US8404723B2 - 3-cyano 5-thiazaheteroaryl-dihydropyridine and the use thereof for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases - Google Patents

3-cyano 5-thiazaheteroaryl-dihydropyridine and the use thereof for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases Download PDF

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US8404723B2
US8404723B2 US12/442,399 US44239907A US8404723B2 US 8404723 B2 US8404723 B2 US 8404723B2 US 44239907 A US44239907 A US 44239907A US 8404723 B2 US8404723 B2 US 8404723B2
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Lars Barfacker
Peter Kolkhof
Karl-Heinz Schlemmer
Rolf Grosser
Adam Nitsche
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Bayer Intellectual Property GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
    • A61P5/28—Antiandrogens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/38—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the suprarenal hormones
    • A61P5/42—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the suprarenal hormones for decreasing, blocking or antagonising the activity of mineralocorticosteroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present application relates to novel aryl-substituted 3-cyano-5-thiazolyl- and 3-cyano-5-thiadiazolyl-1,4-dihydropyridines, a process for their preparation, their use for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, and their use for the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, especially cardiovascular disorders.
  • Aldosterone plays a key part in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by promoting, in the epithelium of the distal nephron, sodium retention and potassium secretion, thus contributing to keeping the extracellular volume constant and thus to regulating blood pressure. Besides this, aldosterone displays direct effects on the structure and function of the cardiac and vascular system, but the underlying mechanisms thereof are not yet fully explained [R. E. Booth, J. P. Johnson, J. D. Stockand, Adv. Physiol. Educ. 26 (1), 8-20 (2002)].
  • Aldosterone is a steroid hormone which is formed in the adrenal cortex. Its production is regulated indirectly very substantially depending on the renal blood flow. Any decrease in renal blood flow leads to release in the kidney of the enzyme renin into the circulating blood. This in turn activates the formation of angiotensin II, which on the one hand has a constricting effect on the arterial blood vessels, but on the other hand also stimulates the formation of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex.
  • the kidney acts as blood pressure sensor, and thus indirect volume sensor, in the circulating blood and counteracts, via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, critical losses of volume by on the one hand increasing the blood pressure (angiotensin II effect), and on the other hand, by rebalancing the state of filling of the vascular system by increased reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney (aldosterone effect).
  • This control system may be pathologically impaired in diverse ways.
  • a chronic reduction in renal blood flow e.g. as a result of heart failure and the congestion of blood in the venous system caused thereby
  • a chronically excessive release of aldosterone leads to a chronically excessive release of aldosterone.
  • this is followed by an expansion of the blood volume and thereby increases the weakness of the heart through an excessive supply of volume to the heart.
  • Congestion of blood in the lungs with shortness of breath and formation of edema in the extremities, and ascites and pleural effusions may be the result; the renal blood flow falls further.
  • the excessive aldosterone effect leads to a reduction in the potassium concentration in the blood and in the extracellular fluid.
  • cardiac arrhythmias with a fatal outcome may be induced if there is a deviation below a critical minimum level. This is likely to be one of the main causes of the sudden cardiac death which frequently occurs in patients with heart failure.
  • aldosterone is also thought to be responsible for a number of the myocardial remodeling processes typically to be observed in heart failure.
  • hyperaldosteronism is a crucial component in the pathogenesis and prognosis of heart failure which may originally be induced by various types of damage such as, for example, a myocardial infarction, a myocardial inflammation or high blood pressure.
  • This assumption is supported by the fact that there was a marked reduction in overall mortality in wide-ranging clinical studies on groups of patients with chronic heart failure and post acute myocardial infarction through the use of aldosterone antagonists [B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W. J. Remme et al., N. Engl. J. Med.
  • normokalemic hyperaldosteronism a hyperaldosteronism diagnosed in connection with essential hypertension is a starting point for a causal and prophylactically worthwhile therapy.
  • hyperaldosteronism Far less common than the types of hyperaldosteronism detailed above are pathological states in which the impairment either is to be found in the hormone-producing cells of the adrenal itself, or the number or mass thereof is increased through hyperplasia or proliferation.
  • Adenomas or diffuse hyperplasias of the adrenal cortex are the commonest cause of the primary hyperaldosteronism referred to as Conn's syndrome, the leading symptoms of which are hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis.
  • the priority here too, besides surgical removal of the diseased tissue, is medical therapy with aldosterone antagonists [H. A. kuhn and J. Schirmeister (Editors), Innere Medizin, 4th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1982].
  • Another pathological state associated typically with an elevation of the plasma aldosterone concentration is advanced cirrhosis of the liver.
  • the cause of the aldosterone elevation in this case is mainly the restricted aldosterone breakdown resulting from the impairment of liver function.
  • Volume overload, edema and hypokalemia are the typical consequences, which can be successfully alleviated in clinical practice by aldosterone antagonists.
