US9091509B2 - Armor assembly - Google Patents

Armor assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
US9091509B2
US9091509B2 US13/883,513 US201113883513A US9091509B2 US 9091509 B2 US9091509 B2 US 9091509B2 US 201113883513 A US201113883513 A US 201113883513A US 9091509 B2 US9091509 B2 US 9091509B2
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Prior art keywords
layer
armor assembly
armor
projectile
assembly
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US13/883,513
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US20130220107A1 (en
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Guy Leath Gettle
James Michael Kurtz
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Individual
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor

Definitions

  • This invention relates to armor assemblies that can be used for preventing penetration by impacting objects, and specifically to armor assemblies used to protect structures, people, automotive vehicles, and aircraft against supersonic projectiles.
  • Projectiles launched from barreled weapons such as guns.
  • Potential targets may also be exposed to projectiles created by munitions that utilize explosive detonations to form metal slugs. They may be struck by fragments generated by munitions such as artillery shells filled with explosives.
  • spacecraft are at continuous risk of impacts by projectiles such as dust and larger debris traveling at extremely high velocities. Regardless of their velocity, protection against projectiles is typically provided by armor.
  • the current art for protection against supersonic projectiles usually involves armor consisting of at least two components. This is because homogeneous materials such as steel and ceramics typically require greater weight and thickness to stop a projectile than is required by armor assemblies utilizing two or more layers of different materials.
  • Hard strike faces increase likelihood that projectiles will shatter due to stress waves reflecting back and forth within them caused by impact.
  • the fragments have much lower kinetic energy and momentum than the intact projectile.
  • Early projectile disintegration enables load created by their impact to spread over a larger area within the armor, thereby reducing local stresses.
  • Hard, dense strike faces also serve to resist penetration for a longer time, thus allowing more momentum to be transferred from the projectile to the armor assembly. Longer residence or “dwell” time also allows local stresses generated by projectile impact to spread over a wider area. The result is similar to what occurs when incident projectiles shatter.
  • Backing layers that resist bending are essential when ceramic strike faces are used because of the low tolerance for deformation inherent to ceramics.
  • Metal alloy and fiber-reinforced matrix composite materials are commonly selected as backing layers for both ceramic and metal strike faces.
  • Composite materials typically offer higher strength to weight ratios than metal alloys, so composite backing layers are generally favored in applications where minimum weight is essential.
  • Matrix materials may be organic resins such as epoxy and phenolic compounds, or alternatively may feature metals.
  • Fiber materials range from graphite whiskers to organic fibers such as polyamides and modified thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene.
  • the rear surface may detach or spall even if the projectile itself does not penetrate completely. Either spalling or complete penetration through shear failure in target materials is typical of dense projectiles having high length to diameter ratios (generally referred to as “long rod penetrators”).
  • Sniper bullets fired by ordinary rifles typically use bullets with cores consisting of tungsten carbide or steels with high degrees of hardness. Protecting only the chest and torso of a soldier against such bullets requires armor using the current art significantly exceeding five kilograms. Helmets with this level of protection would be too heavy for necks and shoulders to support if made using the current art.
  • Ceramic strike faces typically possess higher hardness levels than are achievable with most metals. Hardness and material strength are important to resisting penetration by relatively small projectiles traveling at velocities on the order of 1 kilometer per second (km/s). Against pointed projectiles, ceramic strike faces generally extend the time of contact prior to penetration longer than occurs with metal strike faces.
  • Ceramics available currently are generally less dense than steel and at least as hard. As noted heretofore, ceramics also offer characteristically high acoustic speeds. This is important for rapidly dissipating projectile energy and localized contact stresses under the point of impact.
  • the acoustic speed of alumina for example, is approximately 10 kilometers per second. This is roughly twice the acoustic speed of steel, and 70% higher than for aluminum.
  • Ceramic strike face materials have drawbacks that affect performance and usage, however. Generally, ceramics are quite expensive. This is particularly the case for ceramics designated as “armor grade” silicon carbide, titanium diboride, tungsten carbide and alumina. These ceramics require careful process control during manufacturing processes that occur at high temperatures, and thus are prone to inconsistent properties between one batch and another of the same nominal composition.
  • Ceramics typically cannot withstand repeated projectile impacts within 2 centimeters of a previous hit. Ceramics are also less effective than metal when struck by blunt or flat projectiles. Furthermore, ceramics are particularly sensitive to impacts by explosively formed penetrators, or “EFPs”.
  • metals offer some advantages over ceramic strike faces. Most metals resist shattering under projectile impact. Certain steels can be processed in ways that provide them with high degrees of hardness and high tensile strengths while being somewhat more resistant to bending stresses. Iron alloys with significant additions of chromium and molybdenum also display both hardness and tolerance for localized bending. Mechanical properties of metal armor components are typically not degraded by subsonic collision impact. Structures are generally able to support the extra weight involved with use of metal strike faces.
  • Impedance is defined as the mathematical product of density and velocity of the shock wave as it travels through the material.
  • the present invention accordingly offers a means for providing resistance to penetration by projectiles traveling at very high velocities while reducing localized impact stresses, minimizing deformation of the armor's surface opposite that of impact, and otherwise reducing damage to target material.
  • the invention provides a means for substantially reducing deformation of the rear surface of armor caused by projectile impacts as well as prevention of penetration.
  • the invention accomplishes reduced deformation of the rear surface and increased resistance to penetration whether the assemblies are flat or curved.
  • the present invention contemplates an assembly including an impact surface or strike face layer comprising an organic resin composite into which multitudinous ceramic shapes are distributed, a secondary or transition layer to provide mechanical support to the strike face and distribute the imposed load over a wider bearing area, a spacer layer that facilitates reflection of stress waves in the assembly layers between the space and incident projectile, and a back surface that defines the space as well as intercepts any projectile or projectile fragments transiting the space so defined.
