US6121245A - Method of treating cancer using alkylglycerols in conjunction with chemotherapy - Google Patents

Method of treating cancer using alkylglycerols in conjunction with chemotherapy Download PDF

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US6121245A
US6121245A US08/791,757 US79175797A US6121245A US 6121245 A US6121245 A US 6121245A US 79175797 A US79175797 A US 79175797A US 6121245 A US6121245 A US 6121245A
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chemotherapeutic agent
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alkylglycerols
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malignant tumor
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Richard N. Firshein
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca

Definitions

  • Alkylglycerols are lipids with a glycerol backbone, to which fatty acid derivatives are coupled by means of an ether bond instead of the ester bond that characterizes most mono-di-and triglycerides and related phospholipids.
  • the ether lipids are present in high concentrations in human bone marrow, spleen and liver (Horrocks, 1972). They contain both saturated and mono-unsaturated 16- and 18- carbon fatty acids. Some are methyl/methoxy-substituted at the fatty acid in the 1-position (Boeryd et al.) or in the 2-position. (Hermann et al.)
  • alkylglycerols are in most cases esterified with fatty acids of 16-18 C-atoms, sometimes unsaturated. It is of interest to point out the similarity in size and structure between these esters and the triglycerides.
  • Sandler was the first to show that treatment with the alkylether batyl alcohol had a hematopoietic effect in rats as well as in human subjects. His results have been confirmed by Arturson and Lindback, who found that mice treated with batyl alcohol showed an increase both in the erythrocyte and in the reticulocyte count.
  • Brohult and Holmberg (1954) used the unsaponifiable portion of different bone marrow fats as well as preparations containing esters of alkylglycerols in child leukemia. A maturing effect on the white blood cells was observed. This preliminary investigation was followed up by experiments employing alkylglycerols in irradiation leucopenia. (Alexander et al., 1959)
  • alkylglycerols were isolated from Greenland shark liver (Somniosus microcephalus) by molecular distillation followed by hydrolysis.
  • alkylglycerols or their esters inhibit, to a certain extent, the decrease of both megacaryocytes and nucleated cells in the bone marrow in connection with irradiation.
  • the aim of Brohult's early investigations was to study the effect of alkyldiacylglycerols on granulocytopenia after radiation. When the results were analyzed later, it was found that patients given alkyldiacylglycerols had a higher survival rate than the controls. When comparing the groups, standardized proportions of stages were used. The radiation treatment was the same for the two groups. After 3 years, the group treated with alkyldiacylglycerols showed a higher survival rate that the controls, and after 5 years the survival rate was still higher, and the difference was significant (p ⁇ 0.05). It is interesting to note that the survival rate was higher for all tumor stages in patients treated with ether lipids than in the corresponding control groups.
  • methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols in the feed stimulates the immune reactivity in mice against red blood cells as determined by the number of plaque-forming cells. Further the methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols stimulated cellular immunoreactivity as demonstrated by the increased ability of parenteral spleen cells to endure a graft-versus-host reaction in hybrid mice.
  • alkylglycerols in the Greenland shark liver oil consists of methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols with the methoxy group in the 1-position.
  • Chemotherapy for cancer has essentially remained the same for the last twenty years. There have been several variations of the standard CMF, CMFVP, CMFT, and CAF, but no breakthrough in new modalities or combination treatments that have yet proven effective.
  • Methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols have been shown to inhibit tumor growth in cultured cell lines. (Hallgrasen et al., 1978). Recent studies postulate that these substances can both stimulate the immune system and inhibit tumors.
  • Alkylglycerols may exert their beneficial effects by modifying membrance structure and function and by altering signal transduction.
  • Membrane fatty acids can be altered by diet in animals. Such modifications can alter the membrane fluidity and possibly alter the cellular transport mechanisms.
  • Sebokova concluded in rat models that the changes in the type of oil administered to rats changed plasma membrane contents and binding capacities of the gonadotropin receptor.
  • Other studies by Luo et al found that dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids changed membrane potentials. Clandinin et al questioned whether diet could be used to induce formation of membrane structures that are more resistant to specific insults through the use of omega-3 fatty acids.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a malignant tumor comprising of malignant tumor cells in a subject by administering to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent and an alkylglycerol, each in an amount effective to kill malignant tumor cells or inhibit malignant tumor cell proliferation, thereby treating the tumor.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating a malignant tumor comprising of malignant tumor cells in a subject by administering to the subject a compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic acyl groups of at most 24 carbon atoms, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group consisting of straight, branched, saturated and unsaturated alkoxy groups of at most 7 carbon atoms, and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of straight and branched alkyl and alkenyl groups of 4 to 21 carbon atoms; and a chemotherapeutic agent, each in an amount effective to kill malignant tumor cells or inhibit malignant tumor cell proliferation thereby treating the tumor.