  • aldosterone The effects of aldosterone are mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor which has an intracellular location in the target cells.
  • the aldosterone antagonists available to date have, like aldosterone itself, a basic steroid structure.
  • the utility of such steroidal antagonists is limited by their interactions with the receptors of other steroid hormones, which in some cases lead to considerable side effects such as gynecomastia and impotence and to discontinuation of the therapy [M. A. Zaman, S. Oparil, D. A. Calhoun, Nature Rev. Drug Disc. 1, 621-636 (2002)].
  • potent, non-steroidal antagonists which are more selective for the mineralocorticoid receptor provides the possibility of avoiding this profile of side effects and thus achieving a distinct therapeutic advantage.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide novel compounds which can be used as selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for the treatment of disorders, especially cardiovascular disorders.
  • 4-Fluorenonyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are disclosed in WO 2005/087740.
  • WO 2005/097118 claims compounds having a 4-aryl-1,4-dihydro-pyridine core structure as aldosterone receptor antagonists.
  • 4-Aryl-3-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridine-5-carboxylic esters and -carboxamides are described in WO 2006/066011 as in some cases dual modulators of steroid hormone receptors and of the L-type calcium channel.
  • EP 0 116 708-A1, EP 0 177 965-A2, EP 0 183 091-A2 and DE 3 709 352-A1 claim inter alia thiazolyl- and thiadiazolyl-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines as calcium antagonists or agonists for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Structure-activity relations of various 5-heteroaryl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic esters are reported in R. Mannhold et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 27, 229-235 (1992).
  • the present invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I)
  • Ar is (C 6 -C 10 )-aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl having up to two ring heteroatoms from the series N, O and/or S, each of which may be substituted once to three times, identically or differently, by substituents selected from the series halogen, cyano, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkylthio,
  • Ar is a group of the formula
  • R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl which may be substituted by phenyl, or is (C 1 -C 6 )-alkylthio,
  • R 2 is (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl which may be substituted by cyano, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino, mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino, di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl or up to three times by fluorine, or is (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl,
  • X is N or C—R 4 ,
  • R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, amino, mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino or di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino, are (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl which may be substituted by hydroxy, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy, amino, mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino, di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino or up to three times by fluorine, or are phenyl which may be substituted by halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy or trifluoromethoxy,
  • R 3 and R 4 are linked together and form, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, a fused 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl ring which may be substituted by (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl or (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy, and in which one ring CH 2 group may be replaced by an O atom, or a fused phenyl or pyridyl ring, each of which may be substituted by halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy or trifluoromethoxy,
  • Compounds of the invention are the compounds of the formula (I) and the salts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof, the compounds which are encompassed by formula (I) and are of the formulae mentioned hereinafter, and the salts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof, and the compounds which are encompassed by formula (I) and are mentioned hereinafter as exemplary embodiments, and the salts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof, insofar as the compounds encompassed by formula (I) and mentioned hereinafter are not already salts, solvates and solvates of the salts.
  • the compounds of the invention may, depending on their structure, exist in stereoisomeric forms (enantiomers, diastereomers).
  • the invention therefore relates to the enantiomers or diastereomers and respective mixtures thereof
  • the stereoisomerically pure constituents can be isolated in a known manner from such mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • the compounds of the invention may occur in tautomeric forms, the present invention encompasses all tautomeric forms.
  • Salts which are preferred for the purposes of the present invention are physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention. Also encompassed are salts which are themselves unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses but can be used for example for isolating or purifying the compounds of the invention.
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include acid addition salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, e.g. salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and benzoic acid.
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts of conventional bases such as, by way of example and preferably, alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium and magnesium salts) and ammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines having 1 to 16 C atoms, such as, by way of example and preferably, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, dimethylaminoethanol, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine, arginine, lysine, ethylenediamine and N-methylpiperidine.
  • alkali metal salts e.g. sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts e.g. calcium and magnesium salts
  • Solvates refers for the purposes of the invention to those forms of the compounds of the invention which form, in the solid or liquid state, a complex by coordination with solvent molecules. Hydrates are a specific form of solvates in which the coordination takes place with water. Hydrates are preferred solvates in the context of the present invention.
  • the present invention additionally encompasses prodrugs of the compounds of the invention.
  • prodrugs encompasses compounds which themselves may be biologically active or inactive, but are converted during their residence time in the body into compounds of the invention (for example by metabolism or hydrolysis).
  • (C 1 -C 6 )-Alkyl and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl represent in the context of the invention a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having respectively 1 to 6 and 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl and n-hexyl.
  • (C 3 -C 6 )-Cycloalkyl represents in the context of the invention a saturated monocyclic carbocycle having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • a fused 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl ring represents in the context of the present invention a carbocycle which is saturated apart from the double bond of the fusing position and has 5 to 7 ring atoms.
