US7098770B2 - Contactless integrated circuit reader - Google Patents

Contactless integrated circuit reader Download PDF

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US7098770B2
US7098770B2 US10/411,008 US41100803A US7098770B2 US 7098770 B2 US7098770 B2 US 7098770B2 US 41100803 A US41100803 A US 41100803A US 7098770 B2 US7098770 B2 US 7098770B2
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reader
data
load modulation
signal
modulation signal
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Bruno Charrat
François Lepron
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Verimatrix France SAS
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Inside Technologies SA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to contactless integrated circuit readers and data transmission by inductive coupling.
  • a contactless integrated circuit reader 10 operating by inductive coupling is an active system that sends an alternating magnetic field FLD by means of an antenna circuit 11 and that sends data by modulating the amplitude of the magnetic field sent.
  • a contactless integrated circuit 20 is a passive device that does not send a magnetic field and comprises an antenna circuit 21 comparable by analogy to the secondary winding of a transformer the primary winding of which would be constituted by the antenna circuit 11 of the reader.
  • the magnetic field FLD sent by the reader causes an induced alternating voltage Vac to appear in the antenna circuit of the integrated circuit, said induced voltage copying the amplitude modulations of the magnetic field and enabling the integrated circuit 10 to receive the data sent by the reader, after filtering and demodulating the induced voltage Vac.
  • a contactless integrated circuit 20 sends data to such a reader by load modulation, i.e. by short-circuiting its antenna circuit by means of a switch driven by a load modulation signal Sx.
  • the antenna short-circuits cause a disturbance of the magnetic field FLD that is passed onto the antenna circuit of the reader 10 .
  • the latter can therefore extract the load modulation signal Sx by filtering the signal present in its antenna circuit 11 and deduce the data sent by the contactless integrated circuit from it.
  • the antenna circuit of a contactless reader is excited by an alternating signal of a frequency of 13.56 MHz, the data transmission to a contactless integrated circuit is carried out by modulating the amplitude of the magnetic field with a modulating trough of 100% (ISO/A), of 10% (ISO/B) or of 10% to 30% (ISO15).
  • the data transmission to a reader is carried out by load modulation by means of a sub-carrier of 847 KHz that is Manchester coded (standard ISO/A) or biphase shit keying (BPSK) coded (standard ISO/B) or by means of a sub-carrier of 423 KHz that is Manchester or frequency shift keying (FSK) coded (IS 0 15).
  • a sub-carrier of 847 KHz that is Manchester coded (standard ISO/A) or biphase shit keying (BPSK) coded (standard ISO/B) or by means of a sub-carrier of 423 KHz that is Manchester or frequency shift keying (FSK) coded (IS 0 15).
  • the applications of this data transmission technique by inductive coupling are currently increasing, particularly in the fields of electronic payment and access control (smart cards and electronic badges) and in product identification (electronic tags).
  • the contactless integrated circuits are arranged on portable supports (plastic cards, tag supports) having an antenna coil integrated therein.
  • the antenna coil is sometimes integrated directly into the silicon wafer of the integrated circuits (“coil on chip”), in so-called “proximity” applications in which the maximum distance of communication is short and on the order of a few millimetres.
  • the contactless integrated circuit readers are in the form of fixed terminals.
  • these contactless terminals are capable of recording different pieces of information relating to the operations carried out, which are sometimes necessary to collect to correctly manage the installations.
  • an access control terminal is capable of recording each time the door opens, the date, the time and the identity of the badge with which the opening of the door was requested.
  • an automatic payment terminal is capable of recording the time of each transaction and the identity of the card with which payment was made.
  • this information it is sometimes desirable for this information to be collected by a data centralization system. To collect the information recorded, it is therefore necessary to provide an infrastructure of electric cables enabling the centralization system to be connected to each of the terminals.
  • the reading of the data recorded by a terminal is done manually by means of a terminal reader comprising a connector that is inserted into an output port of the terminal.
  • the present invention aims to overcome this disadvantage.
