US5781131A - Data encoding method and data decoding method - Google Patents

Data encoding method and data decoding method Download PDF

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US5781131A
US5781131A US08/693,083 US69308396A US5781131A US 5781131 A US5781131 A US 5781131A US 69308396 A US69308396 A US 69308396A US 5781131 A US5781131 A US 5781131A
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data
length
bit
conversion
codeword
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Yoshihide Shimpuku
Toshiyuki Nakagawa
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Sony Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/14—Digital recording or reproducing using self-clocking codes
    • G11B20/1403—Digital recording or reproducing using self-clocking codes characterised by the use of two levels
    • G11B20/1423—Code representation depending on subsequent bits, e.g. delay modulation, double density code, Miller code
    • G11B20/1426—Code representation depending on subsequent bits, e.g. delay modulation, double density code, Miller code conversion to or from block codes or representations thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T9/00—Image coding
    • G06T9/005—Statistical coding, e.g. Huffman, run length coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M5/00—Conversion of the form of the representation of individual digits
    • H03M5/02—Conversion to or from representation by pulses
    • H03M5/04—Conversion to or from representation by pulses the pulses having two levels
    • H03M5/14—Code representation, e.g. transition, for a given bit cell depending on the information in one or more adjacent bit cells, e.g. delay modulation code, double density code
    • H03M5/145—Conversion to or from block codes or representations thereof

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an encoding method and apparatus, a decoding method and apparatus and an information recording medium. More particularly, it relates to an encoding method and apparatus for recording data to a high density on an information recording medium, a decoding method and apparatus and the information recording medium.
  • the signal recording characteristics are deteriorated in general in a high frequency range. This is known as the modulation transfer factor and represents the high range deterioration characteristics proper to optical recording.
  • the magnetic recording system also suffers from such high range deterioration characteristics ascribable to e.g., a head gap.
  • the block code is also termed the (d,k;m,n;r) code, where d is the minimum number of contiguous symbols "0" and k denotes the maximum number of contiguous symbols "0".
  • the playback output is deteriorated significantly in the higher range such that the signal to noise ratio is diminished and hence it becomes impossible to improve the recording density and the signal band.
  • the values of the minimum length between transitions Tmin and the window margin TW of the conventional block code known as (2,7;1,2;4) or (2,7 RLL) cannot be said to be sufficiently large values, such that it has been desired to increase these values further.
  • the present invention has been completed in view of the foregoing and aims at realizing recording/reproduction at a higher density.
  • the present invention provides a data encoding method for converting a (m i) bit based data word string into a (n i) bit based codeword string.
  • the method includes a first step of receiving a (m i) bit based data word string, a second step of finding a constraint length specifying the length of a data word which is to be converted and which is a constituent of the (m i) bit based data word string, a third step of finding on which number of m bits, divided from the data word string as a unit, falls the leading end bit of the data word now to be converted, a fourth step of selecting one of a plurality of conversion tables constituting the variable length tables and at least satisfy the minimum run length d, in accordance with the results of decision in the third step, and a fifth step of generating a codeword corresponding to the data word, now to be converted, in accordance with the conversion table selected by the fourth step.
  • a (m i) bit based data word string is received, and the constraint length specifying the length of a data word now to be converted is decided, while it is decided on which bit number of the m bits falls the leading end bit of the data word now to be converted.
  • the constraint length and the results of decision one of plural conversion tables satisfying at least the minimum run length d and each constituting a variable length table is selected.
  • a codeword corresponding to a data word now to be converted is generated.
  • the present invention provides a data decoding method for converting a (n i) bit based codeword string into a (m i) bit based data word string.
  • the data decoding method includes a first step of receiving a (n i) bit based codeword string, a second step of finding the conversion length of a codeword which is to be converted and which is a constituent of the (n i) bit based codeword string, a third step of deciding on which bit number of m bits, divided as a unit from the data word already obtained, falls the trailing end bit of the data word already obtained, a fourth step of selecting one of a plurality of conversion tables each constituting a variable length table in accordance with the conversion length and the results of decision in the third step, and a fifth step of generating a data word associated with the codeword, now to be converted, in accordance with the conversion table selected in the fourth step.
