US876422A - Elastic-fluid turbine. - Google Patents

Description

.No. 876,422. N PATENTED JAN. 14, 1908.

J. ZVONIOEK. ELASTIC FLUID TURBINE.

4 SHEET$SHEET 1 APPLICATION. FILED JULY 5. 1907.

FIG.1.

FIG. 3.

TIG. 2.

Mlnesses MM PATENTBDJAN. 14, 1908.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

FIG. 5.

.J. ZVONfGEK.

ELASTIC FLUID TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5. 1907.

I Jzgenlor, 35/ v PATENTED JAN. 14, 1908.

4 SHEETSSHEET 3.

J. ZVONIEK. ELASTIC FLUID TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5. 1907 I Zlfilnesses AMI/9% PATENTED JAN. 14, 1908.

J. ZVONI'C'EK. ELASTIC FLUID TURBINE. APPVLIOATION IfILBD JULY 5. 1907.

4 SHEETSSHEET 4.

FIGriS.

FIGN.

FIGAS.

wilhesses who some.

U intertidal) JAN z t onions, or BR'UNN, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

ELASTIC-FLUED TURBINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 14, 1908.

Applicarion filed July 51907. Serial No. 382.312.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that 1, JAN ZVONiEK, a subt of the, Emperor of Austriallungary, re ding at Briinn, Moravia, Austriallungary,

invented certain new anduseful improvements in Elastic-fluid Turbines, of which thefollowing is a specification.

lily invention relates to turbines which are 'ven by a vaporous or gaseous agent, and I l now proceed to describe the same with erence to the accompanying drawings. "ure 1 is a horizontal section through a pie stage radial turbine combined with an action-Wheel. Figs. 24 show details of Fig. 5 is a similar view to Fig. 1, drawn to a larger scale and showing amulstage turbine without action-wheel.

' 612are detail sectional views illusg the construction and arrangement of 1:: inlet nozzle for the action wheel. Figs. F18 are detail views illustrating the cont notion of the blades for radial flow.

The general construction of the turbine is shown in Fig. 1. On the shaft W there is mounted the runningewheel A, rotating in the chamber K of the turbine casing O. The wheel consists of a disk on one side of which are rings of revolving blades 7:, while the stationary blades is are secured to the cover B of the casing. With the running-wheel A there is connected an action-wheel A located in a second chamber K, of the casing C. The chambers are separated by'a partition S. The steam enters through the nozzle (Figs. 6%?) into the chamber K, (Fig. l), flows past the action-wheel A which is provided with. one or more rings of blades radially or axially disposed and enters the chamber K. The communicate either two chambers through. apertures in the wheel A or through pipes located outside the casing and the passagav H in the center of the chamber K. The exhaust steam escapes to the outlet through annularpassage p in cases where the action-wheel is deemed unnecessary, for low steam pressures, the construction shown in Fig. is adopted. The steam here enters through the central inlet ii in which an ordinary throttle valve or the like may-befitted Ally-purpose is to provide the, surfaces stall. the jointsin particular, those between the various pressure-stages, between individual relief-spaces, and in the striding-box of the at right angles to the axis of rotation. I the case of react10n-blades there mustalso no shaftin' such .manner that the width of gap at these joints can be diminished to the smallest extent practicable, in such a manner that it is as far as possible uninlluenced by variations of temperature. For thispurpose all the said surfaces are disposed in planes at right angles to the axis of rotation, their axial distance being kept as small as possible,

' and the surfaces moreover so arranged at the stationary and the rotary parts, that on motion of the shaft in longitudinal direction. the

width of gap either increases or diminishes at all the joints. This part of the invention. is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 5. The joints the various pressure-stages are effected by the surfaces of the blade-rings it, k (F' and corresponding surfaces on the cover and the running wheel, the wit gap being capable of alteration by a sliding of the shaft. If the runni g-whcel A. is furnished with action-blades it is suilicicnt to make a close joint only at m, and according to my invention all the j0int-surfaces are disposedexactly or substantially in a plapc n a close joint made at the partsac which may likewise be disposed in one plane, and the axial distance of these surfaces in front of the surfaces :1: IS the longer the greater the length of the blades, which corresponds to an alteration of the gap-width, on variation of tcin peratnre, substantially proportmmilv to t e ength of the blades, and corresponds 'sequently also to of steam to the shine extent per cent.

