • a premium grade of calcined coke was ground to produce super fines with the following properties measured by a Malvern Particle Sizer 3600 E-type.
  • the heat-soaked topped thermal tar obtained above was blended with the calcined coke super fines to form a petroleum binder pitch with the following properties:
  • This binder pitch and two coal tar pitches were formulated and extruded to form 0.75-inch electrodes.
  • the formulation and extrusion conditions are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
  • the electrodes described in Table 2 were baked to 900° C. and graphitized to 2900° C. and the properties of the graphitized electrodes were measured.
  • the electrode prepared from the petroleum binder pitch containing 13 weight percent calcined coke super fines had a lower CTE, similar resistivity and higher density than the electrodes made from coal tar pitch.
  • the petroleum binder pitch electrode had as high graphitized density as the electrode from coal tar pitch B and a higher graphitized density than the electrode from the other coat tar pitch.
  • 70-mm electrodes were prepared from the petroleum binder pitch and the coal tar pitch B of Example 4. Another electrode was prepared from petroleum binder pitch which did not contain calcined coke super fines. Another electrode was prepared from petroleum binder pitch containing 13 wt% fines of -35 Tyler Mesh (similar sizing to calcined coke dust). The binder pitch had a softening point (D-3104) of 119° C. The formulation and extrusion conditions are given in Tables 4 and 5.
  • the electrodes were baked to 950° C. and graphitized to 2800° C.
  • the properties of the electrodes are given in Table 6.
  • the graphitized density of the electrode from petroleum pitch with super fines is higher than that of the electrode from petroleum pitch without super fines and is similar to that of the electrode from coal tar pitch B.
  • the CTE of all the electrodes from petroleum pitch is lower than the CTE of the electrode from coal tar pitch.
  • the in situ coking value of the baked petroleum pitch with super fines is higher than that of the baked petroleum pitch without super fines and is similar to that of the baked coal tar pitch B. Comparing the electrodes from petroleum pitch with and without superfines demonstrates the increase in MOR strength which is obtained by the addition of super fines. It is apparent that the strength of the electrodes from binder pitch containing super fines is much greater than that of the electrode which contains ordinary fines (-35 Tyler Mesh).
  • the three topped tars from Example 4 were subjected to heat soaking at various temperatures and for varying time periods.
  • the heat-soaking conditions and the properties of the heat-soaked product are shown in Table 9 and 10.
  • Tar #1 did not meet either softening point or Conradson carbon residue specifications for binder pitch.
  • Tar #2 approached the desired softening point but the Conradson carbon residue was still too low.
  • the THF insolubles increased dramatically in samples 3, 5 and 6, indicating the presence of mesophase in the pitch. As pointed out previously, mesophase is undesirable and is preferably excluded from the binder pitch.
  • Tar #3 met the Conradson carbon residue specifications but the softening points were too high and the THF insolubles were extremely high. It does not appear that vacuum topping followed by heat soaking will produce a specification binder pitch.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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US07/295,425 1989-01-09 1989-01-09 Binder pitch and method of preparation Expired - Lifetime US4959139A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/295,425 US4959139A (en) 1989-01-09 1989-01-09 Binder pitch and method of preparation
CA000614405A CA1333374C (fr) 1989-01-09 1989-09-29 Liant bitumineux et methode pour sa preparation
NO893957A NO174159C (no) 1989-01-09 1989-10-04 Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av et bindemiddelbek
JP1268864A JP2845990B2 (ja) 1989-01-09 1989-10-16 バインダピッチの調製方法
ES90300167T ES2075142T3 (es) 1989-01-09 1990-01-08 Brea aglomerante y metodo de preparacion.
DE69021221T DE69021221T2 (de) 1989-01-09 1990-01-08 Kohlebindemittel und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung.
EP90300167A EP0378326B1 (fr) 1989-01-09 1990-01-08 Brai liant et méthode de sa préparation

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DE (1) DE69021221T2 (fr)
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NO (1) NO174159C (fr)

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US5174891A (en) * 1991-10-29 1992-12-29 Conoco Inc. Method for producing isotropic coke
US5324352A (en) * 1990-08-20 1994-06-28 Indresco Inc. Non-aqueous patching mix and method
US20040104497A1 (en) * 2002-08-27 2004-06-03 Kortovich James William Process of making graphite articles
US20040232041A1 (en) * 2003-05-22 2004-11-25 Marathon Ashland Petroleum Llc Method for making a low sulfur petroleum pitch
US20060073338A1 (en) * 2004-10-01 2006-04-06 Simpson Allen H Formulation for the manufacture of carbon-carbon composite materials
US20080017549A1 (en) * 2006-05-24 2008-01-24 Kennel Elliot B Method of producing synthetic pitch
US20080048154A1 (en) * 2003-09-20 2008-02-28 Djamschid Amirzadeh-Asl Method for Improving the Durability of Carbon or Graphite Electrodes by Using Tio2 -Containing Products
US20080072476A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-27 Kennel Elliot B Process for producing coal liquids and use of coal liquids in liquid fuels
US8449632B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2013-05-28 West Virginia University Sewage material in coal liquefaction
US8465561B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2013-06-18 West Virginia University Hydrogenated vegetable oil in coal liquefaction
US8512551B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2013-08-20 West Virginia University Forming cement as a by-product of coal liquefaction
US8597382B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2013-12-03 West Virginia University Rubber material in coal liquefaction
RU2750991C1 (ru) * 2020-10-25 2021-07-07 Акционерное Общество "Восточный Научно-Исследовательский Углехимический Институт" Способ получения нефтяного пека
CN115093872A (zh) * 2022-06-22 2022-09-23 中国石油大学(华东) 一种包覆沥青及其制备方法和应用

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US6717021B2 (en) 2000-06-13 2004-04-06 Conocophillips Company Solvating component and solvent system for mesophase pitch
ES2254001B1 (es) * 2004-08-10 2007-08-16 Repsol Ypf, S.A. Procedimiento para la obtencion de breas y uso de las mismas.
JP2023117818A (ja) * 2022-02-14 2023-08-24 株式会社レゾナック 黒鉛電極の製造方法及び黒鉛電極製造用バインダーピッチの製造方法
JP7841604B2 (ja) * 2023-07-07 2026-04-07 株式会社レゾナック バインダーピッチの製造方法
CN119790110A (zh) * 2023-07-07 2025-04-08 株式会社力森诺科 碳材制造用粘合剂沥青及碳材的制造方法

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NO174159C (no) 1994-03-23
NO893957L (no) 1990-07-10
NO893957D0 (no) 1989-10-04
JP2845990B2 (ja) 1999-01-13
EP0378326A2 (fr) 1990-07-18
CA1333374C (fr) 1994-12-06
NO174159B (no) 1993-12-13
EP0378326B1 (fr) 1995-08-02
DE69021221T2 (de) 1996-04-04
JPH02258892A (ja) 1990-10-19
DE69021221D1 (de) 1995-09-07
EP0378326A3 (fr) 1991-01-02

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