  • (C 1 -C 4 )-Alkoxy represents in the context of the invention a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy and tert-butoxy.
  • (C 1 -C 6 )-Alkylthio and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkylthio represent in the context of the invention a straight-chain or branched alkylthio radical having respectively 1 to 6 and 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • a straight-chain or branched alkylthio radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, tert-butylthio, n-pentylthio and n-hexylthio.
  • Mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino represents in the context of the invention an amino group having one straight-chain or branched alkyl substituent which has 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino and tert-butylamino.
  • Di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino represents in the context of the invention an amino group having two identical or different straight-chain or branched alkyl substituents, each of which have 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Mention may be made by way of example and preferably of: N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, N-methyl-N-n-propylamino, N-isopropyl-N-n-propylamino, N,N-diisopropylamino, N-n-butyl-N-methylamino and N-tert-butyl-N-methylamino.
  • (C 6 -C 10 )-Aryl represents in the context of the invention an aromatic carbocycle having 6 or 10 ring carbon atoms.
  • Preferred aryl radicals are phenyl and naphthyl.
  • 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl represents in the context of the invention a mono- or optionally bicyclic aromatic heterocycle (heteroaromatic) having a total of 5 to 10 ring atoms which comprises up to two identical or different ring heteroatoms from the series N, O and/or S and is linked via a ring carbon atom or, where appropriate, via a ring nitrogen atom.
  • aromatic heterocycle heteromatic
  • Examples which may be mentioned are: furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, iso-thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl.
  • Monocyclic 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl radicals having up to two ring heteroatoms from the series N, O and/or S are preferred, such as, for example, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, primidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl.
  • Halogen includes in the context of the invention fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Fluorine, chlorine or bromine are preferred.
  • radicals in the compounds of the invention are substituted, the radicals may be substituted one or more times, unless specified otherwise.
  • all radicals which occur more than once have a mutually independent meaning. Substitution by one, two or three identical or different substituents is preferred. Substitution by one substituent is very particularly preferred.
  • Ar is a group of the formula
  • R 1 is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl which may be substituted up to three times by fluorine,
  • R 2 is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl which may be substituted by (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy or up to three times by fluorine,
  • X is N or C—R 4 ,
  • R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently of one another are hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, amino, mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino, di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino or (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl,
  • R 3 and R 4 are linked together and form, together with the thiazole ring to which they are bonded, a group of the formula
  • Ar is a group of the formula
  • R 1 is methyl or trifluoromethyl
  • R 2 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or methoxymethyl
  • X is C—R 4 ,
  • R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl
  • R 3 and R 4 are linked together and form, together with the thiazole ring to which they are bonded, a group of the formula
  • radicals indicated specifically in their respective combinations or preferred combinations of radicals are replaced as desired irrespective of the particular combinations indicated for the radicals also by definitions of radicals of other combinations.
  • the invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention of the formula (I), characterized in that a compound of the formula (II)
  • Inert solvents for processes [A] and [B], and the second stage of process [C], are for example alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol, or other solvents such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, toluene or glacial acetic acid.
  • the reactions are preferably carried out in ethanol or isopropanol at the respective reflux temperature under atmospheric pressure.
  • the reaction in process [A] is preferably carried out in the presence of an acid such as, for example, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid or tetrabutylammonium bisulfate; the addition of acetic acid is particularly preferred.
  • an acid such as, for example, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid or tetrabutylammonium bisulfate; the addition of acetic acid is particularly preferred.
  • the reactions in process [B], and in the second stage of process [C], can be carried out where appropriate advantageously with addition of a base.
  • a base examples suitable for this purpose are alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates such as sodium, potassium or cesium carbonate, or alcoholates such as sodium or potassium methanolate, sodium or potassium ethanolate or sodium or potassium tert-butoxide. Potassium tert-butoxide is preferably used.
  • Inert solvents for the first stage of process [C] are for example halohydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethane or 1,2-dichloroethane, or other solvents such as acetonitrile, pyridine, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, hexane or cyclohexane.
  • the reactions preferably take place in dichloromethane or toluene at the respective reflux temperature under atmospheric pressure.
  • the reaction in the first stage of process [C] is preferably carried out in the presence of an acid in combination with piperidine or pyridine as base and/or a dehydrating agent such as, for example, molecular sieves.
  • suitable acids are acetic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • a reaction with addition of piperidinium acetate is particularly preferred [see also reaction scheme 11 below; concerning the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines in general, cf. also D. M. Stout, A. I. Meyers, Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 223-243; H. Meier et al., Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1977, 1888; H. Meier et al., ibid. 1977, 1895; H. Meier et al., ibid. 1976, 1762; F. Bossert et al., Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 755].
