US6440408B2 - Method of treatment - Google Patents

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US6440408B2
US6440408B2 US08/938,740 US93874097A US6440408B2 US 6440408 B2 US6440408 B2 US 6440408B2 US 93874097 A US93874097 A US 93874097A US 6440408 B2 US6440408 B2 US 6440408B2
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live
subject
vaccine
neutralizing
live bacteria
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US20020015706A1 (en
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John A. Thoma
Eid E. Haddad
Craig E. Whitfill
Alan P. Avakian
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University of Arkansas at Fayetteville
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/40—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum bacterial
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods of producing active immunity against a bacterial or protozoal disease by administering subjects a vaccine conjugate, which conjugate is comprised of a live bacteria or protozoa and a neutralizing antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of producing active immunity against a bacterial or protozoal disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a vaccine conjugate comprised of a live bacteria or protozoa and a neutralizing factor bound to the live bacteria or protozoa.
  • the neutralizing factor is selected from the group consisting of antibodies and antibody fragments.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is one capable of neutralizing the live bacteria or protozoa.
  • the vaccine conjugate is administered in an amount effective to produce an immune response to the live bacteria or protozoa in the subject.
  • the vaccine preparation is a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation which comprises a vaccine conjugate.
  • the vaccine conjugate comprises a live bacteria or protozoa and a neutralizing factor bound to the live bacteria or protozoa.
  • the neutralizing factor is selected from the group consisting of antibodies and antibody fragments.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is capable of neutralizing the live bacteria or protozoa.
  • the vaccine conjugate is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation in an amount effective to produce an immune response to the live bacteria or protozoa in the subject.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is an article of manufacture comprising a closed, pathogen-impermeable, container and a sterile vaccine formulation as described above enclosed within the container.
  • FIG. 1 graphs the oocyst output in avians vaccinated with a vaccine conjugate comprising 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 2.5, 25 or 150 ⁇ l of polyclonal antibody, compared to a non-vaccinated control (cntrl) and a control vaccinated with oocysts but without antibody.
  • Oocyst output is used as a measure of infectivity.
  • FIG. 2 graphs the oocyst output in avians vaccinated with a vaccine conjugate comprising 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 25 or 150 ⁇ l of polyclonal antibody, compared to a non-vaccinated control (cntrl) and a control vaccinated with oocysts but without antibody.
  • Oocyst output is used as a measure of infectivity.
  • FIG. 3 graphs oocyst output after vaccination and low-dose E. acervulina challenge.
  • Vaccination used a vaccine conjugate comprising 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 2.5, 25 or 150 ⁇ l of polyclonal antibody; controls were a non-vaccinated control (cntrl) and a control vaccinated with oocysts but without antibody (0).
  • FIG. 4 graphs weight gain (in grams) in birds after vaccination and a high-dose E. acervulina challenge.
  • Vaccination used a vaccine conjugate comprising 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 25 or 150 ⁇ l of polyclonal antibody; controls were a non-vaccinated control (cntrl) and a control vaccinated with oocysts but without antibody (0).
  • FIG. 5 graphs lesion scores in birds after vaccination and a high-dose E. acervulina challenge.
  • Vaccination used a vaccine conjugate comprising 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 25 or 150 ⁇ l of polyclonal antibody; controls were a non-vaccinated control (cntrl) and a control vaccinated with oocysts but without antibody (0).
  • the present invention provides a vaccine preparation comprising a live organism (bacteria or protozoa) complexed with neutralizing antibodies specific to that organism.
  • the amount of complexed neutralizing antibodies is such that the organism remains capable of inducing an active immune response, while at the same time providing some degree of protection against the deleterious effects of the pathogen. While applicants do not wish to be held to any single theory, it is currently believed that the present vaccine complex results in some form of delayed release of the pathogenic organism.
  • the present vaccine complex is thought to delay or initially protect the vaccinated subject from the pathogenic effects of the vaccine organism. However, this delay or initial protection is only temporary (in contrast to what would be expected using a dead or inactivated vaccine organism).
  • the vaccine organism in the complex does ultimately infect the subject, inducing an active immunity.
  • the degree of delay will be dependent on the amount of antibody used, the particular vaccine organism, and the subject to be vaccinated. Such a delay in infection is important when vaccinating young subjects, particularly when large numbers of subjects are to be vaccinated. For example, it is easier and more cost-efficient to vaccinate chicks in ovo compared to vaccinating newly hatched chicks.