The relief-spaces at the OppQSltO side of the running--wheel A have close joints at the I These surfaces are on the movwheel,

surfaces 1;.

able rings J secured to the runnim" and on the stationary rings m secured to-thc casing. They are so disposed that the gapwidth on 'lal motion of the shaft alters in the same direction, just as with the joints in, 0:. All the surfaces may be located in one plane, and their axial distance from the surfaces at de" nds nuerely upon the thick ness of the so that it maybe very small. 1

. The stuliing-box packing of well-- known so-called labyrinth type, with mutually engaging rings, and is arranged that the joint-surfaces 2, 2 lie in exactly the same plane as the surfaces '9'.

' the plane II of screws 8,, s, be adjusted in axial direction Naturally all the various joints at 90, m 3 2, 2 may be made by means of a number of surfaces engaging in the manner of a labyrinth, as is well known (Fig. 2).

In order that the gap-width at the joints may not alter on changes of temperature, not only must the axial distance between the various joints be small, but the axial distance of the joints from the thrust bearing in which the shaft is mounted to prevent longitudinal shifting, must be also as small as. possible. This has proved very dillicnlt in practice: according to my invention the thrust bearing L, (Figs. 1 & 5) is not secured direct to the frame G, but to the extra bearing L The latter can by means of two keys g,, g having a lateral inclined face (Fig. 3) and capable of adjustment by means even during running of the turbine. By

. this means for like coefficients of expansion of the bearings L, L, and shaft W the same conditions exist as if the shaft were held in II, instead of in the )laneI-'-I. If, however, for the bearing blocks L, L, a

suitable'material with a greater coefficient of expansion is selected, the injurious influences of expansion of the shaft on the gap-width of the joint-surfaces can. be almost entirely overcome. For the purpose of being able -'still better to attain this latter object, the

was

turbine casing G in which the stationary joint-surfaces are locatedmay be so securedthat on axial expansion of the shaft and consequent shifting of the rotary joint-surfaces,

I the'casing shifts by the same amount and in the "same direction. Such a manner .of securing the casing is shown in Fig. 1. The turbine'casing-C rests with capability of sliding 'on bearers F andis connected with the frame G in axial directionby rods M. The

- rods present inner chambers which communicate with the interior of the turbine c'asm so that the temperature of the rods like t at of the shaft depends upon the temperature' of the steam.

The exact place for securing, III-III, can be determined experimentally, in such manner that the expansion of the rods M perfectly compensates for the. expansion of the shaft. In-

. Stead of hollow rods there may be employed forthe same purpose correspondingly formed hollow cast-on pieces communicating with the 'interiorof the turbine.

For thepurpose of approaching the bearing B, to thejoint-surfa'ces and to the center of'gravity of the wheehif possible, inaxial l directior'ij the action-wheel A, is not mounted direct upon. the shaft, but is secured to the wheel A, whereby the casing wall E can begivenaconical form, such as is advantageous point-of strength, and sufiicient can expand freely toward the cover.

space obtained for the stuffing-box and the bearing.

so as 'to reduce as far as possible the injurious action of unlike temperature, which is highest in the middle of the chamber'K and decreases toward the periphery, and the thus caused deformation and strain on the partition and cover. For this purpose:

(a) The running-Wheel A is so disposed that the reliefspaces.lie on the side facing the partition S. Inview of the fact that the/ steam escaping through the labyrinth 'y, and thus not doing any work, only slightly alters its temperature, the partition isthere fore exposed on both sides {steam ofalmost the same temperature, soithat there is no tendency to bend. I

(b) The guiderings,'which corresponding to the temperature of the steam are also of unlike temperature, are-not bolted direct to the cover. B, but to. an intermediate disk B,, so that between the latter; and the cover there is a free space 1" which-can be filled with the steam of a suitable middlestage. The intermediate disk B, itself is so secured that it In Fig. 1 the arrangement is such that only-the four inner guide-rings are secured to the partition; with great differences of temperature between the center and periphery two or more partitions may be employed instead of only one, the outer guide-rmgs being then not se-' cured direct 'to the cover, but to a second or third partition, and the space 7* can extend nearly to the periphery of the cover., By

this means the temperature of the cover is compensated, for in radial direction and strain andbending thereof obviated. The

intermediate disks B, may also be cast in one piece with the cover B in such manner that they are connected to the same only at the periphery (Fig. 4).

