US6837775B2 - Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet - Google Patents

Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet Download PDF

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Publication number
US6837775B2
US6837775B2 US10/010,663 US1066301A US6837775B2 US 6837775 B2 US6837775 B2 US 6837775B2 US 1066301 A US1066301 A US 1066301A US 6837775 B2 US6837775 B2 US 6837775B2
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United States
Prior art keywords
mixing tube
recited
wall
porous
fluid jet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US10/010,663
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English (en)
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US20030109206A1 (en
Inventor
Umang Anand
Joseph Katz
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to US10/010,663 priority Critical patent/US6837775B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to PCT/US2002/039125 priority patent/WO2003053634A1/en
Priority to DE60211027T priority patent/DE60211027T2/de
Priority to AT02805547T priority patent/ATE324225T1/de
Priority to CA002469860A priority patent/CA2469860A1/en
Priority to MXPA04005520A priority patent/MXPA04005520A/es
Priority to AU2002366789A priority patent/AU2002366789A1/en
Priority to EP02805547A priority patent/EP1463607B1/de
Publication of US20030109206A1 publication Critical patent/US20030109206A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6837775B2 publication Critical patent/US6837775B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/02—Blast guns, e.g. for generating high velocity abrasive fluid jets for cutting materials
    • B24C5/04—Nozzles therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
    • B24C1/045—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass for cutting