  • the neutralizing factor is provided in an amount which delays the appearance of pathological changes associated with infection of the subject by the live vaccine organism.
  • the “delay” is comparative; the pathological changes are delayed in comparison to those which would occur if the live vaccine organism were administered without complexed neutralizing factor.
  • Antibodies used in practicing the present invention are bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibodies.
  • Bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibodies are those which combat the infectivity of a bacteria or protozoa in vivo if the bacteria or protozoa and the antibodies are allowed to react together for a sufficient time.
  • the source of the bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibody is not critical. They may originate from any animal, including birds (e.g., chicken, turkey) and mammals (e.g., rat, rabbit, goat, horse).
  • the bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal in origin. See, e.g., D. Yelton and M. Scharff, 68 American Scientist 510 (1980).
  • the antibodies may be chimeric. See, e.g., M. Walker et al., 26 Molecular Immunology 403 (1989).
  • Bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibodies used in practicing the present invention may be immunoglobulins of any isotype, including IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE immunoglobulins. IgG and IgM are more preferred, and IgG immunoglobulins (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) are most preferred.
  • Antibody fragments used in practicing the present invention are fragments of bacterial or protozoal neutralizing antibodies which retain the variable region binding site thereof. Exemplary are F(ab′) 2 fragments, F(ab′) fragments, and Fab fragments. See generally Immunology: Basic Processes, 95-97 (J. Bellanti Ed. 2d ed. 1985).
  • Antibodies or antibody fragments used in practicing the present invention may have additional elements joined thereto.
  • a microsphere or microparticle may be joined to the antibody or antibody fragment, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,825 to Platt, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present invention is particularly advantageously employed with bacteria or protozoa which would be pathogenic (i.e., capable of causing disease) in the subject being treated if not for their conjugation to the neutralizing factor.
  • the pathogenicity of the bacteria or protozoa may be inherent in the bacteria or protozoa itself or due to the susceptibility of the subject to be treated (e.g., birds in ovo).
  • many pathogenic bacteria or protozoa have the positive effect of evoking active immunity in subjects infected therewith, and many attenuated vaccine strains of bacteria or protozoa have the capability of causing at least some disease in subjects.
  • the term “pathogenic,” as used to describe bacteria or protozoa herein, means that the harm caused to subjects by administration of the bacteria or protozoa outweighs any benefit which would result therefrom.
  • An “active” or “live” organism refers to one which is not killed.
  • a “vaccine organism” refers to one which is used for the induction of protective immune response, even though negative side effects may occur (in such cases the benefit of the active immunity outweighs any negative side effects). It is preferred that the bacteria or protozoa be a live organism one capable of producing an active immune response thereto in the subject being treated.
  • the vaccine conjugate is included in the vaccine formulations in an amount per unit dose sufficient to evoke an active immune response to the bacteria or protozoa in the subject to be treated.
  • immune response means any level of protection from subsequent exposure to the bacteria or protozoa which is of some benefit in a population of subjects, whether in the form of decreased mortality, decreased lesion scores, improved feed conversion ratios, or the reduction of any other detrimental effect of the disease, regardless of whether the protection is partial or complete.
  • the quantity of the neutralizing factor administered in combination with the bacteria or protozoa in the vaccine need not be sufficient to provide complete protection from the bacteria or protozoa, as long as the detrimental response produced by the bacteria or protozoa is reduced to a level at which the benefits of the immune response produced outweigh any harm resulting from the infection.
  • subjects is intended to include, among other things, both mammals and birds.
  • exemplary mammals include mice, rats, pigs, rabbits, sheep, ferrets, dogs, cats, cows, horses and primates, including man.
  • bird is intended to include males or females of any avian species, but is primarily intended to encompass poultry which are commercially raised for eggs or meat. Accordingly, the term “bird” is particularly intended to encompass hens, cocks and drakes of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail and pheasant.
  • Bacteria that may be used in carrying out the present invention include, but are not limited to, Actinobacillosis lignieresi, Actinomyces bovis, Aerobacter aerogenes, Anaplasma marginale, Bacillus anthracis, Borrelia anserina, Brucella canis, Clostridium chauvoei, C. hemolyticium C. novyi, C perfringens, C. septicum, C. tetani, Corynebacterium equi, C. pyogenes, C.