  • one object of the present invention is to provide a simple means of reading data recorded by a contactless integrated circuit reader.
  • one idea of the present invention is to provide a contactless integrated circuit reader capable of switching to a passive operating mode in which the reader does not send a magnetic field and operates with regard to another reader like a contactless integrated circuit.
  • this reader is capable of sending data to another reader according to the load modulation principle, and of receiving data that the other reader sends by modulating the magnetic field it sends out.
  • the present invention it is possible to cause two contactless readers to “converse” or communicate by switching one of the two readers to the passive operating mode. Data can then be exchanged without any mechanical contact between the two readers.
  • the first reader is for example a fixed terminal in which data must be read and the second reader is for example a portable reader used to extract the data from the terminal at the end of the day.
  • each terminal can switch to a passive mode to send or receive data to or from a neighbouring terminal, and can therefore be used as a relay for the propagation of data from terminal to terminal.
  • another object of the present invention is to provide a method for transferring data between two readers according to the load modulation principle, that is simple to implement and does not require providing a load modulation switch capable of short-circuiting the antenna circuit of one of the two readers.
  • One particular object of the present invention is to make a contactless integrated circuit reader of the type described in the international applications PCT/FR00/00742 and PCT/FR/00712 operate in passive mode, by minimizing the material modifications to be made to this reader to obtain the desired result.
  • another idea of the present invention is to apply a load modulation signal with two states to the antenna circuit of a first reader, the variations of the signal being capable of disturbing the magnetic field sent by a second reader and of causing the equivalent of a load modulation obtained by short-circuiting the antenna circuit of the first reader in the antenna circuit of the second reader.
  • the present invention provides an inductive coupling data send-receive device comprising an antenna circuit, means for delivering an alternating signal for exciting the antenna circuit, and means for simulating the operation of a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the components are arranged for applying a load modulation signal with two states to the antenna circuit when data is to be sent.
  • the load modulation signal is capable of disturbing a magnetic field sent by a contactless integrated circuit reader and of being detected by the reader as if it were a load modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the load modulation signal comprises pulses of the excitation signal.
  • the duration of each pulse is longer than the period of the excitation signal.
  • the load modulation signal comprises groups of pulses of the excitation signal.
  • the pulses of a single group are sent at a determined frequency lower than the frequency of the excitation signal.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the high impedance state.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the logic “1”, i.e. a direct voltage.
  • the load modulation signal is controlled by at least one port of a microprocessor.
  • the device comprises an active operating mode in which the excitation signal is applied in a substantially constant manner to the antenna circuit and in which data are sent by modulating the amplitude of the magnetic field sent by the antenna circuit.
  • the device is capable of conversing with a contactless integrated circuit when it is in the active mode.
  • the device also includes a passive operating mode in which data is sent by applying the load modulation signal with two states to the antenna circuit using the means for simulating the operation of a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the device is capable of conversing with a contactless integrated circuit reader when it is in the passive mode.
  • the means for simulating the operation of a contactless integrated circuit are preferably arranged to inhibit the substantially constant application of the excitation signal to the antenna circuit, at least when the load modulation signal is not applied to the antenna circuit.
  • the inhibition of the application of the excitation signal to the antenna circuit is controlled by ports of a microprocessor.
  • the device comprises means for extracting a load modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit from an antenna signal present in the antenna circuit and means for extracting an amplitude modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit reader from the antenna signal.
  • the means for extracting an amplitude modulation signal and the means for extracting a load modulation signal comprise a common filter circuit linked to the antenna circuit.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for transferring data between two contactless integrated circuit readers operating by inductive coupling.
  • Each reader comprises an antenna circuit for sending an alternating magnetic field, means for applying an alternating excitation signal to the antenna circuit, and means for modulating the amplitude of the magnetic field sent.
  • the method comprising the steps of providing, at least in a first reader, means for simulating the operation of a contactless integrated circuit and making the first reader operate like a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the method comprises the steps of applying a load modulation signal to the antenna circuit when data are to be sent, the load modulation signal being capable of disturbing the magnetic field sent by the other reader and of being detected by the other reader, and inhibiting the application of the excitation signal to the antenna circuit at least when the load modulation signal is not applied.