  • the compounds of the formula (II) are commercially available, disclosed in the literature or can be prepared in analogy to processes disclosed in the literature (cf. reaction schemes 1-7 below).
  • the compounds of the formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (VI) are commercially available, disclosed in the literature or can be prepared by methods disclosed in the literature [concerning the compounds of the formula (VI), cf. also reaction schemes 8-10 below].
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of the mineralocorticoid receptor and show a valuable range of pharmacological effects which could not have been predicted. They are therefore suitable for use as medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases in humans and animals.
  • the compounds of the invention are suitable for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of various disorders and disease-related conditions, especially of disorders which are characterized either by an elevation of the plasma aldosterone concentration or by a change in the plasma aldosterone concentration relative to the plasma renin concentration, or are associated with these changes.
  • disorders which are characterized either by an elevation of the plasma aldosterone concentration or by a change in the plasma aldosterone concentration relative to the plasma renin concentration, or are associated with these changes.
  • Examples which may be mentioned are: idiopathic primary hyperaldosteronism, hyperaldosteronism associated with adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenomas and/or adrenal carcinomas, hyperaldosteronism associated with cirrhosis of the liver, hyperaldosteronism associated with heart failure, and (relative) hyperaldosteronism associated with essential hypertension.
  • the compounds of the invention are also suitable, because of their mechanism of action, for the prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death in patients at increased risk of dying of sudden cardiac death.
  • patients suffering for example from one of the following disorders: hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, stable and unstable angina pectoris, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathies, shock, arteriosclerosis, atrial and ventricular arrhythmia, transient and ischemic attacks, stroke, inflammatory cardiovascular disorders, peripheral and cardiac vascular disorders, peripheral blood flow disturbances, pulmonary hypertension, spasms of the coronary arteries and peripheral arteries, thromboses, thromboembolic disorders, and vasculitis.
  • the compounds of the invention can additionally be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of edema formation, such as, for example, pulmonary edema, renal edema or heart failure-related edema, and of restenoses such as following thrombolysis therapies, percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA) and transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCA), heart transplants and bypass operations.
  • edema formation such as, for example, pulmonary edema, renal edema or heart failure-related edema
  • restenoses such as following thrombolysis therapies, percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA) and transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCA), heart transplants and bypass operations.
  • PTA percutaneous transluminal angioplasties
  • PTCA transluminal coronary angioplasties
  • the compounds of the invention are further suitable for use as diuretic and for electrolyte disturbances such as, for example, hypercalcemia.
  • the compounds of the invention can additionally be employed for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetic sequelae such as, for example, neuropathy and nephropathy, of acute and chronic renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency.
  • diabetes mellitus and diabetic sequelae such as, for example, neuropathy and nephropathy, of acute and chronic renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the compounds of the invention for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the compounds of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
  • the present invention further relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders, by using an effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention can be employed alone or, if required, in combination with other active ingredients.
  • the present invention further relates to medicaments comprising at least one of the compounds of the invention and one or more further active ingredients, especially for the treatment and/or prevention of the aforementioned disorders.
  • Suitable active ingredients which may be mentioned for combinations are by way of example and preferably:
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a diuretic such as by way of example and preferably furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, bendroflumethiazide, chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, chlorthalidone, indapamide, metolazone, quinethazone, acetazolamide, dichlorophenamide, methazolamide, glycerol, isosorbide, mannitol, amiloride or triamterene.
  • a diuretic such as by way of example and preferably furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, bendroflumethiazide, chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, chlorthal
  • Agents which lower blood pressure preferably mean compounds from the group of calcium antagonists, angiotensin AII antagonists, ACE inhibitors, endothelin antagonists, renin inhibitors, alpha-receptor blockers, beta-receptor blockers, Rho kinase inhibitors, and diuretics.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a calcium antagonist such as by way of example and preferably nifedipine, amlodipine, verapamil or diltiazem.
  • a calcium antagonist such as by way of example and preferably nifedipine, amlodipine, verapamil or diltiazem.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an angiotensin AII antagonist such as by way of example and preferably losartan, candesartan, valsartan, telmisartan or embusartan.
  • angiotensin AII antagonist such as by way of example and preferably losartan, candesartan, valsartan, telmisartan or embusartan.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an ACE inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, ramipril, delapril, fosinopril, quinopril, perindopril or trandopril.
  • an ACE inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, ramipril, delapril, fosinopril, quinopril, perindopril or trandopril.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an endothelin antagonist such as by way of example and preferably bosentan, darusentan, ambrisentan or sitaxsentan.
  • an endothelin antagonist such as by way of example and preferably bosentan, darusentan, ambrisentan or sitaxsentan.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a renin inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably aliskiren, SPP-600 or SPP-800.