  • Protozoa that may be used in carrying out the present invention include, but are not limited to, the coccidiosis-causing Eimeria species ( E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. acervulina, E. mivati, and E. maxima ), Anaplasma marginale, Giardia species (e.g., Giardia lamblia ), Babesia species (e.g., B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. equi, B. caballi, B. bigemina, B. argentina, B. divergens, and B.
  • the coccidiosis-causing Eimeria species E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. acervulina, E. mivati, and E. maxima
  • Anaplasma marginale Giardia species (e.g., Giardia lamblia )
  • Babesia species e.g.,
  • an “avian protozoan” is one known to infect avians.
  • the organisms may be administered in any suitable form, including spores or cysts thereof.
  • infective coccidial organisms may be administered in the form of sporulated oocysts, sporozoites, and sporocysts.
  • the exact number of the organisms to be administered in the form of a conjugate is not critical except that the number must be effective to engender an immunological response by the animal. In general, depending on the organism administered, the site and manner of administration, the age and condition of the subject, etc., the number of the organisms will range from 1, 10, or 100 organisms up to 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 or 1 million organisms. Where the organisms are administered as a conjugate to birds in ovo (within eggs), the dosage may be from 50, 100, or 500 up to 2,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 50,000 or 100,000 organisms or more.
  • Subjects may be administered vaccines of the present invention by any suitable means. Exemplary are by oral administration, by intramuscular injection, by subcutaneous injection, by intravenous injection, by intraperitoneal injection, by eye drop or by nasal spray.
  • the subject to be treated is a bird
  • the bird may be a hatched bird, including a newly hatched (i.e., about the first three days after hatch), adolescent, and adult birds.
  • Birds may be administered the vaccine in ovo, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,630 to Sharma (the disclosure of this and all other patent references cited herein is to be incorporated herein by reference).
  • the in ovo administration of the vaccine involves the administration of the vaccine to eggs.
  • Eggs administered the vaccine of the present invention are fertile eggs which are preferably in the fourth quarter of incubation.
  • Chicken eggs are treated on about the fifteenth to nineteenth day of incubation, and are most preferably treated on about the eighteenth day of incubation (the eighteenth day of embryonic development).
  • Turkey eggs are preferably treated on about the twenty-first to twenty-sixth day of incubation, and are most preferably treated on about the twenty-fifth day of incubation.
  • Eggs may be administered the vaccine of the invention by any means which transports the compound through the shell.
  • the preferred method of administration is, however, by injection.
  • the site of injection is preferably within either the region defined by the amnion, including the amniotic fluid and the embryo itself, in the yolk sac, or in the air cell. Most preferably, injection is made into the region defined by the amnion. By the beginning of the fourth quarter of incubation, the amnion is sufficiently enlarged that penetration thereof is assured nearly all of the time when the injection is made from the center of the large end of the egg along the longitudinal axis.
  • the mechanism of egg injection is not critical, but it is preferred that the method not unduly damage the tissues and organs of the embryo or the extraembryonic membranes surrounding it so that the treatment will not decrease hatch rate.
  • a hypodermic syringe fitted with a needle of about 18 to 22 gauge is suitable for the purpose.
  • the needle To inject into the air cell, the needle need only be inserted into the egg by about two millimeters. A one inch needle, when fully inserted from the center of the large end of the egg, will penetrate the shell, the outer and inner shell membranes enclosing the air cell, and the amnion. Depending on the precise stage of development and position of the embryo, a needle of this length will terminate either in the fluid above the chick or in the chick itself.
  • a pilot hole may be punched or drilled through the shell prior to insertion of the needle to prevent damaging or dulling of the needle.
  • the egg can be sealed with a substantially bacteria-impermeable sealing material such as wax or the like to prevent subsequent entry of undesirable bacteria.
  • a high speed automated egg injection system for avian embryos will be particularly suitable for practicing the present invention.
  • Numerous such devices are available, exemplary being those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,063 to Hebrank and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,040,388, 4,469,047, and 4,593,646 to Miller. All such devices, as adapted for practicing the present invention, comprise an injector containing the vaccine described herein, with the injector positioned to inject an egg carried by the apparatus with the vaccine. Other features of the apparatus are discussed above.
  • a sealing apparatus operatively associated with the injection apparatus may be provided for sealing the hole in the egg after injection thereof.