My inventionrelates further to the construction of the inletn.ozzle-f0r the action wheel A, and its arrangement in the. turbine chamber K,. In Figs. 6 and 7 a nozzle for a wheel with radial flow is shown, while Fi s. 8-10 show a nozzle for a wheel with axlal flow, with modified construction of the regu-' I lator valve, and Figs. 11 and 12 the arrarigei passages a of rectangular cross section, which latter are separated fromeachothenb the plates R, the ends constituting nozz es 6.

All the inside faces of the passages and nozzles may be exactly tooled before being riveted together. The partitions R are in-' clined, at a certain angle of admission to the periphery of the wheel (inradial-turbines,

Fig. 6), or to the side of the wheel (in axial turbines, Fig. 8), and may be narrowed at the point of exit, whereby the current of steam will be interrupted. The members P, to render the construction simpler, may be of the same thickness throughout. To enable the various nozzle chambers a to be opened in succession, a cylindrical or conical rotary slide N is provided, whose axis lies substantially or precisely at right angles to the partitions R; the latter are provided with cylindrical apertures corresponding exactly with the diameter of the slide. Opening and closing of the various chambers may be etl'ected either by axial shit ting of the slide (Figs. 6 & 7)the closing-edge c of the slide being either inclined or provided with notches d in order to insure. gradual or continuous action; or closing may be etl'ected by rotation of the slide (Figs. 810), for

which purpose the slide is provided with apertures, whose closing-edges i are inclined or the like. In both cases the slide is thoroughly balanced, in the construction shown in Figs. 6 & 7 by the chambers a being carried round the slide, and in the construction shown in Figs. (8 10 by the chambers a communicating with the slide casing through two or more symmetrical apertures f.

The invention relates further to the arrangement oi inlet-nozzles in the turbine casing, in such manner as is most advantageous for regular inflow ol' the steam and for venlilation-resistances. For this purpose the inlet-nozzle is located as near the outlet as possible, but somewhat behind the same regarded in the direction. of rotation of the runniug-wlu.-el, so that the steam leaving the action-wheel must [low round the entire action upon the wheel.

vthe ventilating-losses will, at any rate, be

decreased by. this arrangement, which losses with any other disposal of the inlet-nozzles.

and outlet relatively to each other must be reator on account of irregularities caused by the rotating steam. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 11 for awh'eelwith axial blades and with two speed stages. The inlet nozzle U is located somewhat behind the outlet T (located in front), so that the steam which leaves the last blades 0 behind the outlet T must '[low round the entire running-wheel. In Fig. 2 this arrangement is shown for a wheel with radial flow and with a ringacted upc" twice in succession. in view oithe fact that the outlet T is usually located at the lowest part of the turbine chamber, this arrangement has the rings 1a,, m

nozzle and running-wheel acts in upward direction (against the action of the weight of the running-wheel) and thus decreases the ressure at the bearin My invention relates finally to the con struction of the rings of blades with radial. flow, the blades being secured between two rings. These latter serve not only to limitindividual spaces, but also to take up the centrifugal forces acting upon the blades. One form of construction of the connection between blades and rings is illustrated in Figs. 13-1 S. The blades are provided at their two ends with flat pins 0,, c, and set in two rings m,, m, whiclrmay consist of an assemblage of separate segments. These rings are provided on the exterior or interior pe-- riphery with suitable recesses d, Fig. 14, and are let into dovetail grooves turned in the rings /r.-,, The letting in can be done in various ways. I

In Fig. 33; the edges 1),, c of the rings l',, k, after insertion of the rings 171,, m and blades are somewhat bent in. The edge a, is drawn in the unbent position, as it comes from the lathe, while the edge e, is shown in the bent position.