  • FIG. 1 shows the response of ten biopsies to chemotherapeutic agents alone as compared to alkylglycerol alone as compared to the combination of chemotherapeutic agent with the alkylglycerol.
  • FIG. 2 shows the response of five biopsies to chemotherapeutic agents alone as compared to fish oil alone as compared to the combination of chemotherapeutic agent with the fish oil.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a malignant tumor comprising of malignant tumor cells in a subject by administering to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent and an alkylglycerol, each in an amount effective to kill malignant tumor cells or inhibit malignant tumor cell proliferation, thereby treating the tumor.
  • the tumor may be infiltrating duct carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or colon cancer.
  • the subject is a mammal such as a human.
  • the alkylglycerol is shark liver oil or a methoxy-substituted analog thereof.
  • more than one chemotherapeutic agent is administered and/or more than one alkylglycerol is administered.
  • the administration of the chemotherapeutic agent follows administration of the alkylglycerol.
  • chemotherapeutic agent is administered together with the alkylglycerol.
  • the administration of the chemotherapeutic agent is oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, topical, or intravenous in the form of a liposome.
  • chemotherapeutic agent and/or the alkylglycerol is administered with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the effective amount of the alkylglycerol or an analog thereof is from about 1 g/Kg of body weight to 10 g/Kg of body weight.
  • the effective amount of the alkylglycerol or an analog thereof is 300 mg per day.
  • the subject invention provides a method of treating a malignant tumor comprising of malignant tumor cells in a subject by administering to the subject a compound having the formula: ##STR2## where R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic acyl groups of at most 24 carbon atoms, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group consisting of straight, branched, saturated and unsaturated alkoxy groups of at most 7 carbon atoms, and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of straight and branched alkyl and alkenyl groups of 4 to 21 carbon atoms; and a chemotherapeutic agent, each in an amount effective to kill malignant tumor cells or inhibit malignant tumor cell proliferation thereby treating the tumor.
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic acyl groups of at most 24 carbon atoms
  • one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group
  • the subject invention provides a method of treating a malignant tumor comprising of malignant tumor cells in a subject by administering to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent, and a fish oil, each in an amount effective to kill malignant tumor cells or inhibit malignant tumor cell proliferation, thereby treating the tumor.
  • the fish oil is docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid.
  • tumor cells are cells which originate from a tumor, i.e., from a new growth of different or abnormal tissue.
  • the tumor cells may exist as part of the tumor mass, or may exist as free-floating cells detached from the tumor mass from which they originate.
  • the methods of the present invention are useful in the treatment of mammalian tumors, including human tumors.
  • tumors include, but are not limited to, adrenocarcinomas, glioblastomas (and other brain tumors), breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, gastric, liver, lung (small cell and non-small cell), lymphomas (including non-Hodgkin's, Burkitt's, diffuse large cell, follicular and diffuse Hodgkin's), melanoma (metastatic), neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, ovarian, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas, testicular and other tumors which respond to chemotherapy.
  • adrenocarcinomas include, but are not limited to, adrenocarcinomas, glioblastomas (and other brain tumors), breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, gastric, liver, lung (small cell and non-small cell), lymphomas
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to treat tumors, including experimentally induced cancer tumors, in any type of mammal including humans, commonly used laboratory animals such as rats, mice, rabbits and dogs, primates such as monkeys, and horses, cats and other animals.
  • the methods of the present invention can be practiced with any type of chemotherapy agent.
  • the chemotherapy agent will be selected with reference to factors such as the type of cancer tumor and the efficacy of the chemotherapy agent for treating the cancer tumor involved.
  • the chemotherapy agent may be selected from alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, hormones and antagonists and other types of compounds.
  • alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, the nitrogen mustards (i.e. the 2-chloroethylamines) such as, for example, chloromethine, chlorambucil, melphalan, uramustine, mannomustine, extramustine phosphate, mechlor-thaminoxide, cyclophosphamide, ifosamide and trifosfamide; alkylating agents having a substituted aziridine group such as, for example, tretamine, thiotepa, triaziquone and mitomycin; alkylating agents of the alkyl sulfonate type, such as, for example, busulfan, and piposulfan; alkylating N-alkyl-N-nitrosourea derivatives such as, for example, carmustine, lomustine, semustine or streptozotocine; alkylating agents of the mitobronitole, dacarbazine and procarbazine type;
  • antimetabolites include, but are not limited to, folic acid derivatives such as, for example, methotrexate, aminopterin and 3'-dichloromethotrexate; pyrimidine derivatives such as, for example, 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, tegafur, cytarabine, idoxuridine, and flucytosine; purine derivatives such as, for example, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, azathioprine, tiamiprine, vidarabine, pentostatin and puromycin.
  • folic acid derivatives such as, for example, methotrexate, aminopterin and 3'-dichloromethotrexate
  • pyrimidine derivatives such as, for example, 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, tegafur, cytarabine, idoxuridine, and flucytosine
  • purine derivatives such as, for example, mercaptopurine, thi
  • natural products include, but are not limited to, vinca alkaloids such as for example vinblastine and vincristine; epipodophylotoxins such as, for example, etoposide, and teniposide; antibiotics such as, for example, adrimycin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, mithramycin, bleomycin and mitomycin; enzymes such as, for example, L-asparaginase; biological response modifiers such as, for example, alphainterferon; camptothecin; taxol; and retinoids such as retinoic acid.
  • vinca alkaloids such as for example vinblastine and vincristine
  • epipodophylotoxins such as, for example, etoposide, and teniposide
  • antibiotics such as, for example, adrimycin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin
  • a solid carrier can include one or more substances which may also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in admixture with the finely divided active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain up to 99% of the active ingredient.
  • Suitable solid carriers include, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins.
  • Liquid carriers are used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and pressurized compositions.
  • the active ingredient can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats.
  • the liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators.
  • suitable examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (partially containing additives as above, e.g.
  • cellulose derivatives preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution
  • alcohols including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g. fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil).
  • the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate.
  • Sterile liquid carriers are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration.
  • the liquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellent.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions can be utilized by for example, intramuscular, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously.
  • the active ingredient may be prepared as a sterile solid composition which may be dissolved or suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectable medium.
  • Carriers are intended to include necessary and inert binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings.
  • the active ingredient can be administered orally in the form of a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents, for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic, bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like.
  • a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents, for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic, bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixirs, and suspensions.
  • forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions.
  • the fluorescent cytoprint in vitro assay was designed to measure the effectiveness of specific chemotherapy drugs in destroying individual patients' cancer cells.
  • Tumor tissue samples were "sandwiched" between two thin papers coated with collagen and supported by small grids at the surface of the culture medium. This technique assured the tumor samples, called “micro-organs” (300-500 viable tumor cells having the same structure and function of the original tumor) would be stationary and could be monitored over time under the microscope and photographed.
  • the tissue samples were then exposed to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents and examined to see how many and which micro-organs had been killed. Drugs were also tested in varying concentrations.
  • Each specimen was placed in a tube with transport medium and shipped overnight in a freezer pack to Analytical Biosystems. Upon arrival the specimen was transferred to a laminar flow hood for processing and assay. A sample of 1 gram of viable tumor tissue was sufficient for assay of the treatments at three different concentrations. The specimen was centrifuged, washed with fresh medium, and after mincing, collagenase was added. The culture was then incubated for 18-24 hours.
  • micro-organ cultures were prepared. Tumor fragments were collected by centrifugation, washed, and resuspended in media. After 30 minutes in the dark, large fragments (100-1500 cells) were planted in a matrix of cellulose fibers impregnated with collagen. These micro-organ cultures were placed on stainless steel screen supports located in each well of a 24-well tissue culture plate. Medium was added so that the culture sat at the liquid gas interface and was fed by capillary action through the cellulose matrix. Cultures were returned to the incubator for 24 hours.
  • Cytotoxicity loss of fluorescent micro-organs was assessed by comparing photographic and fluorescent cytoprints taken before and after treatment. Results of the cytotoxicity was reported as "sensitive” (greater than 90% cell death); “intermediate” (between 25 and 90% cell death), and “resistant” (less than 25% cell death). Tumor growth and viability was indicated by comparing changes in shape and size of the micro-organs following drug treatment with the initial cytoprints of untreated cultures of the same specimen (control).