Definitions

  • This invention relates to fluent abrading processes and apparatus. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved mixing or focusing tube for a high speed, abrasive, fluid jet cutting apparatus.
  • Water jet cutting is one of a number of technologies known as power beams. These include laser cutting, plasma arc cutting and oxy-acetylene gas cutting.
  • abrasive water jets account for nearly 60% of the water jet cutting market.
  • Typical applications include the cutting tasks associated with fabrication of structures using extremely hard materials, such as titanium and the super-alloys, and in various mining and drilling applications where hard rocks must be cut.
  • plain water jets are used for industrial cleaning, surface preparation and paint stripping applications, and for the cutting of food products, paper and plastic materials, and woven (e.g., carpet) and nonwoven (e.g., filtration materials) products.
  • Saline, water cutting jets have also been used in medical applications.
  • FIG. 1 The primary equipment associated with a typical, abrasive water jet cutting system is shown in FIG. 1 . It consists of an incoming water treatment system, a booster pump for optimal operation of downstream filters, an intensifier pump that raises the water's pressure to ultrahigh levels, high pressure plumbing that delivers the ultrahigh pressure water to the system's cutting head, an abrasive feeder system that supplies the abrasive particles that are mixed with the ultrahigh pressure water in the cutting head, and an outgoing water catcher and treatment system.
  • the typical cutting head for an abrasive water jet is shown in FIG. 2.
  • a sapphire, diamond or ruby orifice is used as the initial orifice to create a high velocity water jet.
  • the typical diameter of such orifices is 0.07-0.7 mm.
  • a dry abrasive such as garnet, silica or alumina (with typical particle sizes being 125-180 microns), is aspirated/entrained into the mixing chamber by the vacuum created by the water jet. It mixes with the water jet and the mixed slurry jet is then collimated by a mixing tube (also called a focusing tube) before exiting the cutting head through the mixing tube's exit orifice.
  • the diameters of the passages through such mixing tube are 0.5-3 mm, with tube lengths of 50-150 mm.
  • FIG. 3 presents a schematic representation of the phenomena associated with wear of a mixing tube. Impact erosion phenomena is thought to dominate the wear in the initial portion of the mixing tube as the abrasive particles impact on the walls of the mixing tube at different impact angles. Further downstream the abrasive particles tend to travel parallel to the walls of the tube and the wear mode tends to change from impact erosion to sliding, abrasion erosion.
  • the present invention is generally directed to satisfying the needs set forth above and overcoming the disadvantages identified with prior art devices.
  • an abrasive, fluid jet cutting apparatus comprising: (a) a chamber having an inlet through which a pressurized fluid jet enters the chamber, the chamber also having a port through which abrasive particles are drawn and entrained into the fluid jet, the chamber also having an exit through which the fluid jet and entrained abrasive particles exit the first chamber, (b) a mixing tube that is defined at least in part by a perimeter wall, a tube entry port and a tube exit orifice, the tube entry port being proximate the exit of the first chamber, with the fluid jet and entrained abrasive particles being mixed in the mixing tube so as to form a focused cutting jet which exits the mixing tube through its exit orifice, (c) wherein at least a portion of the mixing tube wall being porous, (d) a lubricating fluid reservoir that surrounds at least a portion of the mixing tube having the porous wall, and (e
  • a method for reducing wear in a cutting jet mixing tube due to an abrasive fluid flowing through the tube.
  • the method comprises the steps of: (a) forming the mixing tube so that at least a portion of its wall is porous, (b) surrounding at least a portion of the outer wall of the mixing tube wall with a lubricating fluid reservoir, and (c) forcing lubricating fluid to pass from the lubricating reservoir and through the porous wall to form a lubricating film between the mixing tube wall and the flow of the abrasive fluid.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the components of a typical abrasive water jet cutting system.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the typical cutting head in an abrasive water jet cutting system.
  • FIG. 3 is schematic representation that illustrates the phenomena associated with wear and erosion of the walls of a mixing tube.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of an abrasive water jet cutting apparatus of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 an abrasive water jet cutting apparatus 1 of the present invention. It consists of a chamber 10 having an inlet orifice 12 through which a high pressure (50-600 MPa or 7.5-90 kpsi), water jet enters the chamber.
  • a high pressure 50-600 MPa or 7.5-90 kpsi
  • the water jet flows through the chamber 10 and entrains abrasive particles that are fed at low pressure through a port 14 in the chamber's sidewall.
  • the abrasive particles combine with the water jet to form a slurry jet that flows from the chamber's exit 16 and enters the entry port 18 of the apparatus'focusing or mixing tube 20 .
  • this embodiment utilizes a mixing tube 20 that is constructed from a porous rod through which a central bore has been either machined or cast, thereby resulting in the mixing tube having a perimeter wall 22 that is porous and an exit orifice 24 through which the slurry jet exits the mixing tube 20 .
  • the outer wall 26 of the mixing tube is surrounded by an oil or lubricating fluid reservoir 28 .
  • the lubricating fluid reservoir 28 is pressurized so that the lubricating fluid is forced through the porous wall to create a thin film of lubricant on the walls of the mixing tube 20 that serves to protect them from the wear and erosion caused by the passage of the abrasive particles through the tube.
  • cross sectional form of the jet that exits the mixing tube can be configured to give a variety of shapes by appropriately configuring the cross sectional shape of the mixing tube.
  • the use of a round passage through the mixing tube will yield a round cutting jet, whereas the use of an oval passage thorough the mixing tube would yield an oval cutting jet. All of these various, possible cross sectional shapes are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • the pressure in the lubricating fluid reservoir is higher than the pressure in the mixing tube 20 . Since the lubricant is constantly replenished from the lubricant reservoir 28 , sites where abrasive particles “gouge” the lubricant's protective film are “repaired”, reducing or preventing damage to the tube's walls.
  • the thickness of the lubricating film is designed to prevent contact (impact) between the particles in the slurry jet and the inner or perimeter wall of the mixing tube and to prevent the high loading stresses on the wall that could lead to its erosion.