In Fig. 16 a method of connection is shown with which the rings 1%,, m are secured in the dovetail grooves of the rings 7r,, 7r, with the aid 01 wedge shaped elevations f,, in this case also the ring m is shown as it leaves the lathe, while the ring m, is drawn in posi.-- tion, forced into the groove Fig. 17 illustrates a method of connection with which the rings m,, m, are pressed in by bending them into the dovetail grooves oi the rings A, A this being done by pressing together the two rings 7a,, k The ring m, is shown in the position prior to being pressed into the groove, while the ring m, is shown in. the pressed in position.

In Fig. 18 the rings'm m, are held in the dovetail grooves of the rings 7.-,, /t-, by the gaps 1),, 1)., being filled up with solder or like,

means after the two parts have been assembled. i

The end-pins 0,, a, of the blades may be thicker at their ends than at the root, for the purpose of ell'ecting a better connection. The dovetail groove in the rings 7.7,, It", may have a conical shape not only on the interior but also on the exterior periphery (h,, 71,, Fig. 18), in which case it is desirable in inserting the heat-the latte The end pins 0,, c ofthc blades may be made thicker in radial direction than the depth of the rccesses til in the rings 71),, 1a,, so that these pins after being set in place project somewhat from the periphery of the In this manner the pins are igs 171,, m in the rings 7c,, /t'.,, to

" Having thus. described my inventiomwhat I claim as new and desire to secure byLettersPatent is 1. In an elastic fluid multiple stage tur- ,bin'e, a casing, a shaft, a stuffing-box there .for, a running wheel, an active wheel, a partition between said wheels, and relief spaces between said partition and running wheel,

the joint surfaces between said wheels, in the relief spaces, and in the stufling box, lying in planes at right angles to the axis, the width of the spaces being regulated simultaneously upon the axial sliding of the shaft due to ex pansion and contraction, substantially as described,

2'. In an elastic fluid multiple stage turbine, a casing, a shaft, a stuffing-box therefor, a running wheelhaving laterally projecting blades, rings of stationary blades on the casing alternating with the wheel blades, an action wheel, 'a partition between said running and action wheels, and relief spaces between said partition and running wheel, the joint surfaces between said wheels, in the relief spaces,'and in the stuffing box, lying in zplanes at right angles to-the axis, thewidthf the spaces being regulated simultaneeusly upon the axial sliding of the shaft due to expansion and contraction, substantially as described.

3. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, a framing, a shaft, a running-wheel, an end-bearing located adjacent to the latter and adjustablysecured in the framing, and a thrust bearing forthe shaft, secured to first said bearing, whereby expansion of the shaft can be compensated for, substantially as described.

4. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, a framing, and a casingsecured thereto by hollow members heated by the steam in the casing, whereby expansion of the shaft is compensated for, substantially as described.

5. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, a wheel, a shaft having a thrust bearing, and an action-wheel secured to the wheel instead of direct to the shaft, whereby .the shaft bearing can. be located closely (ljacent to the turbine-wheel, substantially 'asdes'cribed. I f i 6. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine-1a casing having a partition and a running-wheel and action wheel'on opposite which can beheated by steam of a middle I stage, substantially as described.

8. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, an inlet device, comprising a casing,

a plurality of flat members hollowed to present nozzles, plates separating said members,- and a,-balanced regulator slide working in the casing, its axis being substantially at right angles to said plates, whereby on actuation of the slide the nozzles are opened or closed in succession, substantially as described.

9. In anelastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, blades presenting projections, rings recessed to receive the latter, and bladerings presenting lateral dovetail grooves into which said rings fit, substantially as de- 1 scribed.

10. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine, blade rings presenting lateral dovetail grooves, blades presenting.projections,.

and rings upon which said projections are engaged, said rings and blades being engaged in the dovetail grooves of the blade rings,

substantially as described.

1 1. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine blades presenting projections, rings recessed in their outer peripheries to receive said projections, and blade rings presenting lateral dovetail grooves into which said rings fit, substantially as described.

12. In an elastic fluid multiple stage radial turbine blades presenting projections, rings recessed in their outer peripheries to receive said projections, and b ade rings presenting lateral dovetail grooves into which said rings fit, the rings and blade rings being rovided on adjacent surfaces respective y wedgeshaped recesses and, corresponding projections, substantially as described.

- In testimony whereof I affix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

JAN ZVONICEK.

Witnesses:

VAcLAv TIoHL, HLvAonK VRATISLAV.

with

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