  • the patients possessed the following characteristics: Six patients had breast cancer, one had metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung, one had mesothelioma, one had colon cancer, and one had renal cancer.
  • Another patient had an improvement in their sensitivity from Resistant to Intermediate, and in one case there was no improvement noted.
  • the patient with adenocarcinoma in this group had an inadequate tissue sample, and we were unable to compare results.
  • One of these patients was also tested with a specific fraction of alkylglycerol, methoxyglycerol. When this compound was added to one of the tumor cultures in combination with doxorubicin the highest response rate was seen, and the tumor went from approximately 90% sensitivity to greater than 90% sensitivity. With fluorouracil alone, the tumor was Resistant, and exhibited Intermediate sensitivity when used in combination with the methoxyglycerol.
  • the sample was resistant to all chemotherapeutic agents when given alone.
  • the tumor response was at 90%.
  • the second lung cancer patient sample was a metastatic lesion from a primary colon cancer.
  • This sample was Resistant to doxorubicin and showed an Intermediate sensitivity to fluorouracil. When exposed to alkylglycerols the sensitivity increased to Intermediate level in combination with doxorubicin, and further increased to Sensitive in combination with fluorouracil. This was found to be the case in both the mid dose and the high dose groups.
  • the tumor showed an Intermediate sensitivity to doxorubicin and fluorouracil, and was resistant to an additional chemotherapeutic agent, vinblastine.
  • an additional chemotherapeutic agent vinblastine.
  • alkylglycerol/doxorubicin combination more than 80% of the tumor was killed. However, this did not meet the 90% or better criteria.
  • Alkylglycerols in combination with chemotherapeutic agents inhibit tumor cell growth and augment the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents in tumor cell culture.
  • Doxorubicin is believed to work by its ability to penetrate the cell membrane of tumors, ultimately poisoning its target cell.
  • Alkylglycerols, and in particular, the sub-fraction, methoxyglycerol concentrate in tumor cells at a rate (one hundred to one thousand times) more than in healthy, normal cells.
  • the addition of alkylglycerols may inhibit tumor cell defenses which would normally restrict the uptake of doxorubicin causing the tumor cell to become more susceptible to the chemotherapeutic agent. They may also prevent replication of tumor cells by altering the structure of the lipid membrane thus causing increased fragility of tumor cells. Further evaluation of the role of alkylglycerols in cancer therapy based on the results of this study may prove beneficial.
  • alkyllysophospholipids without the 2-methoxy group in the glycerol part can activate macrophages in the bone marrow.
  • ordinary glycerolethers after incorporation into phospholipids, can activate the body's immune defense system.
  • the German researchers think that the macrophage stimulating effects of alkyllysophospholipids explain the effect of these substances on tumors and tumor spread.
  • Tumor cells have only a low activity of enzymes which can break down ethers. This means that alkylethers are incorporated into the cell membrane's phospholipids which are then recognized and attacked by macrophages which have a high activity of ether catabolic enzymes.
  • the shark liver oil preparation that we used contained 2-3 percent methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols.
  • the methoxy group may block and disturb the cell membranes more than the ordinary alkylglycerols.
  • PAF Platelet activating factor
  • the protective effect of the mixture of methoxy, substituted and unsubstituted against leucopenia and thrombocytopenia might be due to the unsubstituted alkylglycerols, as a stimulatory effect on the bone marrow has been demonstrated for both chimyl alcohol and batyl alcohol. It has been shown that batyl alcohol promotes the growth of Lactobacillus Lactis (Brohult, 1963), while the methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols have shown an antibiotic effect in vitro against several types of bacteria (Hallgren, 1983). We are thus dealing with different compounds with different working mechanisms.
  • the protective effect against local radiation injuries (Brohult et al., 1977) might be explained by a membrane effect of the alkylglycerols, leading to an increase in the radiation sensitivity of the tumor in relation to the normal tissue.
  • the methoxy-substituted alkylglycerols have been found to inhibit tumor growth in cultured cells. (Hallgren et al., 1978)
  • chemotherapeutic agents become more effective when accompanied by the administration of alkylglycerols.
  • the administration of a chemotherapeutic agent together with an alkylglycerol results in tumor cell kill that is higher than the tumor cell kill achieved by administration of each component separately, i.e. the combination has a synergistic effect.
  • Tumor Pathologic Diagnosis Infiltrating carcinoma Specimen Anatomic Site: Right breast mass Results indicated an equal Intermediate sensitivity to fish oil alone, fish oil in combination with cytotoxic agents, and cytotoxic agents alone.