  • an assembly including an impact surface or strike face layer comprising an organic resin composite into which multitudinous ceramic shapes are distributed, a secondary or transition layer to provide mechanical support to the strike face and distribute the imposed load over a wider bearing area, a spacer layer that facilitates reflection of stress waves in the assembly layers between the space and incident projectile, and a back surface that defines the space as well as intercepts any projectile or projectile fragments transiting the space so defined.
  • Alternative embodiments enable allow small rotations and displacements of components that enhance energy dissipation from and tumbling of impinging projectiles. Additional embodiments provide better protection of the assembly against the environments in which they may be employed, as well as special adaptations for armor assemblies to be worn by humans and for employment as protection for vehicles.
  • the invention disclosed herein circumvents numerous shortcomings of existing armor materials and armor assemblies.
  • the invention creates numerous opportunities for providing protection against severe projectile threats through novel utilization of materials available currently and those that may be developed in the future, alone or in combination with other materials.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the basic embodiment of the armor assembly.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section of one embodiment of the invention, with a strike face featuring three layers affixed to the transition layer, and an aluminum component embedded inside the transition layer and aluminum foam used as a spacer.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of the invention used to protect a person.
  • FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the armor assembly.
  • the armor assembly 10 has a first layer, a strike face layer 20 oriented toward the anticipated direction of approach for a projectile.
  • a transition layer 30 provides mechanical support for the first layer, removes additional kinetic energy from impacting projectiles, and redistributes stress waves generated by projectile impact substantially transverse to projectile motion.
  • Adhesive 32 bonds the strike face and transition layers.
  • a void space 40 is created by at least one deformable spacer component 42 between the transition layer and a backing layer 50 .
  • An optional seal 60 is depicted that encapsulates the entire armor assembly.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section that shows the internal structure of the layers featuring the armor assembly.
  • the strike face layer includes a resin matrix 22 in which at least one fiber reinforcement ply 24 is embedded.
  • Multitudinous deflecting components 26 are bonded to each woven fabric layer. If additional plies are included, these may use identical deflecting components or instead may use different shapes and sizes of deflecting components.
  • resins are phenolics.
  • the resin may be modified by introducing multitudinous glass or plastic microspheres. Nanoparticles may be dispersed throughout the resin as another alternative embodiment, either with or without the presence of microspheres.
  • Fiber reinforcement plies may be glass. Alternative embodiments would use fiber reinforcement plies including carbon, aramid, polyethylene, polypropylene, or aromatic polyester. Where more than one ply is used, the additional plies can be different from one another, with respect both to weave structure, fiber thickness and fiber material.
  • the deflecting components may be alumina. Many embodiments would utilize deflecting components that have barrel shapes or similar, such as barrels, boules, ovoids, rhomboids, ellipsoids and the like. Alternative materials for the deflecting components include silicon carbide, titanium diboride and tungsten carbide. Deflecting components can be at least 5 millimeters long and at least 3 millimeters in thickness.
  • the transition layer preferably features at least one fiber reinforcement ply 34 embedded in a resin matrix 36 .
  • An alternative embodiment features a transition layer including a stress distributor 38 between fiber-reinforced resin components.
  • the stress distributor is preferably a material having an acoustic speed at least 6 kilometers per second, such as aluminum and ceramic materials.
  • Yet another alternative embodiment would be to utilize a stress distributor contiguous with an aerogel layer 39 that is disposed toward the surface closer to the void space layer.
  • Alternative embodiments include laminates of layers utilizing different matrix resins and different fiber reinforcement plies.
  • the transition layer surface contiguous with the void space may be parallel with respect to the strike face layer surfaces. In alternative embodiments, the transition layer surface is inclined.
  • At least one deformable spacer 42 creates a void between the transition layer and backing layer 50 .
  • the deformable component may yield at a load substantially less than a load likely to inflict unacceptable harm to the object or person being protected by the armor assembly.
  • One embodiment employs numerous deformable components that leave an intervening void that can be occupied by air or other gas, or alternatively a partial or complete vacuum.
  • Another embodiment is substantially filling the void space with aerogel. Aerogel can be in various forms, including multitudinous loose spheres, beads or agglomerations, or cast in a polymeric matrix.
  • Yet another alternative embodiment uses an aluminum foam component 44 as a deformable spacer. Multitudinous voids filled with air serve as the void contemplated as the void space.
  • Deformable components may be elastomeric shapes. Alternative deformable components may include reinforcements such as glass fibers. Deformable components may be toroids, rods, volutes, turbinate forms, strips or disks. Rods, strips and disks may be made from aluminum foam plates.
  • Deformable spacers may be uniform or alternatively may feature different materials. If elastomeric, spacers having different spring constants can be used. Coiled wire springs may also serve in this role.
  • the backing layer preferably includes a material or composite assembly having sufficient resistance to penetration by any projectile that transits the transition layer and void space.
  • the backing layer may be parallel with the strike face layer or may be disposed at an inclined angle with respect to the transition layer.
  • the backing layer may alternatively be formed into a more complex shape, with curves of varying radii of curvature.
  • a portion of an object to be protected, such as a structure or vehicle, may serve as the backing layer.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an armor assembly protecting a person. At least one armor assembly of the present invention is affixed to a support assembly 70 . Armor assemblies used for protecting people could be formed into a wide range of shapes and profiles.
  • At least one cushion component 80 could optionally be used to improve comfort and to further diminish impact trauma to the wearer caused by projectile impact.