  • the load modulation signal comprises pulses of an alternating signal.
  • the duration of each pulse is longer than the period of the alternating signal.
  • the load modulation signal comprises groups of pulses of the excitation signal.
  • the pulses of a single group are sent at a determined frequency lower than the frequency of the excitation signal.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the high impedance state.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the logic “1”, i.e. a direct voltage.
  • the method comprises a step of providing filter means in the reader operating like a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the filter means are capable of extracting a load modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit from the antenna signal of the reader and of extracting an amplitude modulation signal sent by the other contactless integrated circuit reader from the antenna signal.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for sending data to a contactless integrated circuit reader by means of a device comprising an antenna circuit and means for delivering an alternating signal for exciting the antenna circuit.
  • the method comprises the step of applying a load modulation signal with two states to the antenna circuit.
  • the load modulation signal is capable of disturbing a magnetic field sent by a contactless integrated circuit reader and of being detected by the reader as if it were a load modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit.
  • the load modulation signal comprises pulses of the excitation signal.
  • the duration of each pulse is longer than the period of the excitation signal.
  • the load modulation signal comprises groups of pulses of the excitation signal.
  • the pulses of a single group are sent at a determined frequency lower than the frequency of the excitation signal.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the high impedance state.
  • the load modulation signal alternates between the following two states: the logic “0”, i.e. a reference potential, and the logic “1”, i.e. a direct voltage.
  • FIG. 1 previously described, schematically represents a contactless integrated circuit reader and a contactless integrated circuit
  • FIG. 2 is the wiring diagram of an example of an embodiment of a reader according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3D are timing diagrams of electric signals showing the operation of the reader in active mode, during a communication with a contactless integrated circuit
  • FIGS. 4A to 4E are timing diagrams of electric signals showing the operation of the reader in passive mode, during a communication with another reader.
  • FIG. 1 is the wiring diagram of a reader RD 1 according to the present invention, initially provided to exchange data with a contactless integrated circuit. Therefore, in terms of its general characteristics, the architecture of the reader RD 1 is in itself well known and is described in the international applications PCT/FR00/00742 and PCT/FR/00712.
  • the reader RD 1 can be essentially distinguished from the classical reader in that it comprises means for switching to a passive operating mode in which it simulates the operation of a contactless integrated circuit to converse or communicate with another contactless integrated circuit reader.
  • the reader RD 1 classically comprises a microprocessor MP 1 , a memory MEM 1 , an external antenna circuit LCR 1 , an oscillator OSC 1 , an amplitude modulation circuit MDC 1 and a data extraction circuit EXTC 1 .
  • the antenna circuit LCR 1 comprises a coil Lr 1 and a capacitor Cr 1 in parallel and has a resonance frequency of about 13.56 MHz.
  • the oscillator OSC 1 delivers an excitation signal SI of a frequency of about 13.56 MHz that is applied to the antenna circuit LCR 1 through the modulation circuit MDC 1 .
  • the signal S 1 is also applied to the microprocessor as a clock signal H.
  • the microprocessor MP 1 is supplied by a direct voltage Vcc and comprises ports P 1 to P 8 that can be set to “0” (ground), to “1” (Vcc) or to the high impedance state (HZ).
  • the ports P 1 to P 7 are output ports while the port P 8 is an input port.
  • the memory MEM 1 comprises a non-volatile area, such as a read only memory (ROM) or an electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)-type area for example, in which various classical programs are logged, particularly the operating system OS of the microprocessor, a program PGA 1 for managing a protocol to send data by amplitude modulation and a program PGA 2 for managing a protocol to receive data sent by a contactless integrated circuit according to the load modulation principle.
  • ROM read only memory
  • EEPROM electronically erasable programmable read only memory
  • the memory MEM 1 also comprises a program PGP 1 for managing a protocol to receive data sent by another contactless integrated circuit reader (by modulating the amplitude of an external magnetic field), and a program PGP 2 for managing a protocol to send data by load modulation.