  • a renin inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably aliskiren, SPP-600 or SPP-800.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an alpha-1 receptor blocker such as by way of example and preferably prazosin.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a beta-receptor blocker such as by way of example and preferably propranolol, atenolol, timolol, pindolol, alprenolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, bupranolol, metipranolol, nadolol, mepindolol, carazalol, sotalol, metoprolol, betaxolol, celiprolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, esmolol, labetalol, carvedilol, adaprolol, landiolol, nebivolol, epanolol or bucindolol.
  • a beta-receptor blocker such as by way of example and preferably propranolol, atenolol, timolol, pin
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a Rho kinase inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably fasudil, Y-27632, SLx-2119, BF-66851, BF-66852, BF-66853, KI-23095 or BA-1049.
  • a Rho kinase inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably fasudil, Y-27632, SLx-2119, BF-66851, BF-66852, BF-66853, KI-23095 or BA-1049.
  • Antithrombotics preferably mean compounds from the group of platelet aggregation inhibitors, of anticoagulants or of profibrinolytic substances.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a platelet aggregation inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine or dipyridamole.
  • a platelet aggregation inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine or dipyridamole.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a thrombin inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably ximelagatran, melagatran, bivalirudin or clexane.
  • a thrombin inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably ximelagatran, melagatran, bivalirudin or clexane.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist such as by way of example and preferably tirofiban or abciximab.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a factor Xa inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939), DU-176b, apixaban, otamixaban, fidexaban, razaxaban, fondaparinux, idraparinux, PMD-3112, YM-150, KFA-1982, EMD-503982, MCM-17, MLN-1021, DX 9065a, DPC 906, JTV 803, SSR-126512 or SSR-128428.
  • a factor Xa inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939), DU-176b, apixaban, otamixaban, fidexaban, razaxaban, fondaparinux, idraparinux, PMD-3112, YM-150, KFA-1982, EMD-503982, MCM-17, ML
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with heparin or a low molecular weight (LMW) heparin derivative.
  • LMW low molecular weight
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a vitamin K antagonist such as by way of example and preferably coumarin.
  • Agents which alter lipid metabolism preferably mean compounds from the group of CETP inhibitors, thyroid receptor agonists, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or squalene synthesis inhibitors, of ACAT inhibitors, MTP inhibitors, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma and/or PPAR-delta agonists, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, polymeric bile acid adsorbents, bile acid reabsorption inhibitors, lipase inhibitors and lipoprotein(a) antagonists.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a CETP inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably torcetrapib (CP-529 414), JJT-705, BAY 60-5521, BAY 78-7499 or CETP vaccine (Avant).
  • a CETP inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably torcetrapib (CP-529 414), JJT-705, BAY 60-5521, BAY 78-7499 or CETP vaccine (Avant).
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a thyroid receptor agonist such as by way of example and preferably D-thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), CGS 23425 or axitirome (CGS 26214).
  • a thyroid receptor agonist such as by way of example and preferably D-thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), CGS 23425 or axitirome (CGS 26214).
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from the class of statins such as by way of example and preferably lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, cerivastatin or pitavastatin.
  • statins such as by way of example and preferably lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, cerivastatin or pitavastatin.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a squalene synthesis inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably BMS-188494 or TAK-475.
  • a squalene synthesis inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably BMS-188494 or TAK-475.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an ACAT inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably avasimibe, melinamide, pactimibe, eflucimibe or SMP-797.
  • an ACAT inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably avasimibe, melinamide, pactimibe, eflucimibe or SMP-797.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an MTP inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably implitapide, BMS-201038, R-103757 or JTT-130.
  • an MTP inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably implitapide, BMS-201038, R-103757 or JTT-130.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a PPAR-gamma agonist such as by way of example and preferably pioglitazone or rosiglitazone.
  • a PPAR-gamma agonist such as by way of example and preferably pioglitazone or rosiglitazone.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a PPAR-delta agonist such as by way of example and preferably GW-501516 or BAY 68-5042.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably ezetimibe, tiqueside or pamaqueside.
  • a cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably ezetimibe, tiqueside or pamaqueside.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a lipase inhibitor such as by way of example and preferably orlistat.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a polymeric bile acid adsorbent such as by way of example and preferably cholestyramine, colestipol, colesolvam, CholestaGel or colestimide.
  • a polymeric bile acid adsorbent such as by way of example and preferably cholestyramine, colestipol, colesolvam, CholestaGel or colestimide.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a lipoprotein(a) antagonist such as by way of example and preferably gemcabene calcium (CI-1027) or nicotinic acid.
  • a lipoprotein(a) antagonist such as by way of example and preferably gemcabene calcium (CI-1027) or nicotinic acid.
  • the present invention further relates to medicaments which comprise at least one compound of the invention, normally together with one or more inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients, and to the use thereof for the aforementioned purposes.
  • the compounds of the invention may have systemic and/or local effects.