  • the invention offers numerous alternatives for a person skilled in the art to design and armor products that protect against a wide range of threat projectiles.
  • Effective assemblies can be made from materials and using fabrication processes already in the current art. New materials and fabrication processes may be developed in the future that could further enhance capabilities within embodiments discussed elsewhere.
  • All embodiments would increase the extent of ballistic protection possible over any means available in the present art for a specified weight and a specified thickness of protective material. This advance in capability would make ballistic protection possible in many more applications where weight and space constraints prevent employment of effective assemblies using the present art.
  • the armor assembly becomes operable when a projectile strikes the first layer. Compression waves, then relaxation waves spread away from the point of impact as well as in the direction of projectile motion through the first layer and into the second layer.
  • the multitudinous deflecting components inside the resin matrix produce an irregular surface that ensure oblique impact by impinging projectiles. Oblique impact on hard, dense deflecting components induces tumbling of incident projectiles. This, in turn, creates a momentum change and increases the projectile surface area attempting to pierce the strike face layer.
  • the hard, dense deflecting components also deform the projectile, further reducing its penetrating ability.
  • the deformed, deflected projectile must then push the deflecting components that it strikes through the fiber reinforcement ply or plies.
  • Kinetic energy of the projectile is thus considerably reduced in the strike face layer and transit time through it is increased. The above process is repeated through each successive layer of deflecting components bonded to additional fiber reinforcement plies.
  • shock waves will propagate. This situation is typical for superplastic metal jets produced by shaped charge devices.
  • Use of ceramic and metal components having high acoustic speeds and densities greater than densities of impacting projectiles and jets will accomplish substantial stress wave and shock wave propagation essentially transverse to projectile motion.
  • All of the alternative embodiments of the strike face layer include components characterized by high densities and high acoustic speeds.
  • Transverse stress and shock wave propagation will greatly increase the bearing'area that resists the load generated by the projectile. This, in turn, will substantially reduce local stresses and minimize degradation of the armor material properties.
  • transition layer Stress waves propagating through the transition layer will reflect at the surface bordering the space.
  • the rear surface of the transition layer will bulge locally into the void space in front of the projectile. If the strike face and transition layers delay penetration for a sufficient length of time, they will induce elastic and possibly plastic deformation of the deformable spacers that create the void space.
  • This desirable phenomenon is enhanced by insertion of the optional stress distributor. It is further enhanced by employing an aerogel layer immediately behind the stress distributor.
  • the acoustic and shock wave speeds of aerogel materials are substantially less than characteristic of other materials. Compression waves propagating in the direction of the projectile are further decelerated in the aerogel. These waves are reflected back at the rear surface of the stress distributor as relaxation waves, thereby reducing compression stress in that layer.
  • Optional use of the aerogel layer disposed in this manner gives more time for compression waves to propagate away from projectile impact areas, followed quickly by the relaxation waves.
  • the armor assembly may be supported to serve as a barrier. It may alternatively be mounted to a structure, a person, a vehicle, an aircraft, or space vehicle by numerous means. The armor assembly could be allowed to bounce or displace substantially in the direction of the impinging projectile's motion.
  • One particular embodiment of the present invention has been subjected to multiple tests against supersonic projectiles.
  • This embodiment uses a strike face layer designated “Deflection Independent Impact Zone”, or “Diiz”.
  • Tests with the Diiz strike face layer have consistently shown that projectiles either stop in the strike face or bounce back toward the direction of origin.
  • Test projectiles have included 7.62 ⁇ 39 mm, 7.62 ⁇ 63 mm, and 0.50 caliber (12.7 mm) with tungsten carbide cores.
  • Tested armor assemblies had total densities of approximately 0.4 grams per cubic centimeter.
  • Diiz strike face layers utilize barrel-shaped alumina deflecting components that are selected according to the diameter of projectiles whose penetration must be arrested. Against 7.62 mm diameter projectiles, deflecting component diameters are typically between 10 and 15 mm in characteristic dimensions. Against 12.7 mm projectiles, deflecting component diameters are typically between 15 and 25 mm. When numerous projectiles must be stopped that may have a range of diameters, such as bursting munitions, then a range of deflecting component characteristic dimensions may be employed.
  • Metal foam particularly aluminum foam, serves to further transmit stress and shock waves laterally while reducing their transmission in the direction of projectile travel compared with homogeneous metal identically disposed.
  • Multitudinous free surfaces between the aluminum and air present within metal foam generate innumerable stress and shock wave reflections. These reflections serve to dissipate projectile energy. They also create stresses internal to the projectile and thereby facilitate damage to it. Additionally, metal foams will yield locally, which will facilitate further tumbling and deflecting the projectile.
  • Armor assemblies may be sealed to prevent ingress of fluids and to facilitate cleaning. Fluid ingress into the void space is particularly to be avoided.
  • a wide range of elastomeric and other coatings may be used to seal or encapsulate armor assemblies according to the present invention. Seals may combine other uses, such as to provide camouflage, to add decorative qualities, or to add structural integrity to the complete assembly.
  • Elastic support components may be attached to a frame and the armor assembly by a wide variety of means. These components may be essentially parallel, or alternatively overlap in a wide range of patterns. Alternatively, these components may be strengthened through use of fibers or wires that add considerable strain energy when projectile loads acting laterally work to stretch the elastic components. Elastic and tensile properties enable designers skilled in the art to optimize energy dissipation and momentum transfer through alternatives available through the present invention.
  • assemblies made through this invention would offer substantial protection from projectiles of all types to people, buildings, vehicles; aircraft, barriers and other objects.
  • Embodiments of this invention make protection possible against a wide range of munitions and devices that generate projectiles and fragments.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
US13/883,513 2010-11-05 2011-11-04 Armor assembly Expired - Fee Related US9091509B2 (en)