  • PGP 1 for managing a protocol to receive data sent by another contactless integrated circuit reader (by modulating the amplitude of an external magnetic field)
  • PGP 2 for managing a protocol to send data by load modulation.
  • the modulation circuit MDC 1 comprises a transistor T 1 , here of the negative-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) type, the gate of which receives the signal S 1 and the source of which is connected to the ground.
  • the drain of the modulation transistor T 1 is linked to the antenna circuit LCR 1 through a capacitor C 1 and is linked to the ports P 1 to P 4 of the microprocessor MP 1 through an inductor or “shock” inductor L 1 .
  • the signal S 1 is applied to the gate of the modulation transistor T 1 through a logic gate LG, here an AND gate, receiving the signal S 1 and a control signal CMD delivered by the output port P 5 of the microprocessor MP 1 .
  • the data extraction circuit EXTC 1 comprises a band-pass filter BPF 1 set to a frequency of about 847 KHz and a low-pass filter LPF 1 having a cut-off frequency of about 847 KHz.
  • the band-pass filter BPF 1 comprises for example an inductor, a capacitor, a resistor and a diode in parallel
  • the low-pass filter LPF 1 comprises a resistor and a capacitor in parallel.
  • Each filter BPF 1 , LPF 1 is connected by one of its ends to a port P 6 , P 7 of the microprocessor MP 1 , respectively.
  • the other end of the filters BPF 1 , LPF 1 is connected to a common node N 1 that is connected to the output of an amplifier element T 2 .
  • the amplifier element T 2 is a transistor T 2 of the FET type, the drain of which is connected to the node N 1 and the source of which is connected to the ground. Furthermore, the node N 1 is linked to the port P 8 of the microprocessor MP 1 through an amplifier AMP 1 and a trigger TRG 1 transforming a signal delivered by the amplifiers BPF 1 , LPF 1 .
  • the data extraction circuit EXTC 1 also comprises a half-wave rectifier DR 1 and a low-pass filter LPF 2 having a cut-off frequency on the order of about 1 MHz.
  • the half-wave rectifier DR 1 is connected to the antenna circuit LCR 1 and its output is applied to the input of the low-pass filter LPF 2 .
  • the output of the filter LPF 2 is applied to the input of the amplifier element T 2 (here the gate of the field-effect transistor FET) through a decoupling capacitor C 2 and a pull-down resistor R 1 .
  • the operation of the reader RD 1 in active mode is classical in itself and comprises first of all sending a magnetic field FLD 1 .
  • the ports P 1 to P 4 of the microprocessor MP 1 are-set to 1 and the signal CMD is set to 1.
  • the output of the circuit MDC 1 delivers the excitation signal S 1 to the antenna circuit LCR 1 and an antenna signal SA 1 of the same frequency appears in the antenna circuit LCR 1 , causing the magnetic field FLD 1 intended to activate a contactless integrated circuit to be sent.
  • the circuit CIC can be an integrated circuit of a contactless smart card, of a contactless electronic badge, of a contactless electronic tag, etc.
  • the circuit CIC is equipped with an antenna circuit LCP comprising a coil Lp in parallel with a capacitor Cp. It comprises a load modulation switch TM, here an NMOS transistor, a hard-wired logic or microprocessor central processing unit UC, a modulator circuit MODC (the output of which drives the gate of the transistor TM), a data extraction circuit EXTC 3 connected to the antenna circuit LCP, a diode rectifier PD and a frequency divider circuit DWVC.
  • the switch TM is connected to the terminals of the antenna circuit LCP through a load resistor RM.
  • the magnetic field FLD 1 sent by the reader RD 1 causes an induced voltage Vac to appear at the terminals of the coil Lp.
  • the voltage Vac is rectified by the diode bridge PD.
  • the output of the diode bridge PD delivers a supply voltage Vcc of the circuit CIC.