  • Preferred egg injection apparatus for practicing the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,681,063 and 4,903,635 to Hebrank, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • This device comprises an injection apparatus for delivering fluid substances into a plurality of eggs and suction apparatus which simultaneously engages and lifts a plurality of individual eggs from their upwardly facing portions and cooperates with the injection means for injecting the eggs while the eggs are engaged by the suction apparatus.
  • the features of this apparatus may be combined with the features of the apparatus described above for practicing the present invention.
  • Preferred subjects for carrying out the present invention are birds.
  • the method of the present invention is preferably carried out on birds in ovo.
  • a vaccine conjugate of the present invention is made by mixing the neutralizing factor with a live bacteria or protozoa in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for a time sufficient to form a live bacteria or protozoa-neutralizing factor conjugate (for example, by combining the neutralizing factor and bacteria or protozoa in a common liquid carrier prior to administration to a subject, until a conjugate is formed).
  • This can advantageously be carried out by simply adding hyperimmune sera containing neutralizing antibodies to an aqueous solution containing the live bacteria or protozoa.
  • Vaccine formulations of the present invention preferably comprise the vaccine conjugate in lyophilized form or the vaccine conjugate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are preferably liquid, particularly aqueous, carriers.
  • the neutralizing factor and bacteria or protozoa may be mixed in sodium phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), conventional media such as MEM, or bacterila growth medium.
  • the vaccine formulation may be stored in a sterile glass container sealed with a rubber stopper through which liquids may be injected and formulation withdrawn by syringe.
  • the vaccine conjugate or complex of the present invention is a complex or conjugate of antibodies and live vaccine organisms; the bond between antibody and vaccine organism is a releasable bond and is not a covalent bond.
  • the amount of neutralizing antibodies suitable for use with a given vaccine organism and a given subject can be readily determined using techniques available in the art. Use of too little antibody will result in undesirably early or severe pathogenic effects caused by the vaccine organism; use of too much antibody may inactivate the vaccine organism completely or render it incapable of inducing a protective immune response.
  • Vaccine formulations of the present invention may optionally contain one or more adjuvants.
  • Any suitable adjuvant can be used, including chemical and polypeptide immunostimulants which enhance the immune system's response to antigens.
  • adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, plant and animal oils, and the like are administered with the vaccine conjugate in an amount sufficient to enhance the immune response of the subject to the vaccine conjugate.
  • the amount of adjuvant added to the vaccine conjugate will vary depending on the nature of the adjuvant, generally ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 times the weight of the bacteria or protozoa, preferably from about 1 to about 10 times the weight of the bacteria or protozoa.
  • the vaccine formulations of the present invention may optionally contain one or more stabilizer.
  • Any suitable stabilizer can be used, including carbohydrates such as sorbitol, manitol, starch, sucrose, dextrin, or glucose; proteins such as albumin or casein; and buffers such as alkaline metal phosphate and the like.
  • the use of a stabilizer is particularly advantageous when the vaccine formulation is a lyophilized formulation.
  • Fowl cholera The bacterium Pasteurella multocida causes an acute highly contagious disease in many avian species.
  • the disease, Fowl cholera often occurs as a septicemic disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality.
  • a strain of P. multocida is complexed in vitro with antibodies specific to P. multocida to form bacterium-antibody complexes. Different ratios of bacterium to antibody are tested to determine a ratio that does not completely inactivate the bacterium, and still allows an active immune response to occur. These complexes are used as a vaccine in either chickens or turkeys. The responses of the vaccinate are followed and compared to the responses of birds vaccinated with the same dose of P. multocida vaccine not complexed with antibody. Lesions following vaccination, antibody response over time and general bird healty are monitored throughout the trial.
  • bacteria are also tested in a similar manner. These bacteria include, but are not limited to, Mycoplasma gallsepticum in chickens or turkeys, Bordetella avium in turkeys, Salmonella species in chickens or turkeys, and Salmonella and Listeria species in rodents.
  • Vaccine conjugates are administered to birds either in ovo as described above or after hatch.
  • the protozoan Eimeria acervulina (specifically, sporocysts and/or oocysts thereof) is complexed in vitro to antibodies specific to Eimeria acervulina to form protozoan-antibody complexes. These complexes are used as vaccines in chickens.