  • they can be administered in a suitable way such as, for example, by the oral, parenteral, pulmonary, nasal, sublingual, lingual, buccal, rectal, dermal, transdermal, conjunctival or otic route or as implant or stent.
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered in administration forms suitable for these administration routes.
  • Suitable for oral administration are administration forms which function according to the prior art and deliver the compounds of the invention rapidly and/or in a modified manner, and which contain the compounds of the invention in crystalline and/or amorphized and/or dissolved form, such as, for example, tablets (uncoated and coated tablets, for example having coatings which are resistant to gastric juice or are insoluble or dissolve with a delay and control the release of the compound of the invention), tablets which disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, or films/wafers, films/lyophilizates, capsules (for example hard or soft gelatin capsules), sugar-coated tablets, granules, pellets, powders, emulsions, suspensions, aerosols or solutions.
  • tablets uncoated and coated tablets, for example having coatings which are resistant to gastric juice or are insoluble or dissolve with a delay and control the release of the compound of the invention
  • tablets which disintegrate rapidly in the mouth or films/wafers, films/lyophilizates, capsules (for example hard or soft gelatin
  • Parenteral administration can take place with avoidance of an absorption step (e.g. intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intraspinal or intralumbar) or with inclusion of an absorption (e.g intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, percutaneous, or intraperitoneal).
  • Administration forms suitable for parenteral administration are, inter alia, preparations for injection and infusion in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, lyophilizates or sterile powders.
  • Suitable for the other routes of administration are, for example, pharmaceutical forms for inhalation (inter alia powder inhalers, nebulizers), nasal drops, solutions, sprays; tablets for lingual, sublingual or buccal administration, films/wafers or capsules, suppositories, preparations for the ears and eyes, vaginal capsules, aqueous suspensions (lotions, shaking mixtures), lipophilic suspensions, ointments, creams, transdermal therapeutic systems (for example patches), milk, pastes, foams, dusting powders, implants or stents.
  • pharmaceutical forms for inhalation inter alia powder inhalers, nebulizers
  • nasal drops solutions, sprays
  • tablets for lingual, sublingual or buccal administration films/wafers or capsules, suppositories, preparations for the ears and eyes
  • vaginal capsules aqueous suspensions (lotions, shaking mixtures), lipophilic suspensions, ointments, creams, transdermal therapeutic systems (
  • Oral or parenteral administration are preferred, especially oral and intravenous administration.
  • the compounds of the invention can be converted into the stated administration forms. This can take place in a manner known per se by mixing with inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients.
  • excipients include inter alia carriers (for example microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol), solvents (e.g. liquid polyethylene glycols), emulsifiers and dispersants or wetting agents (for example sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxysorbitan oleate), binders (for example polyvinylpyrrolidone), synthetic and natural polymers (for example albumin), stabilizers (e.g. antioxidants such as, for example, ascorbic acid), colorings (e.g. inorganic pigments such as, for example, iron oxides) and masking flavors and/or odors.
  • carriers for example microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol
  • solvents e.g. liquid polyethylene glycols
  • the dosage is about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 to 20 mg/kg, and very particularly preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight.
  • MS instrument type Micromass ZQ
  • HPLC instrument type HP 1100 Series
  • UV DAD column: Phenomenex Gemini 3 ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 3.00 mm
  • eluent A 1 l of water+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • eluent B 1 l of acetonitrile+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • flow rate 0.0 min 1 ml/min ⁇ 2.5 min/3.0 min/4.5 min 2 ml/min
  • UV detection 210 nm
  • MS instrument type Micromass ZQ
  • HPLC instrument type Waters Alliance 2795
  • eluent A 1 l of water+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • eluent B 1 l of acetonitrile+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • flow rate 0.0 min 1 ml/min ⁇ 2.5 min/3.0 min/4.5 min 2 ml/min
  • UV detection 210 nm.
  • MS instrument type Waters ZQ
  • HPLC instrument type Waters Alliance 2795
  • eluent A 1 l of water+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • eluent B 1 l of acetonitrile+0.5 ml of 50% formic acid
  • flow rate 2 ml/min
  • oven 40° C.
  • UV detection 210 nm.
  • the residue is taken up in 200 ml of methanol and heated with 50 ml of 20% hydrochloric acid at 80° C. for 30 min The solvent is then removed in vacuo, and the residue is mixed with 400 ml of water. It is extracted several times with dichloromethane. After the organic phase has been dried over magnesium sulfate, the solvent is removed in vacuo, and the residue is purified by column chromatography (mobile phase: dichloromethane/methanol 98:2). 10.5 g (50.2% of theory) of the title compound are obtained as a yellow oil.
  • the total duration of the reaction is about three hours.
  • the catalyst is then filtered off through kieselguhr.