  • the oscillation frequency of about 13.56 MHz of the voltage Vac is divided by the circuit DIVC, the output of which delivers a sub-carrier Fsc of about 847 KHz sent to the circuit MODC.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3D The exchange of data between the reader RD 1 and the circuit CIC is shown by FIGS. 3A to 3D .
  • the left-hand side of these figures relates to sending data to the circuit CIC (send mode) and the right-hand side relates to receiving data sent by the integrated circuit (receiving mode).
  • FIG. 3A shows an example of data DT to be sent and an example of coding of the signal SM 1 is represented in FIG. 3B .
  • this coding involves temporarily setting the signal SM 1 to 0 when a 0 is sent, and maintaining the signal SM 1 at 1 when a 1 is sent.
  • the change of the signal SM 1 to 0 blocks the transistor T 1 in the circuit MDC 1 and extinguishes the antenna signal SA 1 , because the excitation signal S 1 no longer being applied to the antenna circuit LCR 1 .
  • the magnetic field FLD 1 represented in FIG. 3C , thus has a short amplitude modulation when a bit on 0 is sent and has no amplitude modulation when a bit on 1 is sent (pulse coding).
  • the modulation trough is of 100% (ISO/A coding) when all the ports P 1 to P 4 are set to 0 but may also be lower than 100%, such as 10% for example (ISO/B standard), by setting certain ports P 1 to P 4 to the high impedance state HZ while the others remain on 1 (instead of setting all the ports to 0).
  • the amplitude modulation signal SM 1 is extracted from the induced voltage Vac by the circuit EXTC 3 , and is applied to the central processing unit UC for decoding received data DT.
  • the integrated circuit sends data DT ( FIG. 3A , right-hand side) to the reader RD 1 .
  • Data DT is applied to the circuit MODC to be coded in accordance with the chosen protocol, and the circuit MODC applies a load modulation signal SX 1 to the gate of the transistor TM.
  • the signal SX 1 is for example the result of Manchester coding applied to the sub-carrier Fsc (standard ISO/A).
  • the signal SX 1 may also be the result of BPSK coding applied to the sub-carrier Fsc (standard ISO/B).
  • the function of the ports P 6 and P 7 is to switch the filters BPF 1 , LPF 1 while ensuring their electric power supply.
  • the ports P 6 , P 7 are on high impedance, the filters BPF 1 , LPF 1 are disconnected (in open circuit) and the node N 1 is at high impedance HZ.
  • a port P 6 , P 7 is set to 1 while the other port is maintained at high impedance HZ, the corresponding filter BPF 1 , LPF 1 is put into operation.
  • the microprocessor MP 1 selects and activates the low-pass filter LPF 1 by means of the port P 7 when the signal SX 1 is Manchester coded (standard ISO/A) or selects the band-pass filter BPF 1 by means of port P 6 when the signal SX 1 is BPSK coded.
  • the load modulation signal SX 1 is first of all extracted from the antenna signal SA 1 by the low-pass filter LPF 2 of the circuit EXTC 1 , which eliminates the component at 13.56 MHz, and is applied to the input of the amplifier element T 2 .
  • the filter BPF 1 or LPF 1 selected by means of the ports P 6 , P 7 enables the envelope of the signal SX 1 to be extracted, by eliminating the sub-carrier Fsc.
  • the envelope of the signal SX 1 is sent to the port P 8 of the microprocessor to be decoded, after being amplified by the amplifier AMP 1 and transformed by the trigger TRG 1 .
  • the low-pass filter LPF 1 enables any type of signal SX 1 the frequency of which is lower than or equal to about 847 KHz to be frequency demodulated, including when the signal, SX 1 is a binary signal without sub-carrier.
  • the band-pass filter BPF 1 is more particularly dedicated to the phase demodulation of the signal SX 1 when the latter is phase jump coded (BPSK) and has a frequency of about 847 KHz.
  • An object of the present invention is to simulate the operation of a contactless integrated circuit by means of the reader RD 1 , so as to enable data to be exchanged between the reader RD 1 and another contactless integrated circuit reader.