  • the codeword string satisfies at least the rule of the minimum run-length d.
  • the (n i) bit based codeword string is received, the conversion length specifying the length of the codeword now to be converted is decided, while it is also decided on which bit number falls the trailing bit of the data word already obtained.
  • one of the plural conversion tables each constituting a variable length table is selected by each conversion table, and the data word corresponding to the codeword now to be converted is generated.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing an arrangement of an encoder embodying the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F illustrate the operation of the encoder shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between the MTF of the code in the encoder of FIG. 1 and the normalized spatial frequency.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram showing an arrangement of a decoder for decoding the data encoded by the encoder of FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5I and 5J illustrate merging bits.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the effect of the merging bits.
  • FIGS. 1 to 4 An illustrative embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, wherein FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of an encoder embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the operation of the encoder shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between the MTF of the (2,17) code in the encoder of FIG. 1 and the standardization spatial frequency.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram showing an arrangement of a decoder for decoding the data encoded by the encoder of FIG. 1.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is an encoder for encoding digital data into the (2,15;6,11) code.
  • the information is recorded on an information recording medium based upon encoded codewords.
  • the (2,15;6,11) code is first explained.
  • the (2,15;6,11) code encodes input 6-bit data into a 11-bit codeword.
  • the 6-bit input data can be connected on the bit basis.
  • plural different sorts of conversion tables are repeatedly used in the bit sequence of the input data for encoding into 11 bits.
  • the numbers of codes required for bit-by-bit increase are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 or 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17.
  • six sorts of the conversion tables are required from one constraint length to another.
  • the voluminous conversion tables are repeatedly used for encoding, the conversion efficiency is undesirably lowered.
  • six sorts of the conversion tables, associated with input data strings with constraint lengths r of from 7 to 9, are used, and original digital data is converted into codewords without deficit or surplus for thereby increasing the conversion efficiency.
  • the number of the table to be used next is found by (the total number of bits up to now)/ 6+1.
  • the manner of modulation in such case is as follows: If the leading end of the data word to be converted is the logical "1", it is judged how many logical "1"s appear consecutively. If six or more logical "1"s appear consecutively, the conversion operation is controlled so that such data word will be converted into special codewords specified in the tables.
  • the rank (rnk), the number of required codes N, the number of actual codes M and the number of residual codes D for the basic code (m, n) in Tables 2-1 to 2-6 are shown in Tables 3-1 to 3-6.
  • digital data to be encoded are sequentially entered at a shift register 1 in synchronism with data clocks so that e.g., 9-bit data are stored in the shift register 1.
  • Output data of the shift register 1 are supplied to an encoder 2 where the constraint length r and the table number are identified and the identified results and data are outputted to a selector 3.
  • the input data are outputted to one of m-n conversion tables (1 ⁇ m ⁇ 9, 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 17) stored in the ROM 4.
  • the 1-1 conversion table is a table among the conversion tables of Tables 2-1 to 2-6 which is configured for converting 1-bit input data to a 1-bit codeword
  • the 1-2 conversion table is a table among the conversion tables of Tables 2-1 to 2-6 which is configured for converting 1-bit input data to a 2-bit codeword
  • the m-n conversion table is a table for converting m-bit input data into n-bit codeword.
  • the Tables 2-1 to 2-6 above specify the m-n conversion tables as the destination of storage of the bit-based conversion tables.
  • the 1-1 conversion table up to the 9-17 conversion table have the conversion tables shown in Table 4.
  • the table numbers in Tables 4 specify conversion tables of Tables 2-1 to 2-6.
  • the codewords resulting from conversion in the m-n conversion table are outputted to a multiplexer 5 which then synthesizes codewords outputted from plural m-n conversion tables to output the resulting synthesized codewords to a buffer 6.
  • the synthesized codewords, outputted from the buffer 6, are outputted to a data formatter 7 based upon channel clocks from a clock generator 8 generating channel clocks synchronized with data clocks.