  • the solution obtained in this way of the corresponding amine[4-amino-3-hydroxy-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one] is mixed with 29.7 g (512 mmol) of propionaldehyde and stirred at the reflux temperature for 3 days. After cooling, the precipitated solid is filtered off with suction and washed with ethanol. Drying overnight results in 22.5 g (23% of theory) of the title compound.
  • racemate from example 1 is fractionated into its antipodes by chiral phase chromatography [column: 680 mm ⁇ 40 mm; chiral silica gel phase based on the selector poly(N-methacryloyl-D-leucine tert-butylamide); eluent: isohexane/ethyl acetate 55:45 (v/v); temperature: 24° C.; flow rate: 80 ml/min; UV detection: 260 nm].
  • racemate from example 9 is fractionated into its antipodes by chiral phase chromatography [column: 680 mm ⁇ 40 mm; chiral silica gel phase based on the selector poly(N-methacryloyl-D-leucine tert-butylamide); eluent: isohexane/ethyl acetate 90:10 (v/v); temperature: 24° C.; flow rate: 80 ml/min; UV detection: 260 nm].
  • Antagonists of the human mineralocorticoid receptor are identified, and the activity of the compounds described herein is quantified with the aid of a recombinant cell line.
  • the cell is originally derived from a hamster ovary epithelial cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary, CHO K1, ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Va. 20108, USA).
  • the GAL4 DNA binding domain (amino acids 1-147) from the vector pFC2-dbd (from Stratagene) is cloned with the PCR-amplified ligand-binding domains of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, amino acids 734-985), of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, amino acids 443-777), of the progesterone receptor (PR, amino acids 680-933) and of the androgen receptor (AR, amino acids 667-919) into the vector pIRES2 (from Clontech).
  • MR mineralocorticoid receptor
  • GR glucocorticoid receptor
  • PR progesterone receptor
  • AR amino acids 667-919
  • the reporter construct which comprises five copies of the GAL4 binding site upstream of a thymidine kinase promoter, leads to expression of firefly-luciferase ( Photinus pyralis ) after activation and binding of the GAL4-steroid hormone receptor chimeras by the respective specific agonists aldosterone (MR), dexamethasone (GR), progesterone (PR) and dihydrotestosterone (AR).
  • MR aldosterone
  • GR dexamethasone
  • PR progesterone
  • AR dihydrotestosterone
  • the MR, GR, PR and AR cells are plated out in medium (Optimem, 2.5% FCS, 2 mM glutamine, 10 mM HEPES) in 96- (or 384- or 1536-) well microtiter plates on the day before the assay and are kept in a cell incubator (96% humidity, 5% v/v CO 2 , 37° C.).
  • the substances to be tested are taken up in the abovementioned medium and added to the cells. About 10 to 30 minutes after addition of the test substances, the respective specific agonists of the steroid hormone receptors are added.
  • the luciferase activity is measured with the aid of a video camera.
  • the measured relative light units as a function of the substance concentration result in a sigmoidal stimulation curve.
  • the IC 50 values are calculated with the aid of the GraphPad PRISM computer program (Version 3.02).
  • Table A shows the IC 50 values (MR) of representative exemplary compounds:
  • Membrane preparations of the cerebral cortex of Wistar rats serve as starting material for a radioactive binding assay which is described in detail in the literature as standard assay [Ehlert, F. J., Roeske, W. R., Itoga E., Yamamura, H. I., Life Sci. 30, 2191-2202 (1982); Gould, R. J., Murphy, K. M. M., Snyder, S. H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 3656-3660] and is used in contract investigations by commercial service suppliers (e.g. MDS Pharma Services).
  • serial dilutions of the test compounds in DMSO are incubated with the membrane preparations and the tritium-labeled ligand nitrendipine (0.1 nM) in a 50 mM TrisHCl buffer, pH 7.7, at 25° C. typically for 90 minutes, and the specific binding of the test compounds is determined by quantifying the specifically displaced, radiolabeled ligand.
  • IC 50 values are determined by a nonlinear regression analysis.
  • the IC 50 value determined in this L-type calcium channel binding assay for a conventional calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine type such as, for example, nitrendipine is 0.3 nM, whereas the IC 50 values for investigated examples of the compounds of the invention described herein are >1 ⁇ M and thus the affinity shown for the L-type calcium channel is reduced by a factor of at least 3000. Compounds with such a reduced residual binding affinity for the L-type calcium channel generally no longer show pronounced hemodynamic effects mediated by the L-type calcium channel in vivo.
  • thoracic aorta of male New Zealand white rabbits is removed and cleaned of surrounding tissue. Then aortic rings with a length of 2 mm are put under an initial tension of 4 g in 10 ml organ baths with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37° C. Contractions are induced by 40 mM KCl (submaximal contraction) and 15 mM KCl (minimal contraction) four times at an interval of 45 minutes in order to train the vessels and generate a stable resting tension. Each contraction is followed by a series of eleven rinsing cycles and a resting period of 30 minutes with previous retensioning.