  • the responses of the protozoan-antibody complex vaccinates are followed and compared to the responses of birds vaccinated with the same dose of E. acervulina not complexed with antibody. Different ratios of protozoan to antibody are tested to determine a ratio that does not completely inactivate the protozoan, and still allows an active immune response to occur.
  • Oocyst output in vaccinates feces, intestinal absorptive ability (assessed by cartenoid uptake) and body weight are determined post vaccination. At 10-21 days post vaccination birds in each vaccinated group are given a virulent challenge with E. acervulina. Oocyst output in vaccinates feces, body weight gain during the challenge period and intestinal absorptive ability (assessed by cartenoid uptake) are determined for vaccinates and non-vaccinated controls.
  • Eimeria species are also tested in chickens, turkeys or rodents, as well as Cryptosporidium species in chickens or turkeys and Histomonas meleagridis in chickens or turkeys.
  • Vaccine conjugates are administered to birds either in ovo as described above or after hatch.
  • Chickens were vaccinated and studied to determine the effects of complexing an E. acervulina oocyst vaccine with antibody.
  • Treatment groups were vaccinated (by oral gavage) with 500 E. acervulina sporulated oocysts complexed with either 0, 2.5, 25 or 150 units of polyclonal antibody specific for E. acervulina.
  • Each treatment was provided to three groups of five Leghorn chickens (15 birds total in each treatment group; 60 treatment birds overall).
  • a control group of fifteen birds (5 birds in three repetitions) received no oocysts and no antibody, but were treated with oral gavage of 0.1 ml PBS administered on the day of hatch and were subsequently challenged.
  • An ELISA assay has been used to determine the “titer units” of the antibody preparation used in the present example; however, this assay has not been validated.
  • the E. acervulina antibody preparation had a titer of 90,782 units/ml.
  • the doses used herein provide relative comparisons; the appropriate amount of antibody to be complexed with a given organism will depend on the organism, the antibody preparation, and the intended subject. One skilled in the art, using techniques known in the art, would be able to determine appropriate organism:antibody ratios for a given usage.
  • the oocysts and antibodies were mixed together in PBS for a minimum of one hour prior to vaccination at room temperature. Vaccine complex was then stored at 4 C. until administration. Chickens were vaccinated on the day of hatch.
  • Oocyst output following vaccination was determined by collecting feces on days 4 to 8 post vaccination, and counting oocyst in the feces. The mean and standard deviation of oocyst output was determined for each group. As shown in Table 1, use of 150 ⁇ l of antibodies complexed with 500 oocysts significantly reduced oocyst output.
  • Example 2 Birds in the treatment groups described in Example 1 were then challenged on Day 13 posthatch with 250 oocysts of E. acervulina in PBS administered by oral gavage. Feces was collected on days four to eight post-challenge, and average oocyst output was determined as a percentage of the oocyst output of the control group (the statistical model included the control group). Results are provided in Table 2. Greater output of oocysts following challenge indicates less protection against the pathogen challenge.
  • Examples 1-3 indicate that use of 150 ⁇ l antibody in conjunction with the vaccination dose of 500 E. acervulina oocysts resulted in either a lessening of the pathogenic effects of the vaccination (compared to use of same vaccination with lesser amounts of antibody, or no antibody; indicated by decreased oocysts output after vaccination), or possibly a delay in the pathogenic effects of the vaccination dose.
  • Table 1 the use of 150 ⁇ l of antibody complexed to the vaccine oocysts resulted in a lower infectivity level than vaccination without antibodies or the use of lesser amounts of antibodies (p ⁇ 0.15).
  • This study tested a 500 Eimeria acervulina oocyst vaccine complexed with varying amounts of antibody (2.5 to 150 ⁇ l). Treatments were compared to a non-vaccinated control, and a control vaccinated without antibodies. All treatments were administered on the day of hatch. Oocyst output after vaccination on Days 4-8 was measured for all treatments. Oocyst output was also measured after a Day 13 low dose challenge.
  • Hyvac SPF leghorns were used to rule out any effect of maternal antibodies.
  • Polyclonal antibody was produced from chickens immunized with E. acervulina oocysts. Two antibody preparations were combined to create an E. acervulina antibody with a final titer of 90,782. Treatment groups and experimental design are shown in Table 4.