  • the data formatter 7 converts the synthesized codewords into recording codes for recording by e.g., non-return to zero inverted (NRZI).
  • the recording codes are interleaved and error detection/correction codes or synchronization signals are appended to the interleaved codes to coded data conforming to a pre-set format.
  • the coded data are recorded on a disc 10 or optically recorded on a master.
  • a stamper is fabricated from the master for mass-producing replica discs 10.
  • the constraint length r and the table number are determined by the encoder 2 from 9-bit data stored in the shift register 1.
  • the encoder 2 controls the selector 3 responsive to the results so that the selector outputs data to one of the m-n conversion tables of the ROM 4. If the constraint length r is determined to be 1, the data is supplied to the 1-1 conversion table or to the 1-2 conversion table for conversion to codes "0" or "00". To which of the 1-1 conversion table and the 1-2 conversion tables the data is to be fed is determined by the table number.
  • the table 1 having the number 1 is selected as the conversion table. If the data is "0011" and the constraint length is 4, conversion by the Table 4-1 stored in the 4-7 conversion table is carried out for converting the data to a code "0000010".
  • the first input data means recording data directly after the start position as set by e.g. a synchronization signal.
  • the remaining recording data (first data) are similarly converted by the conversion table associated with Table 2-1.
  • the encoder 2 judges the constraint length r from the binary data as follows: Since the data is the first data, the table 2-1 is selected as the conversion table. As shown in Table 2-1, data "0", “00", "000” or "0001" are not provided in the Table 2-1. Thus the next data "00011” is first selected as the relevant bit string. Thus the encoder 2 judges the constraint length r to be 5. Thus the first five bits "00011” are converted by the conversion table of the Table 2-1 stored in the 5-9 conversion table to "010000010".
  • the codeword thus generated by conversion, is routed to the buffer 6, where it is synchronized with channel clocks from the clock generator 8 shown in FIG. 2F, and thence supplied to the formatter 7.
  • the formatter 7 generates, from the codeword, the NRZI recording signals, as shown in FIG. 2e, and records the NRZI recording signals on the disc 10.
  • the digital data having the start position as specified by the synchronization signal (SYNC signal) is encoded by accessing the m-n conversion tables in the ROM 4 based upon the constraint length r and the table number.
  • T denotes the clock interval for data to be modulated.
  • the corresponding values for the conventional (2,7 RLL) and EFM are also shown.
  • the minimum length between transitions Tmin is 1.64/1.5 for (2,7 RLL), thus being larger by about 9.3%, while the window margin TW is 0.55/0.5 for (2,7 RLL) thus being larger by 10%.
  • the product Tmin*TW for (2,7 RLL) is 0.893/0.75 thus being larger by 19%.
  • the window margin TW equivalent to an eye-pattern customarily employed as an evaluation waveform for data detection, is higher by about 17% in the instant embodiment than with EFM for the same code recording density. That is, the data detection margin becomes wider so that data detection may be carried out more easily than conventionally even for the high density recording state.
  • FIG. 3 shows the ranges of the normalized spatial frequency for the cases in which the code is recorded by the (2,17) encoding system of the instant embodiment and by the EFM system with the same recording density. It is seen that the normalized spatial frequency for EFM is extended in a range from 1.0 to 0.19, while that for (2,17 RLL) system is comprised in a range from 0.85 to 0.1. That is, the lower frequency suffices and hence a higher recording density may be achieved in the present embodiment.
  • the description of the instant embodiment is made with reference to an encoding device, the instant embodiment may be easily adapted for a decoding device.
  • the decoding device shown in FIG. 4 reproduces data recorded by NRZI on the disc 10 as an information recording medium by a reproducing device 30 and outputs the reproduced output to a deformatter 31 and a reference clock generating circuit 32.
  • the deformatter 31 processes the NRZI codes with deinterleaving or error detection/correction and converts the processes codes into codewords.
  • the reference clock generating circuit 32 detects clock bits recorded on the disc 10 and generates reference clocks by e.g., a PLL circuit.