  • the reader RD 2 is represented schematically in FIG. 1 , opposite the reader RD 1 .
  • the reader RD 2 is here of the same structure as the reader RD 1 and comprises an antenna circuit LCR 2 made up of a coil Lr 2 and a capacitor Cr 2 , a microprocessor MP 2 , a memory MEM 2 , a modulation circuit MDC 2 , an oscillator OSC 2 delivering an excitation signal S 2 applied to the antenna circuit LCR 2 through the modulation circuit MDC 2 , and a data extraction circuit EXTC 2 connected to the antenna circuit LCR 2 .
  • the reader RD 1 is switched to passive operating mode here by a bit or flag Bm stored in a register REG 1 the output of which is connected to an input E 1 of the microprocessor MP 1 .
  • the value of the flag Bm is detected by polling (cyclic reading of the register) or by interruption.
  • the microprocessor MP 1 switches to the passive mode when the flag Bm has a determined value, such as “1” for example.
  • the value of the flag Bm can be changed by a switch or a push button (not shown) accessible manually on the box of the reader RD 1 or be modified by the microprocessor MP 1 itself.
  • the microprocessor MP 1 may for example be programmed to switch to passive mode at certain times of the day or month, corresponding to the reading of data logged in the memory MEM 1 .
  • the switching to passive mode can also be initiated in a menu presented to the user in which the two options modes of operation are presented. This embodiment is applicable to portable readers provided to read fixed readers arranged in terminals by going into passive mode.
  • the operation of the reader RD 1 in passive mode first of all results in the absence of sending the magnetic field FLD 1 which is the only permanent magnetic field existing between the readers RD 1 and RD 2 being the magnetic field FLD 2 sent by the reader RD 2 .
  • the signal CMD is set to 0 (port P 5 ) and the ports P 1 to P 4 are set to the high impedance state HZ.
  • the signal S 1 is therefore blocked by the logic gate LG and does not reach the transistor T 1 of the modulation circuit MDC 1 because the gate of transistor T 1 is maintained on 0 by the output of the gate LG.
  • the microprocessor MP 1 maintains the ports P 1 to P 4 at 0, such that the transistor T 1 also remains blocked independently of the signal applied to its gate.
  • FIGS. 4A to 4E Examples of sending or receiving data in passive mode will now be described in relation with FIGS. 4A to 4E .
  • the left-hand side of these figures relates to receiving data by the reader RD 1 and the right-hand side of these figures relates to sending data by the reader RD 1 .
  • data sent by the reader RD 2 can be read by means of the data extraction circuit EXTC 1 which, due to its structure and its arrangement, is capable of extracting both a load modulation signal sent by a contactless integrated circuit (signal SX 1 described above) and an amplitude modulation signal.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4C respectively represent the magnetic field FLD 2 sent by the reader RD 2 and the antenna signal SA 1 appearing by induction in the antenna circuit LCR 1 of the reader RD 1 .
  • FIG. 3A it can be seen that the amplitude of the field FLD 2 has modulation troughs (of 100% or 10% according to the coding chosen).
  • the envelope of the magnetic field FLD 2 is the image of the amplitude modulation signal SM 2 ( FIG. 4D ) applied by the microprocessor MP 2 to its modulation circuit MDC 2 .
  • FIG. 4D the amplitude modulation signal
  • the antenna signal SA 1 copies the amplitude variations of the field FLD 2 , such that the envelope of the antenna signal SA 1 is also the modulation signal SM 2 .
  • the microprocessor MP 1 selects the low-pass filter LPF 1 by setting the port P 7 to “1”.
  • the carrier at 13.56 MHz is removed by the filter LPF 2 at the input of the amplifier element T 2 , and any residual frequencies are eliminated by the filter LPF 1 .
  • the amplitude modulation signal SM 2 is therefore found again on the port P 8 of the microprocessor MP 1 after being transformed by the amplifier AMP 1 and the trigger circuit TRG 1 .