  • An approximated analysis to determine the required thickness of the lubricant layer indicates, for example, that an approximately 10-20 micron thick layer of oil is sufficient to prevent contact between the abrasive particles and the tube wall for a 500 micron diameter, 200 m/sec slurry jet containing 150 micron diameter abrasive particles having a specific gravity of 4 and where the jet fluid is water.
  • the lubricant's kinematic viscosity should be about 1000 times that of water (at 25° C.).
  • the required thickness of the lubricating film is dependent on the flow conditions, including slurry velocity, mixing tube geometry, abrasive particle specific gravity, shape and void fraction, as well as the viscosity of the lubricating fluid. In most cases, the lubricant film thickness need be only a few percent (about 0.5-6%) of the mixing tube's diameter.
  • the lubricant flow rate can be kept at a very low level (characteristically, below 1-5% of the carrier fluid flux, and in some cases even as low as 0.01%). Thus, lubricant consumption is relatively minimal.
  • the lubricant can be of any desired type, so long as the lubricant creates a protective film on the inner wall of the mixing tube 20 .
  • Use of liquid polymers provides an additional advantage in situations involving high shear strains (>10 7 ) like those occurring in the mixing tube 20 , since liquid polymers tend to “harden” under such conditions (that is, become less of a viscous material and more of a plastic solid). Thus, liquid polymers can absorb much more energy and stresses from laterally moving abrasive particles.
  • Synthetic, light lubricants (such as poly alfa olefins) that can be easily drawn or forced through a porous medium should provide some level of protection to the walls of the mixing tube 20 under low flow conditions. In general, prevention of wear and erosion in the mixing tube 20 improves with increasing lubricating fluid viscosity and with increasing lubricating fluid flow rates.
  • the lubricant reservoir 28 and the fluid cutting jet are pressurized from the same source. Due to the high speed flow of the slurry through the mixing tube 20 and the almost stagnant fluid pool in the lubricant reservoir 28 , a pressure difference exists between the inner and outer sides of the porous wall of the mixing tube 20 that is generally sufficient to draw the lubricant through the porous wall.
  • the lubricant reservoir 28 can also be pressurized by a separate pump if need be to obtain higher lubricating fluid flow rates.
  • the mixing tube 20 can be made from a wide range of porous materials, but is preferably made of a hard, moldable or easily machined, porous material.
  • the tube's pore size or its wall thickness can be varied to provide for different lubricant flow rates. Nominal pore sizes of 0.2-20 microns have been found to work well in this application.
  • the mixing tube 20 need not be made completely of porous material.
  • a porous ring could be used upstream from a non-porous, mixing tube exit tip to provide enough lubrication along the inner surface of the tip to substantially reduce its erosion.
  • the porous ring can be downstream of a non-porous portion, where wear would be greatest.
  • a mixing tube can be configured with stacked multiple porous and non-porous rings.
  • a mixing tube can be configured with stacked multiple porous rings having different lubricant flow rates (for example, due to different porosity or thicknesses).
  • a uniformly porous material is preferred for the mixing tube 20
  • a number of very fine to extremely fine holes can be bored (such as by a laser drill) through a mixing tube formed of non-porous material to make the tube effectively porous.
  • the optimal EDM operating parameters for fabricating the gravity sintered, porous materials utilized low cutting speeds, low energy levels and low spark frequencies with Wire EDM.
  • spark energy 20% of max.
  • wire speed 20% of max.
  • water conductivity 67% of max.
  • porous ceramic material As an alternative to machining a gravity sintered, porous material, one may elect to use a porous ceramic material and cast this material in such a manner that the passage connecting a mixing tube's inlet and outlet ports is formed in the original casting of the tube.
  • the lubricant injection rate is controlled by the pressure difference across the wall of the mixing tube 20 , the lubricant viscosity, porous medium permeability, and the thickness of the mixing tube wall.
  • the pressure within the mixing tube 20 is not constant due to the change in slurry's velocity resulting from changes in cross-sectional area of the mixing tube 20 and due to shear stresses along the perimeter wall of the mixing tube 20 nozzle.
  • the thickness of the porous walls of the mixing tube 20 can be varied.
  • the exact shape of the mixing tube 20 can be determined by solving the equations of motion for fluid flow in the porous medium with the prescribed flow rate at every point as a boundary condition. Thus, it is possible to prescribe a relatively exact injection rate.
  • the diameter of the mixing tube 20 can be substantially decreased to sizes that are only slightly larger than the diameter of the abrasive particle. For example, if the maximum particle diameter is about 150 microns, the mixing tube diameter can, in principle, be reduced to about 300 microns, including the oil film. Typical tube diameters are in the range of three times the diameter of the chamber's inlet orifice, or on the order of 50-3,000 microns. A smaller mixing tube diameter provides sharper and more precise cuts with less material loss from a workpiece.
  • the slurry velocity can be increased to considerably higher speeds without damage to the tube's walls, thereby increasing the abrasive power of the slurry and the cutting efficiency of the system.
  • the carrier fluid can be a gas or liquid/gas mixture.
  • the lubricated mixing tube 20 of the present invention should also reduce wear due to cavitation when used with only highly pressurized cutting liquid.
  • “abrasive fluid” or “cutting fluid” should be understood to include fluids with or without entrained abrasive particles.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
US10/010,663 2001-12-06 2001-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet Expired - Fee Related US6837775B2 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/010,663 US6837775B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2001-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet
DE60211027T DE60211027T2 (de) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Poröses, geschmiertes mischrohr für abrasiven fluidstrahl
AT02805547T ATE324225T1 (de) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Poröses, geschmiertes mischrohr für abrasiven fluidstrahl
CA002469860A CA2469860A1 (en) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet
PCT/US2002/039125 WO2003053634A1 (en) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet
MXPA04005520A MXPA04005520A (es) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Tubo mezclador lubricado, poroso para chorro de fluido abrasivo.
AU2002366789A AU2002366789A1 (en) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet
EP02805547A EP1463607B1 (de) 2001-12-06 2002-12-06 Poröses, geschmiertes mischrohr für abrasiven fluidstrahl