  • the vaccine complex was produced by mixing oocysts (USDA #12 Lot 28-131-36) with antibody in the appropriate volume. The complex was incubated at ambient temperature for one hour before administration. Birds were gavaged on Day of Hatch with a 200 ⁇ l dose of the respective treatment. Fecal material was collected form Day 4 to Day 8. Fecal samples were processed and counted using McMaster's chambers to determine oocyst output per bird.
  • the vaccinated control showed ⁇ 12 ⁇ 10 6 oocyst output per bird.
  • the 2.5 ⁇ l and 25 ⁇ l antibody treatments showed similar results, however, the 150 ⁇ l antibody treatment may have had an inhibitory effect on oocyst output, having only 46% of the output compared to the control. See FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 The three antibody treatment groups averaged approximately 40% output of control.
  • the vaccinated control exhibited an output of only 23% of control.
  • the vaccine conjugates consisted of 500 E. acervulina oocysts complexed with either 25 or 150 ⁇ l of antibody (as described in Example 6); see Table 5. The same bird strain, antibody, and oocyst lot was used as in Example 6 above.
  • Vaccines were prepared as described above and administered on Day 0 post-hatch in 200 ⁇ l volume. Fecal material was collected from Day 4-8 and enumerated.
  • Post-challenge parameters measured in the present experiment differed from Example 6.
  • a high dose challenge was administered to all treatment groups on Day 13 and weights of each individual bird were recorded. After eight days (Day 21) the birds were weighed and the lesions scored.
  • Oocyst output was lower in this experiment for the vaccinated control, as well as for the two antibody treatments, compared to Example 6; the vaccinated control (no antibody) showed a 20-fold decrease in oocyst output (see FIG. 2 ). The cause of this reduction is not clear.
  • a high dose challenge (500 oocyst challenge) was administered to all the treatment groups and weight gain and lesion scores were examined.
  • Weight gain results (FIG. 4) did not show a difference among the treatment groups, including vaccinated and non-vaccinated controls.
  • Lesion score data (FIG. 5) indicated protection of all vaccinated groups over the non-vaccinated control.
  • Each inoculated egg was inoculated with 0.1 ml of a culture/PBS mixture containing the appropriate number of CFUs.
  • the dilutions containing 1 ⁇ 10(2) CFUs/ml were titered for each strain and the titers differed somewhat from the target numbers.
  • Group 4 actually contained 10.5 CFUs/egg
  • Group 3 contained 105 CFUs/egg
  • Group 2 contained 1050 CFUs/egg.
  • Group 7 contained 12.5 CFUs/egg
  • Group 6 contained 125 CFUs/egg
  • Group 5 contained 1250 CFUs/egg.
  • Group 1 eggs were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a BHI/PBS/Glycerol mixture.
  • This experiment investigated the reaction between colonies of P. multocida Cu strain and the same dilutions of the P. multocida antiserum as shown in Table 6.
  • the solution was gently mixed by pipetting.
  • To form each antibody-bacterium complex one ml of antiserum dilution was mixed with one ml of stock culture dilution. This mixture was allowed to react for four hours.
  • the stock solution was plated on TSA plates in triplicate and was found to contain 186 CFUs/ml (Table 9). The remainder of this solution was also allowed to remain at room temperature for four hours.
  • Table 10 shows the same decreasing colony count with increasing antiserum dilution as was seen in the previous experiment, slightly more pronounced. There appears to be more CFUs/ml than expected in dilution mixtures 1:16 through 1:4096. Similar findings were also presented in Table 7.
  • the colony counts found in Table 9 suggest the CFUs die off in PBS over time in the absence of serum. This may account for the lower than expected colony counts in dilutions 1:8192 through 1:32768 in both studies.
  • the antiserum may be demonstrating some growth inhibiting capabilities at the higher dilutions while exhibiting growth enhancement effects in the least dilute mixtures. The next experiment was conducted to investigate possible causes of these observations.
  • the serum antibody-bacterium mixtures were plated on TSA plates (0.5 ml) in duplicate and the negative serum bacterium mixtures were plated in triplicate following the one hour reaction time.
  • the P. multocida strain M9 stock solution was plated in triplicate after adding 1.0 ml to all antiserum and negative serum dilutions and again after allowing it to remain at room temperature for one hour. Colonies were counted after incubating for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. and any changes in counts were noted after 48 hours of incubation. The results of these counts are given in Tables 11 and 12.