  • the microprocessor MP 1 decodes the modulation signal SM 2 by means of the program PGP 1 mentioned above, which contains decoding algorithms provided for the contactless integrated circuits, and deduces the data sent by the reader RD 2 from it.
  • the object of the present invention is to cause a load modulation signal SX 2 to appear in the antenna circuit LCR 2 of the reader RD 2 , without having to add a load modulation switch (of the type of switch TM present at the terminals of the antenna circuit of the integrated circuit CIC) in parallel with the antenna circuit LCR 1 of the reader RD 1 .
  • the idea of the present invention is to apply a load modulation signal SX 2 with two states to the antenna circuit LCR 1 by means of the modulation circuit MDC 1 .
  • the load modulation signal is capable of causing a disturbance of the magnetic field FLD 2 sent by the reader RD 2 . This disturbance must be passed onto the antenna circuit LCR 2 with sufficient strength to be detected by the data extraction circuit EXTC 2 of the reader RD 2 .
  • Table 1 below describes the various states of the output of the circuit MDC 1 according to the control signals CMD and SM 1 applied thereto.
  • the signal delivered by the circuit MDC 1 is here designated SX 2 to distinguish it from the signal S 1 delivered by the same circuit when the reader is operating in active mode.
  • the output states are referenced “A” to “F” in the left-hand side column.
  • three load modulation methods MDC 1 can be chosen to cause a disturbance of the magnetic field FLD 2 that can be detected by the reader RD 2 as a load modulation signal.
  • the first method is summarised in Table 2 below and involves alternating the state A and the state B, such that the load modulation signal SX 2 delivered by the circuit MDC 1 comprises an alternation of “0” and “1”.
  • the application of a “0” to the antenna circuit LCR 1 amounts to connecting the same to the ground GND (through the capacitor C 1 ) or to any reference potential representing the logic “0”.
  • the application of a “1” to the antenna circuit amounts to applying (again through the capacitor C 1 ) the direct supply voltage Vcc of the microprocessor MP 1 to the same, or any other direct voltage representing the logic “1”.
  • the second method is summarized in Table 3 below and involves alternating the state A and the state C, such that the load modulation signal SX 2 delivered by the circuit MDC 1 comprises an alternation between the state “0” (ground or reference potential) and the high impedance state HZ.
  • the application of the high impedance state HZ amounts to putting the antenna circuit LCR 1 into an open circuit condition.
  • the third method is summarized in Table 4 below and involves alternating the state D and the state E such that the load modulation signal SX 2 delivered by the circuit MDC 1 comprises an alternation between the state “0” (ground) and the alternating excitation state of the antenna circuit LCR 1 by means of the signal S 1 delivered by the oscillator OSC 1 .
  • the third method has the advantage of offering a maximum communication distance that is clearly greater than the first two methods, as the alternating signal pulses S 1 applied to the antenna circuit LCR 1 cause magnetic field pulses FLD 1 to be sent which are detected by the reader RD 2 at a greater distance than disturbances due to a passive load modulation.
  • the disturbance of the magnetic field obtained according to the third method can be qualified as “pseudo active load modulation” due to the sending of the alternating magnetic field pulses.
  • This third method therefore constitutes the preferred embodiment of the present invention, although the other methods are not however excluded from the present invention.
  • FIG. 4B represents the aspect of the signal SX 2 when data are sent in accordance with Manchester coding and by applying the third load modulation method.
  • Sending a “1” results in a series of pulses I 1 , I 2 . . . followed by an absence of pulses and sending a “0” results in an absence of pulses followed by a series of pulses I 1 , I 2 . . . I 4 etc. (I 1 –I 4 ).
  • the pulses I 1 –I 4 are sent at the frequency of 847 KHz (load modulation sub-carrier), calculated by the microprocessor MP 1 by division of the clock signal H (signal S 1 ).
  • Each pulse I 1 –I 4 is constituted by a series of alternations of the signal S 1 .