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/010,663 US6837775B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2001-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20030109206A1 US20030109206A1 (en) 2003-06-12
US6837775B2 true US6837775B2 (en) 2005-01-04

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US10/010,663 Expired - Fee Related US6837775B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2001-12-06 Porous, lubricated mixing tube for abrasive, fluid jet

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6837775B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1463607B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE324225T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2002366789A1 (de)
CA (1) CA2469860A1 (de)
DE (1) DE60211027T2 (de)
MX (1) MXPA04005520A (de)
WO (1) WO2003053634A1 (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080179195A1 (en) * 2004-06-14 2008-07-31 United Technologies Corporation Apparatus and Method for White Layer and Recast Removal
US20100088894A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Stark Roger M Method for preparing abrasive waterjet mixing tubes
US20110056525A1 (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-03-10 Dürr Ecoclean GmbH Device and method for deburring and/or cleaning a work piece dipped in a fluid medium
US20110300780A1 (en) * 2010-02-24 2011-12-08 Werner Hunziker Device for blast-machining or abrasive blasting objects
US20130267152A1 (en) * 2012-04-10 2013-10-10 Sugino Machine Limited Abrasive water jet nozzle and abrasive water jet machine
US20150321316A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2015-11-12 Inflotek B.V. Nozzle for fine-kerf cutting in an abrasive jet cutting system
US9488316B2 (en) 2009-10-26 2016-11-08 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Method, system and device for reducing friction of viscous fluid flowing in a conduit
US20180361610A1 (en) * 2017-06-19 2018-12-20 Nuwave Industries Inc. Waterjet cutting tool

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US6749490B1 (en) * 2002-05-16 2004-06-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Portable numerically controlled water-jet driller
JP2007313626A (ja) * 2006-05-29 2007-12-06 Shibuya Kogyo Co Ltd 高圧水噴射ノズル
DE102008030538A1 (de) * 2008-06-27 2009-12-31 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum Betreiben eines wasserführenden Haushaltsgeräts
US10086497B1 (en) * 2012-04-27 2018-10-02 Chukar Waterjet, Inc. Submersible liquid jet apparatus
CN109932489B (zh) * 2019-03-20 2024-02-13 西安航空学院 一种带有混合仪的气体预处理装置及气体检测装置
DE102019004685A1 (de) * 2019-06-28 2020-12-31 Technische Universität Chemnitz Verfahren zum Materialabtrag an einer Halbzeugoberfläche
DE102019004686A1 (de) * 2019-06-28 2020-12-31 Technische Universität Chemnitz Verfahren zur Bearbeitung einer Schneidkante eines Zerspanungs- oder Schneidwerkzeuges und Vorichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
EP3862135A1 (de) 2020-02-10 2021-08-11 Ceratizit Luxembourg Sàrl Fokussierrohr und verwendung davon
CN119609902A (zh) * 2025-02-12 2025-03-14 大连理工大学 一种大口径长管内壁的化学机械抛光装备及方法

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7807037B2 (en) 2004-06-14 2010-10-05 United Technologies Corporation Apparatus and method for white layer and recast removal
US20080179195A1 (en) * 2004-06-14 2008-07-31 United Technologies Corporation Apparatus and Method for White Layer and Recast Removal
US8608865B2 (en) * 2008-03-14 2013-12-17 Dürr Ecoclean GmbH Device and method for deburring and/or cleaning a work piece dipped in a fluid medium
US20110056525A1 (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-03-10 Dürr Ecoclean GmbH Device and method for deburring and/or cleaning a work piece dipped in a fluid medium
US20100088894A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Stark Roger M Method for preparing abrasive waterjet mixing tubes
US9488316B2 (en) 2009-10-26 2016-11-08 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Method, system and device for reducing friction of viscous fluid flowing in a conduit
US8696406B2 (en) * 2010-02-24 2014-04-15 Werner Hunziker Device for blast-machining or abrasive blasting objects
US8668554B2 (en) * 2010-02-24 2014-03-11 Werner Hunziker Blasting nozzle for a device for blast-machining or abrasive blasting objects
US20110306279A1 (en) * 2010-02-24 2011-12-15 Werner Hunziker Blasting nozzle for a device for blast-machining or abrasive blasting objects
US20110300780A1 (en) * 2010-02-24 2011-12-08 Werner Hunziker Device for blast-machining or abrasive blasting objects
US20130267152A1 (en) * 2012-04-10 2013-10-10 Sugino Machine Limited Abrasive water jet nozzle and abrasive water jet machine
US20150321316A1 (en) * 2012-10-15 2015-11-12 Inflotek B.V. Nozzle for fine-kerf cutting in an abrasive jet cutting system
US10513009B2 (en) * 2012-10-15 2019-12-24 Inflotek B.V. Nozzle for fine-kerf cutting in an abrasive jet cutting system
US20180361610A1 (en) * 2017-06-19 2018-12-20 Nuwave Industries Inc. Waterjet cutting tool
US10875209B2 (en) * 2017-06-19 2020-12-29 Nuwave Industries Inc. Waterjet cutting tool

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2003053634A1 (en) 2003-07-03
DE60211027D1 (de) 2006-06-01
CA2469860A1 (en) 2003-07-03
DE60211027T2 (de) 2006-11-23
US20030109206A1 (en) 2003-06-12
EP1463607B1 (de) 2006-04-26
EP1463607A1 (de) 2004-10-06
MXPA04005520A (es) 2004-12-06
AU2002366789A1 (en) 2003-07-09
ATE324225T1 (de) 2006-05-15

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