  • the colony counts for the serum mixtures containing no antibodies to P. multocida when compared to their P. multocida antibody-containing counterparts and stock counts, may be showing some growth inhibition capabilities of the antiserum with P. multocida antibodies.
  • CFU counts in the samples without P. multocida antiserum started high and decreased but not to a level lower than expected when compared to the stock CFU counts after one hour.
  • a growth inhibiting of P. multocida antiserum may be masked by other factors present.
  • This study was designed to test the effect of serum antibody-bacterium complexes when administered in ovo to SPF eggs.
  • the same number of CFUs (five were targeted) of P. multocida strain M9 was mixed with varying amounts of P. multocida antiserum and then 0.1 ml of each mixture was inoculated into fifteen SPF eggs in each of seven groups.
  • a 100 CFUs/ml stock solution was prepared using P. multocida strain M9 culture. To insure that each egg received the same number of CFUs, the appropriate amount of serum was mixed with the appropriate amount of the stock solution for each group at five minute intervals.
  • a culture of the bacterium Mycoplasma gallsepticum strain F was obtained from North Carolina State University, Mycoplasma Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine.
  • the F strain of M. gallisepticum is used in the commercial layer industry as a live vaccine.
  • Forty milliliters of Frey's Media supplemented with 15% swine serum (FMS) was inoculated with 1.33 mls of the bacterial culture. This mixture was then incubated for approximately 18 hours at 37 degrees C. and the grown culture was mixed 80/20 with sterile glycerol for freezing at ⁇ 70 degrees C. Sterility of this mixture was tested on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) and no extraneous organisms grew.
  • TSA Trypticase Soy Agar
  • Titer determination for the M. gallisepticum strain F stock culture after 24 hours at ⁇ 70 degrees C. was 5.8 ⁇ 10(8) CFUs/ml.
  • Antiserum to M. gallisepticum strain R was purchased from the NCSU Mycoplasma Lab. The antiserum was produced by hyperimmunizing New Zealand White rabbits with inactivated M. gallisepticum strain R in adjuvant. Rabbits were immunized by intramuscular and intradermal injections three times prior to blood collection. This antiserum is designated as MGA.
  • This experiment investigated the growth of a given amount of M. gallisepticum strain F over time after the organism was mixed with different amounts of MGA.
  • a sample of MGA was initially diluted 1:10 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Then, the antiserum was further diluted by making 10 serial 1:2 dilutions by adding 0.5 ml of the previous dilution to 0.5 ml of PBS (dilutions 1:20 through 1:10240).
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • One vial of M. gallisepticum F stock culture was thawed at room temperature and diluted 1:100. This 10( ⁇ 2) stock solution contained 5.8 ⁇ 10(6) CFUs/ml.
  • Bacterium-antibody complexes were prepared by adding 0.4 ml of the 5.8 ⁇ 10(6) stock solution to 0.4 ml of each of the 11 MGA dilutions. These complexes were allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes. Treatment 12 consisted of 0.4 ml PBS added to 0.4 ml of the same bacterial stock solution.
  • each of the 12 treatments was serially diluted in FMS from 10( ⁇ 1) through 10( ⁇ 8). These tubes were incubated for 14 days and growth was determined at 41 hours, 47.5 hours, and at 14 days.
  • Growth of M. gallisepticum is detected in FMS by a color change. As bacterial growth increases the pH of the medium decreases, causing a color change in the pH indicator phenol red. As growth occurs the color gradually changes from a deep red to orange and eventually to yellow. The degree of growth can be scored based on the medium color). Results are provided in Table 15.
  • a vial of M. gallisepticum strain F stock was thawed and diluted 1:5 and 1:10 in 10% FMS and 90% PBS diluent. Appropriate amounts of these dilutions were used to create the bacterium-MGA complexes.
  • Each egg received a 0.1 ml injection containing the same number of M. gallisepticum CFUs with the appropriate amount of antiserum for a particular group, except for Group 1.
  • the eggs in Group 1 received 0.1 ml of the FMS/PBS diluent.
  • the complexes were allowed to react together for 10 minutes before inoculation. The eggs were then incubated until hatch.
  • the 1:10 dilution of the bacterial stock was titered by making 3 serial dilution series through 10( ⁇ 9) and plating the 10( ⁇ 6) dilutions of two dilution series TSA and incubating at 37° C. All tubes in all three serial dilution series showed M. gallisepticum growth.