  • the pulses I 1 –I 4 are passed onto the antenna circuit of the reader RD 2 and are extracted by the circuit EXTC 2 , which delivers the signal SX 2 ′ represented in FIG. 4E to the microprocessor MP 2 .
  • the signal SX 2 ′ is the envelope of the signal SX 2 (i.e. the envelope of the pulses I 1 –I 4 after filtering the component S 1 at 13.56 MHz) and is equivalent to a classical load modulation signal, such as the signal SX 1 represented in FIG. 3D for example.
  • the signal SX 2 ′ is decoded by the microprocessor MP 2 , which deduces the data DT sent by the reader RD 1 therefrom.
  • a reader according to the present invention may be provided to operate in passive mode in accordance with any other communication protocol based on the load modulation principle, particularly the protocol ISO 1569 mentioned in the preamble.
  • a reader according to the present invention may also be provided to operate exclusively in passive mode. In this case, it is no longer a “reader” within the conventional meaning of the term but a device provided to read data in a contactless integrated circuit reader, which is neither a contactless integrated circuit reader nor a contactless integrated circuit (due to its ability to generate an alternating magnetic field).
  • a reader according to the present invention stops sending a magnetic field when it switches to passive mode
  • a magnetic field could, however, be sent outside periods of sending data (i.e. the periods of applying the load modulation signal with two states SX 2 ).
  • sending a magnetic field seems to be unnecessary when the reader is operating in passive mode and conversing with another reader.
  • a reader or a device according to the present invention may be used in different applications, particularly in the field of reading data logged by contactless readers arranged in fixed terminals.

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  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
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US10/411,008 2000-10-16 2003-04-10 Contactless integrated circuit reader Expired - Lifetime US7098770B2 (en)

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FR0013198 2000-10-16
FR0013198A FR2815490B1 (fr) 2000-10-16 2000-10-16 Lecteur de circuit integre sans contact
PCT/FR2001/003078 WO2002033644A1 (fr) 2000-10-16 2001-10-05 Lecteur de circuit integre sans contact

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WO2013102708A1 (fr) 2012-01-03 2013-07-11 Inside Secure Procede d'execution d'une application dans un dispositif nfc
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WO2013121122A3 (fr) * 2012-02-09 2013-12-19 Inside Secure Haut-parleur pour telephone mobile comprenant un dispositif nfc
US9331378B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2016-05-03 Nxp B.V. Active load modulation antenna
EP2669995A3 (de) * 2012-05-29 2014-05-21 Nxp B.V. Modulationsantenne mit aktiver Ladung
US9305193B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2016-04-05 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Contactless communication device and user device including the same
DE102013114135A1 (de) * 2013-12-16 2015-06-18 Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG Elektronische Schaltung zur Erzeugung eines ASK-Signals und Messsystem
US10019608B2 (en) 2015-12-09 2018-07-10 Nxp B.V. Method and device for phase calibration with active load modulation
US9935689B2 (en) 2016-08-01 2018-04-03 Nxp B.V. Method and system to measure the phase offset based on the frequency response in a NFC system
US10756881B2 (en) 2016-08-01 2020-08-25 Nxp B.V. Method and system for operating a communications device that communicates via inductive coupling
US20190074914A1 (en) * 2017-09-01 2019-03-07 Nxp B.V. System to calibrate phase using system information
US10567092B2 (en) * 2017-09-01 2020-02-18 Nxp B.V. System to calibrate phase using system information

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CN1248146C (zh) 2006-03-29
AU2001293958A1 (en) 2002-04-29
EP1327222A1 (de) 2003-07-16
WO2002033644A1 (fr) 2002-04-25
EP1327222B1 (de) 2004-04-28
FR2815490A1 (fr) 2002-04-19
ATE265714T1 (de) 2004-05-15
CN1470038A (zh) 2004-01-21
DE60103079T2 (de) 2005-03-31
US20030169152A1 (en) 2003-09-11
DE60103079D1 (de) 2004-06-03
FR2815490B1 (fr) 2006-07-07
DE60103079C5 (de) 2018-12-27

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