  • the codewords outputted by the deformatter 31 are outputted at a conversion length judgment circuit 34 and a synchronization detection circuit 40.
  • the conversion length judgment circuit 34 judges the conversion length and the table number.
  • the synchronization detection circuit 40 detects the synchronization signals appended to the codes for identifying the demarcation points (FIG. 2D) for controlling the readout timing for the converted data from a ROM 36.
  • the codewords outputted from the deformatter 31 are outputted via the conversion length decision circuit 34 to a selector 35.
  • the codewords are decoded by the selector 35, ROM 36 and a multiplexor 37 so as to be outputted to a buffer 38.
  • the ROM 36 has stored therein substantially the same conversion tables as those stored in the ROM 4 shown in FIG. 1. That is, the ROM 36 has stored therein the 1-1 conversion table to the 9-17 conversion table shown in Tables 2-1 to 2-6 and 4-1 to 4-6 and converts the codes supplied from the selector 35 into data which are outputted to the multiplexed 37. Thus the ROM 36 performs the back conversion which is the reverse of the conversion performed by the ROM 4.
  • the buffer 38 outputs recorded data in synchronism with the reference clocks from a reference clock generating circuit 32.
  • the deformatter 31 processes data reproduced from the disc 10 with deinterleaving and error detection/correction and outputs the resulting processed data to the conversion length decision circuit 34 and to the synchronization detection circuit 40.
  • the synchronization detection circuit 40 detects synchronization signals (demarcation signals) inserted between neighboring codewords contained in the input codeword (FIG. 2D, such as X position).
  • the conversion length decision circuit 34 determines the conversion length of the codes (codeword length) based upon the synchronization signals (demarcation signals) detected by the synchronization detection circuit 40.
  • the conversion length decision circuit 34 determines the sequence of the conversion tables as in the case of the encoder 2 of FIG. 1 for judging the conversion table number for each codeword based upon the determined sequence and outputs the codeword and the table number to the selector 35.
  • the selector 35 outputs the input codeword to the conversion table having the relevant conversion length and table number.
  • the input codeword is "01000001001000001001000100010"
  • the first code "010000010" is extracted in dependence upon the demarcation signal. Since the 9-bit codeword is the first codeword, it is furnished to the 5-9 conversion table of the conversion table of the table number 1 so as to be converted into data "00011".
  • the table selected next is the Table 2-6, as indicated in Table 2-1.
  • the code "010000010” extracted in dependence upon the next demarcation signal is converted into data "00011” in accordance with Table 2-6.
  • Table 2-5 is then selected in accordance with Table 2-6, so that the next codeword "0100" is converted into data "01” in accordance with Table 2-5.
  • Table 2-1 is then selected as the next table in accordance with Table 2-5.
  • the next codeword "0100010” is converted into data "0010".
  • the data converted in this manner in the respective conversion tables are synthesized by the multiplexed 37 to a data "0001100011010010" which is outputted via the buffer 38 to a downstream side circuit, not shown.
  • Tables 6 and 7 show other embodiments of the conversion tables.
  • Tables 6 and 7 represent modified embodiments of the conversion tables.
  • the conversion tables are constituted by respective five tables.
  • data "11” is converted into a codeword "000”. That is, while encoding is performed on the bit basis in the embodiments shown in Tables 1 and 2, encoding is performed in the present embodiment on the two-bit basis.
  • the values of m,n;r of the conversion tables are set so as to be the same or different from one table to another.
  • the value of d in the codestring is set so as to be constant.
  • the values of m and n in the ultimate codestring are 6 and 11, respectively, while the value of k in the codestring is 15 in both of the embodiments of Tables 6 and 7.
  • a merging bit appending circuit 21 may be provided in the encoding device as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the merging bit appending circuit 21 is fed with the demarcation signals (synchronization signals) from the encoder 2, while being also fed from the multiplexer 5 with synthesized codewords supplied from the conversion tables.
  • the dc components of the supplied codestring are calculated and merging bits which will decrease the dc components are found.