  • the titer was 8 ⁇ 10(8) CFUs/ml. Hatchability results are provided in Table 17.
  • the MGA- M. gallisepticum complexes influenced the percent hatch and chick health.
  • the groups that experienced hatches above 90% were the groups that contained the largest proportions of MGA to CFUs (with the exception of Group 4).
  • the percentage of health chicks was much higher in Groups 2 and 3 than in other groups receiving MGA-bacterium complexes with less antiserum in the formulation.
  • a vial of M. gallisepticum strain F stock was thawed at room temperature and diluted 1:5 (stock 2). The titration of stock 2 showed that it contained 7 ⁇ 10(7) CFUs/ml.
  • Stock 2 was then divided into 0.9 ml aliquots and combined with 0,5,10,20 or 40 ⁇ l of MGA. Once mixed, the bacterium-MGA formulations were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes. These bacterium-MGA complexes were administered to eggs of each group in 0.1 ml doses. Group 1 eggs received inoculations containing only bacteria. Each group of 16 eggs was then placed in separate small hatcher units until day of hatch. The MGA- M. gallisepticum formulations tested CFUs are shown in Table 18.
  • the remaining stock 2 dilution was titrated in three separate serial 10-fold dilutions to 10( ⁇ 9) using FMS.
  • the 10( ⁇ 4), 10( ⁇ 5) and 10( ⁇ 6) dilution tubes in each series was plated in quadruplicate on FMS agar and incubated at 37° C. for 9 days.
  • Groups 1-5 were processed. Normal, healthy looking chicks were sampled for the presence of M. gallisepticum by swabbing the choanal cleft with a sterile swab and inoculating tubes containing 1.8 mls of FMS. After the chicks were processed, the sampled chicks from each group were placed in a P2 containment room. Each group was placed in a separate brooder cage and no two cages were in contact.
  • the chicks in vehicle control Group 6 experienced a delayed hatch and were processed the day following the hatch of groups 1-5.
  • Ten control birds were swabbed for the presence of M. gallisepticum and were placed in a brooder cage in a separate P2 containment room.
  • On 21 days of age, all surviving chicks were bled and serum collected for determination of antibodies to M. gallisepticum by serum plate agglutination (SPA) and ELISA. Results are provided in Table 18.
  • SPA serum plate agglutination
  • Examples 14-18 were designed to test the usefulness of a bacteria:antibody vaccine complex.
  • the data support the concept that addition of specific antiserum (specific for the vaccine bacteria) to live bacteria in the appropriate ratio provides protection to the chick embryo by decreasing or delaying the pathogenic effects of the bacterium while at the same time allowing an efficacious immune response to develop in the hatchlings, as evidenced by an active humoral immune response.

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US20070243199A1 (en) * 2006-03-30 2007-10-18 Embrex, Inc. Methods and compositions for vaccination of poultry
US20080311135A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-12-18 Baylor College Of Medicine Immune complex vaccination as a strategy to enhance immunity in the elderly and other immune compromised populations

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US20070224223A1 (en) * 2002-05-21 2007-09-27 Schering-Plough Corporation Methods for the in vitro culture of sporozoea sp. and uses thereof
US7816118B2 (en) 2002-05-21 2010-10-19 Schering-Plough Corporation Methods for the in vitro culture of Sporozoea sp. and uses thereof
US20070116722A1 (en) * 2003-12-03 2007-05-24 Pfizer Products Inc. Ovo vaccination of campylobacter in avian species
US8092808B2 (en) 2003-12-03 2012-01-10 Pfizer, Inc. Ovo vaccination of Campylobacter in avian species
US8431138B2 (en) 2003-12-03 2013-04-30 Zoetis Llc In ovo vaccination of Campylobacter in avian species
US20070243199A1 (en) * 2006-03-30 2007-10-18 Embrex, Inc. Methods and compositions for vaccination of poultry
US20070243212A1 (en) * 2006-03-30 2007-10-18 Embrex, Inc. Methods and compositions for vaccination of poultry
WO2007126816A2 (en) 2006-03-30 2007-11-08 Embrex, Inc. Methods and compositions for vaccination of poultry
US20080311135A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-12-18 Baylor College Of Medicine Immune complex vaccination as a strategy to enhance immunity in the elderly and other immune compromised populations

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