  • the test substances are added to the organ baths in each case at the start of the resting period without further retensioning.
  • the concentration of the test substances is increased by a factor of 10 for each of the four following contractions.
  • the difference between the baseline tension and the value for the fourth pre-run contraction is set equal to 100%, and the following contraction peaks are related to this value.
  • the IC 50 measured for a classical calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine type such as, for example, nifedipine in this functional assay on an isolated organ is from 0.1 nM to 0.4 nM, whereas the IC 50 values for investigated examples of the compounds of the invention described herein are >1 ⁇ M, and thus the affinity shown for the L-type calcium channel is reduced by a factor of at least 2500. Compounds with such a low residual binding affinity for the L-type calcium channel no longer show pronounced hemodynamic effects mediated by the L-type calcium channel in vivo.
  • Wistar rats (body weight 250-350 g) are kept with free access to feed (Altromin) and drinking water. From about 72 hours before the start of the test, the animals receive instead of the normal feed exclusively salt-reduced feed with a sodium chloride content of 0.02% (ssniff R/M-H, 10 mm with 0.02% Na, S0602-E081, ssniff Spezialdiaten GmbH, D-59494 Soest). During the test, the animals are housed singly in metabolism cages suitable for rats of this weight class (from Tecniplast GmbH, D-82383 Hohenpeil ⁇ enberg) with free access to salt-reduced feed and drinking water for about 24 hours.
  • the substance to be tested is administered into the stomach of the animals by means of gavage in a volume of 0.5 ml/kg of body weight of a suitable solvent. Control animals receive only solvent. Controls and substance tests are carried out in parallel on the same day. Control groups and substance-dose groups each consist of 3 to 6 animals.
  • the urine excreted by the animals is continuously collected in a receiver on the base of the cage. The urine volume per unit time is determined separately for each animal, and the concentration of the sodium and potassium ions excreted in the urine is measured by standard methods of flame photometry. The sodium/potassium ratio is calculated from the measurements as a measure of the effect of the substance.
  • the measurement intervals are typically the period up to 8 hours after the start of the test (day interval) and the period from 8 to 24 hours after the start of the test (night interval).
  • the urine is collected and measured at intervals of two hours during the day interval.
  • the animals receive a defined amount of water by gavage at the start of the test and then at intervals of two hours.
  • Uninephrectomized SD rats receive 1% sodium chloride in the drinking water and a subcutaneous injection of deoxycorticosterone acetate (dissolved in sesame oil; from Sigma) injected between the shoulder blades once a week (high dose: 100 mg/kg/week s.c.; normal dose: 30 mg/kg/week s.c.).
  • the substances which are to be investigated for their protective effect in vivo are administered by gavage or via the feed (from Ssniff).
  • the substances are administered via the feed or once a day by gavage for 4-8 weeks. Animals serving as placebo group are treated in the same way but receive either only the solvent or the feed without test substance.
  • the effect of the test substances is determined by measuring hemodynamic parameters [blood pressure, heart rate, inotropism (dp/dt), relaxation time (tau), maximum left ventricular pressure, left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)], determining the weight of the heart, kidney and lung, measuring the protein excretion, and by measuring gene expression of biomarkers (e.g. ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide, and BNP, brain natriuretic peptide) by means of RT/TaqMan PCR after RNA isolation from cardiac tissue.
  • biomarkers e.g. ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide, and BNP, brain natriuretic peptide
  • the compounds of the invention can be converted into pharmaceutical preparations in the following ways:
  • the mixture of compound of the invention, lactose and starch is granulated with a 5% strength solution (m/m) of the PVP in water.
  • the granules are mixed with the magnesium stearate for 5 minutes after drying.
  • This mixture is compressed with a conventional tablet press (see above for format of the tablet).
  • a guideline compressive force for the compression is 15 kN.
  • 10 ml of oral suspension correspond to a single dose of 100 mg of the compound of the invention.
  • Rhodigel is suspended in ethanol, and the compound of the invention is added to the suspension.
  • the water is added while stirring.
  • the mixture is stirred for about 6 h until the swelling of the Rhodigel is complete.
  • the compound of the invention is suspended in the mixture of polyethylene glycol and polysorbate with stirring. The stirring process is continued until the compound according to the invention has completely dissolved.
  • the compound of the invention is dissolved in a concentration below the saturation solubility in a physiologically tolerated solvent (e.g. isotonic saline solution, 5% glucose solution and/or 30% PEG 400 solution).
  • a physiologically tolerated solvent e.g. isotonic saline solution, 5% glucose solution and/or 30% PEG 400 solution.
  • the solution is sterilized by filtration and used to fill sterile and pyrogen-free injection containers.

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