  • the merging bits 0 or 1 are appended at positions corresponding to the pre-set synchronization signals and the codestring having the merging bits appended thereto is returned to the multiplexer 5.
  • the merging bit appending circuit 21 appends "0" and "1" as merging bits for decreasing and increasing the dc components, respectively.
  • DSV digital sum value
  • the merging bits may be determined by adding the DSV prevailing before code insertion to the DSV after code insertion and by selecting such a code which will diminish the absolute sum value.
  • the interval of the insertion of the merging bits is inversely proportional to the low-range cut-off frequency of the codestring.
  • the interval of insertion of the merging bits is explained in detail in U.S. Ser. No. 08/147,836 and in corresponding JP Patent Kokai Publication JP-A-HEI 06-197,024 (date of Kokai publication, Jul. 15, 1994).
  • the merging bit inserting interval in a continuous codestring is an integer number multiple of 11. For example, if the interval between the 11th and 12th bits is the initial merging bit inserting position, the interval between the 22nd and 23rd bits and the interval between the 33rd and 34th bits represent the merging bit inserting positions.
  • the merging bit inserting interval is the interval between a position corresponding to an integer number multiple of 44 and the next adjacent code
  • the previous channel bits are "XX001"
  • the next channel bits are "00001X” and the merging bit "1” needs to be appended
  • the previous channel bits "XX001” are left and the merging bit "0” is appended, as shown in FIG. 5H.
  • the second bit of the next channel bits are changed from “0" to "1” so that the next channel bits become "01001X”.
  • the output level (dB) in the low frequency range may be lowered as indicated by a curve A in FIG. 9 as compared to a curve B for the case of not appending the merging bits.
  • a curve C stands for characteristics in case the 8-15 converted codes are controlled by DSV control. It is seen that the curve A in the above embodiment has a lower output level in the low frequency range.
  • the ordinate stands for an output in dB and the abscissa the relative frequency with the channel clock frequency set to unity (1).
  • the actual frequency is the channel clock frequency multiplied by the coefficient of FIG. 6.
  • Tables 8 to 10 represent embodiments of further conversion tables. In these embodiments, five sorts of the conversion tables 1 to 5 are used in this sequence for encoding and decoding.
  • a data word string in terms of (m i) bits as a unit are converted into a codeword string in terms of (n i) bits as a unit.
  • the data word string in terms of (m i) bits as a unit is received and the constraint length specifying the length of the data word now to be converted is judged, while it is also judged to which one of the m bits responds the leading bit of the data word now to be converted.
  • one of plural conversion tables satisfying at least the minimum run length d and constituting the variable length tables is selected and, depending on the selected conversion table, the codeword corresponding to the data word now to be converted is generated for increasing the product of the minimum length between transitions and the window margin for enabling high density data recording on the information recording medium.
  • a codeword string in terms of (n i) bits as a unit are converted into a data word string in terms of (m i) bits as a unit.
  • the data word string in terms of (n i) bits as a unit is received and the conversion length specifying the length of the codeword now to be converted is judged, while it is also judged to which one of the m bits corresponds the trailing bit of the data word already obtained.
  • one of plural conversion tables each representing the variable length table is selected and, depending on the selected conversion table, the data word corresponding to the codeword now to be converted is generated for enabling accurate decoding of codes recorded to a high density on the information recording medium.

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JP6-306754 1994-12-12
JP30675494 1994-12-12
JP22839195 1995-09-05
JP7-228391 1995-09-05
PCT/JP1995/002542 WO1996019044A1 (fr) 1994-12-12 1995-12-12 Procede de codage de donnees et procede de decodage de donnees

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TW324099B (en) 1998-01-01
WO1996019044A1 (fr) 1996-06-20
AU693967B2 (en) 1998-07-09
PL315845A1 (en) 1996-12-09
AU4124196A (en) 1996-07-03
EP0744838A1 (fr) 1996-11-27
PL180295B1 (pl) 2001-01-31
CA2182584A1 (fr) 1996-06-20
EP0744838A4 (fr) 1999-05-06
CN1145146A (zh) 1997-03-12

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