US8999067B2 - Fractionation of a lignocellulosic material - Google Patents

Fractionation of a lignocellulosic material Download PDF

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Publication number
US8999067B2
US8999067B2 US12/526,474 US52647408A US8999067B2 US 8999067 B2 US8999067 B2 US 8999067B2 US 52647408 A US52647408 A US 52647408A US 8999067 B2 US8999067 B2 US 8999067B2
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Prior art keywords
cellulose
ionic liquid
liquid
lignocellulosic material
lignin
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US12/526,474
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US20100196967A1 (en
Inventor
Leslie Alan Edye
William Orlando Sinclair Doherty
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Queensland University of Technology QUT
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Queensland University of Technology QUT
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Priority claimed from AU2007900603A external-priority patent/AU2007900603A0/en
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Assigned to QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY reassignment QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOHERTY, WILLIAM ORLANDO SINCLAIR, EDYE, LESLIE ALAN
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
    • C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
    • C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
    • C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
    • C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
    • C13K1/02—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C11/00—Regeneration of pulp liquors or effluent waste waters
    • D21C11/0007—Recovery of by-products, i.e. compounds other than those necessary for pulping, for multiple uses or not otherwise provided for
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y02E50/16—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fractionation of a lignocellulosic material and in particular relates to separating cellulose therefrom.
  • the present invention will be described with particular reference to fractionation of a lignocellulosic material to obtain cellulose in a form suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol.
  • fractionated products obtained by the methods of the present invention may have other end uses and no limitation is intended thereby.
  • Cellulose together with lignin and hemicellulose, is found in the cell wall of plants.
  • Plant cell wall material is also known as biomass or lignocellulose.
  • biomass and lignocellulose have the same meaning here.
  • Cellulose is primarily used to manufacture pulp and paper products, textiles and fibres.
  • Cellulose has been proposed as an alternative source of its component sugar glucose.
  • Glucose may be readily fermented to ethanol which is considered a valuable biofuel.
  • Ethanol is currently produced from hydration of ethylene from petroleum stocks or from natural starches from corn and sugar from sugar cane or beet.
  • Starch and sugar are relatively easily hydrolysed to their component monosaccharides.
  • corn and sugar are also a valuable food source and product on their own right. It would be desirable to be able to obtain ethanol from a non-food source and in particular a waste product.
  • the use of cellulose as a source of “bio-ethanol” has therefore been proposed.
  • the present invention relates to a method of fractionating a lignocellulosic material and obtaining cellulose therefrom.
  • the lignocellulosic material is dissolved in an ionic liquid.
  • the cations of the ionic liquid are preferably cyclic and correspond in structure to a formula selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently a hydrido, a C 1 to C 6 alkyl or an aryl group.
  • a halogen or pseudohalogen will be included in this mixture at a concentration sufficient to disrupt hydrogen bonds in the cellulose fibres and effect dissolution of cellulose.
  • the second liquid which is immiscible with the ionic-liquid and non-solvent for cellulose is an aqueous alkali solution such as KOH, MgOH or NaOH, an aqueous salt solution or a mixture thereof.
  • the pH of the solution is typically within the ranges used in conventional processes to extract lignin from a lignocellulosic material. Typically solutions may have a pH from between about 8 to about 14.
  • a preferred second liquid is a 15-25 w/v % NaOH, with 20% being especially preferred.
  • the alkali solution may also include a halide salt. Whilst not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed the presence of a salt may reduce the level of ion exchange between the phases.
  • a preferred salt is a chloride salt with sodium chloride in the range of 10 to 50 g/L being particularly preferred.
  • dissolution may also be facilitated by other methods in addition to or instead of heating. Such alternate methods include agitation, microwave irradiation or physical pre-treatment of the lignin such as fine or ultragrinding.
  • agitation microwave irradiation
  • physical pre-treatment of the lignin such as fine or ultragrinding.
  • dissolution may also be dependent upon the source of the lignin
  • the water may be inherent in the material, for example bagasse has a typically moisture content of between about 40 to about 70% or may be added to or absorbed by the material.
  • the biphasic system may be separated by any suitable phase separation technique. After separation, the precipitated cellulose is recovered from the second liquid phase. This separation may also be conducted by suitable methods known in the art such as filtration, centrifugation or the like. Preferably prior to separation the aqueous phase is agitated so as to disperse the precipitated cellulose therein.
  • the inventors have surprisingly and unexpectedly observed that the ionic liquid residue is in a relatively pure form and may be reused with little or no subsequent treatment.
  • the present invention may provide cellulose essentially free of hemicellulose contamination. Further it has been reported that enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose reprecipitated from ionic solutions (using miscible cellulose non solvents) is amorphous and enzymatic hydrolysis thereof occurs at a faster rate than untreated cellulose. The method of the present invention may therefore provide cellulose in an amorphous form which may be readily susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • a particularly preferred downstream processing of cellulose isolated by the method of the present invention is in the production of ethanol.
  • the hemicellulose remains in the acidified solution and can be recovered by know processes that may include but are not limited to cooling, membrane filtration (ultra filtration or reverse osmosis) and chromatography. Alternatively, the hemicellulose may be not be recovered, in which case the aqueous solution can then be treated using processes practised in soda pulping mills (for example wet air oxidation or direct alkali recovery) to obtain an aqueous solution fit for reuse.
  • the precipitate (0.54 g) was separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation and by analysis was found to comprise cellulose with no detectable lignin or hemicellulose.
  • the lignin which remained in solution in the aqueous NaOH was precipitated (to yield 0.22 g) by the addition of mineral acid (e.g. H 2 SO 4 or HCl, but bubbling CO 2 would have a similar acidifying effect).
  • This example shows that stable biphasic systems can be obtained with varying levels of NaOH and further that the biphasic system tolerates the presence of a halide salt.
  • the method of the present invention allows cellulose to be separated from a lignocellulosic material to provide cellulose in a form that may be efficiently hydrolysed and fermented.
  • the method uses an ionic liquid that may be easily recycled without requiring the difficult and costly steps of separating an ionic liquid from a miscible solvent as per the prior art.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
US12/526,474 2007-02-07 2008-02-07 Fractionation of a lignocellulosic material Expired - Fee Related US8999067B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2007900603 2007-02-07
AU2007900603A AU2007900603A0 (en) 2007-02-07 Fractionation of a lignocellulosic material
PCT/AU2008/000153 WO2008095252A1 (en) 2007-02-07 2008-02-07 Fractionation of a lignocellulosic material

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20100196967A1 US20100196967A1 (en) 2010-08-05
US8999067B2 true US8999067B2 (en) 2015-04-07

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US (1) US8999067B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP2118362A4 (pt)
CN (1) CN101657583B (pt)
AR (1) AR065257A1 (pt)
AU (1) AU2008213907B2 (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0806416A2 (pt)
CA (1) CA2677862C (pt)
MX (1) MX2009008440A (pt)
NZ (1) NZ579501A (pt)
WO (1) WO2008095252A1 (pt)
ZA (1) ZA200906078B (pt)

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BRPI0806416A2 (pt) 2011-09-06
CN101657583B (zh) 2011-09-28
EP2118362A1 (en) 2009-11-18
AU2008213907A1 (en) 2008-08-14
CA2677862C (en) 2015-09-01
CA2677862A1 (en) 2008-08-14
CN101657583A (zh) 2010-02-24
NZ579501A (en) 2011-10-28
US20100196967A1 (en) 2010-08-05
WO2008095252A1 (en) 2008-08-14
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