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US45648710P 2010-11-05 2010-11-05
US13/883,513 US9091509B2 (en) 2010-11-05 2011-11-04 Armor assembly
PCT/US2011/001862 WO2012087344A2 (fr) 2010-11-05 2011-11-04 Ensemble armure

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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20170079352A1 (en) * 2015-09-18 2017-03-23 Worldwide Protective Products, Llc Protective garment with integrated metal mesh regions
US11378359B2 (en) 2020-05-28 2022-07-05 Tencate Advanced Armor Usa, Inc. Armor systems with pressure wave redirection technology

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US9170071B2 (en) * 2006-05-01 2015-10-27 Warwick Mills Inc. Mosaic extremity protection system with transportable solid elements
US9291440B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2016-03-22 Honeywell International Inc. Vacuum panels used to dampen shock waves in body armor
WO2015175048A2 (fr) * 2014-02-14 2015-11-19 Sierra Protective Technologies Blindages formables employant des composants de céramique
WO2020123354A1 (fr) * 2018-12-09 2020-06-18 Allied Special Operations Group, Llc Procédé de gestion d'énergie cinétique
DE102019116153A1 (de) * 2019-06-13 2020-12-17 Kennametal Inc. Panzerungsplatte, Panzerungsplattenverbund und Panzerung
DE102022100599A1 (de) 2022-01-12 2023-08-03 Kennametal Inc. Panzerungsplatte, Panzerungsplattenverbund und Panzerung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20170079352A1 (en) * 2015-09-18 2017-03-23 Worldwide Protective Products, Llc Protective garment with integrated metal mesh regions
US9936750B2 (en) * 2015-09-18 2018-04-10 Worldwide Protective Products, Llc Protective garment with integrated metal mesh regions
US11378359B2 (en) 2020-05-28 2022-07-05 Tencate Advanced Armor Usa, Inc. Armor systems with pressure wave redirection technology

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WO2012087344A3 (fr) 2012-11-29
WO2012087344A2 (fr) 2012-06-28
US20130220107A1 (en) 2013-08-29
WO2012087344A9 (fr) 2012-10-11

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