  • Tumor Pathologic Diagnosis Infiltrating duct carcinoma, moderately differentiated Specimen Anatomic Site: Right breast Results indicated Resistance to fish oil alone, a better than 90% Sensitivity when the fish oil was combined with cytotoxic agents, and an Intermediate sensitivity to the cytotoxic agents used alone.
  • Tumor Pathologic Diagnosis Mesothelioma Specimen Anatomic Site: Pleural mass Results indicated Resistance to fish oil alone, a better than 90% Sensitivity when the fish oil was combined with cytotoxic agents, and a Resistance to Intermediate response when the cytotoxic agents were used alone.
  • Tumor Pathologic Diagnosis Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, grade III Specimen Anatomic Site: Left breast Results indicated Resistance to fish oil alone, and Intermediate sensitivity when fish oil was used with the cytotoxic agents, and an Intermediate sensitivity to the cytotoxic agents alone.
  • Tumor Pathologic Diagnosis Adenocarcinoma Specimen Anatomic Site: Right lung. Results indicated Resistance to fish oil alone, a 90% Sensitivity when the fish oil was combined with cytotoxic agents, and a Resistance to Intermediate sensitivity to the cytotoxic agents alone.

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US08/791,757 US6121245A (en) 1997-01-29 1997-01-29 Method of treating cancer using alkylglycerols in conjunction with chemotherapy
AU62490/98A AU6249098A (en) 1997-01-29 1998-01-27 Method of treating cancer using alkylglycerols in conjunction with chemotherapy
PCT/US1998/001411 WO1998032447A1 (fr) 1997-01-29 1998-01-27 Methode de traitement du cancer par utilisation d'alkylglycerols en association avec la chimiotherapie
EP98904676A EP1011685A4 (fr) 1997-01-29 1998-01-27 Methode de traitement du cancer par utilisation d'alkylglycerols en association avec la chimiotherapie

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US6586460B1 (en) 2001-04-02 2003-07-01 The Board Of Regents For Oklahoma State University Heteroarotinoids containing urea or thiourea linker
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US20080003277A1 (en) * 2001-05-11 2008-01-03 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Wissenshaften E.V. Agent for improving tissue penetration
US20110207803A1 (en) * 2010-02-19 2011-08-25 Kiichiro Nabeta Taxane Pro-Emulsion Formulations and Methods Making and Using the Same
WO2012096655A1 (fr) * 2011-01-11 2012-07-19 Sam Poon Ang Compositions pour le traitement d'infections virales chroniques
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FR2945951B1 (fr) * 2009-05-26 2012-07-13 Polaris Composition d'akg et son utilisation pour la fabrication d'un medicament.
FR2946534B1 (fr) 2009-06-12 2011-10-14 Univ Rennes Utilisation d'alkylglycerols pour la preparation de medicaments.

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US20080003277A1 (en) * 2001-05-11 2008-01-03 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Wissenshaften E.V. Agent for improving tissue penetration
US20090312440A1 (en) * 2001-05-11 2009-12-17 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Wissenshaften E.V. Agent for improving tissue penetration
US20050095281A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2005-05-05 Optime Therapeutics, Inc. Liposomal formulations and methods of use
WO2004082612A3 (fr) * 2003-03-14 2007-08-09 Optime Therapeutics Inc Preparations de liposomes et procede d'utilisation
US8569357B2 (en) 2010-02-19 2013-10-29 Teikoku Pharma Usa, Inc. Taxane pro-emulsion formulations and methods making and using the same
US20110207803A1 (en) * 2010-02-19 2011-08-25 Kiichiro Nabeta Taxane Pro-Emulsion Formulations and Methods Making and Using the Same
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WO2012096655A1 (fr) * 2011-01-11 2012-07-19 Sam Poon Ang Compositions pour le traitement d'infections virales chroniques
WO2014004376A2 (fr) 2012-06-26 2014-01-03 Del Mar Pharmaceuticals Méthodes de traitement de malignités résistantes à un inhibiteur de tyrosine kinase chez des patients ayant des polymorphismes génétiques ou des dérégulations ou des mutations d'ahi1 à l'aide de dianhydrogalactitol, diacétyldianhydrogalactitol, dibromodulcitol ou des analogues ou dérivés correspondants
US8940786B2 (en) 2012-10-01 2015-01-27 Teikoku Pharma Usa, Inc. Non-aqueous taxane nanodispersion formulations and methods of using the same
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