US9288765B2 - Scaling transmit power in multi-antenna wireless systems - Google Patents

Scaling transmit power in multi-antenna wireless systems Download PDF

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US9288765B2
US9288765B2 US13/983,584 US201113983584A US9288765B2 US 9288765 B2 US9288765 B2 US 9288765B2 US 201113983584 A US201113983584 A US 201113983584A US 9288765 B2 US9288765 B2 US 9288765B2
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power signal
power
signal set
signal components
scaling
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US20130337862A1 (en
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Jing Xiu Liu
Jian Feng Kang
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Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/11—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration
    • H04B17/12—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration of transmit antennas, e.g. of the amplitude or phase
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0203—Power saving arrangements in the radio access network or backbone network of wireless communication networks
    • H04W52/0206—Power saving arrangements in the radio access network or backbone network of wireless communication networks in access points, e.g. base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
    • Y02B60/50—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of wireless communication networks and in particular to wireless communication networks which use several antenna elements for a transmission to a receiving network component.
  • Modern wireless communication networks often use several antenna elements for a transmission to a receiving network component, e.g. a user equipment.
  • a receiving network component e.g. a user equipment.
  • a current example is LTE (3GPP Long-Term Evolution).
  • TDD time division duplexing
  • beam forming can provide for an increased performance.
  • individual transmissions from at least two antenna elements are adjusted in phase and amplitude so as to provide an increased signal strength at the location of a target user equipment.
  • a network component of a wireless communication network comprising at least two output ports, each output port being associated with an antenna; a controller for providing a power signal set having at least two power signal components, each power signal component being associated with one of at least two output ports and being indicative of a power portion to be provided to its associated antenna for generating a transmission to a receiving network component of the wireless communication network; and a power adjustment unit for scaling power signal components of the power signal set, thereby providing a scaled power signal set.
  • This aspect of the invention is based on the idea that by appropriate scaling of some or all of the power signal components of the power signal set the characteristics of the wireless communication network including such a network component may be improved.
  • the network component is a base station of a wireless communication network or at least a part of a base station of a wireless communication network.
  • the wireless communication network is a cellular communication network.
  • the network component and its associated antennas may belong to a single cell or, in another embodiment, belong to two or more cells.
  • each power signal component is indicative of a power portion which is to be provided to the associated antenna to thereby result in a transmission from the antenna to the receiving network component.
  • the receiving network entity is an user equipment, for example a mobile phone or a computer.
  • the controller is configured for providing the power signal components of the power signal set in a frequency domain.
  • the power signal set is provided for a frequency sub-band associated with the receiving network component.
  • a respective frequency sub-band may be associated with each of the receiving network components. Since we consider cases of a network component having at least two antennas associated therewith, there are at least two power signal components of the respective frequency sub-band, each power signal component being associated with the respective output port.
  • the scaling of power signal components is also done in the frequency domain. This has the advantage that if a frequency sub-band is associated with each receiving network component the scaling can be performed for each receiving network component individually. Due to the scaling per power signal set, distortions of the transmissions corresponding to the power signal set can be avoided.
  • the network component further comprises an inverse Fourier transformer for generating an amplifier driver signal in a time domain on the basis of the scaled power signal set in the frequency domain.
  • each of the power signal components is a beam forming weighting factor.
  • Beam forming weighting factors are provided so as to increase the signal strength at the location of a specific receiving network component. Scaling of these beam forming weighting factors can easily be performed, e.g. by multiplying the beam forming weighting factors with a scaling factor. In such a way, a set of scaled beam forming weighting factors (i.e. a scaled power signal set) is obtained.
  • signal processing on the basis of the scaled beam forming weighting factors can be unchanged compared to a case without scaling of the beam forming weighting factors.
  • the teaching of aspects and embodiments as described herein can easily applied to existing configurations.
  • the controller is configured for providing at least one further power signal set having at least two power signal components, wherein each power signal component of the further power signal set is associated with one of at least two output ports and is indicative of a power portion to be provided to the associated antenna for generating a respective transmission to a further receiving network component of the wireless communication network.
  • each power signal component of the further power signal set is associated with one of at least two output ports and is indicative of a power portion to be provided to the associated antenna for generating a respective transmission to a further receiving network component of the wireless communication network.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set depending on the at least one further power signal set.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set depending on the power signal set itself, i.e. depending on the power signal components of the power signal set.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set depending on all power signal sets that are handled by the controller, i.e. depending on the power signal set and depending on the further power signal sets being related to the further receiving network components.
  • the scaling performed by the power adjustment unit is performed on the basis of at least one power signal set associated with a respective one of at least one receiving network component.
  • the scaling can be performed on the basis of at least one operating parameter of the network component and/or at least one operating parameter of at least one receiving network component.
  • the scaling is performed on the basis of at least one power signal set and at least one operating parameter.
  • the network component comprises an amplifier assembly for generating at each of the at least two output ports an output power depending on the power signal component of the scaled power signal set; the power adjustment unit being configured for scaling the power signal set so as to maintain the output power at each of the at least two output ports below a threshold.
  • the output power may be generated depending on at least one further power signal set or scaled power signal set.
  • the amplifier assembly is configured for generating at each of the at least two output ports an output power depending on the power signal component of the scaled power signal set and the at least one (probably scaled, depending on the actual embodiment) further power signal set.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set and the further power signal set so as to maintain the output power at each of the at least two output ports below a threshold.
  • an amplifier drive signal may be provided at the output port of the network component, the amplifier drive signal being indicative of the output power to be generated by an amplifier assembly for each antenna associated with the amplifier assembly.
  • the output port provides a power output that may be configured for being directly fed to an antenna or, in other embodiments, an amplifier drive signal.
  • other output types may be provided at the output port.
  • the term “output port” relates to a physical terminal, e.g. a power terminal which is coupled or coupleable with an antenna.
  • the term “output port” relates to a logical terminal, e.g. a logical port. Such a logical terminal may be used e.g. in an embodiment where an amplifier drive signal is supplied to the output port.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set corresponding to the receiving network component depending on the location of the receiving network component. For example, in an embodiment, the scaling is performed depending on whether the receiving network component is at an edge of a cell served by the network component or not. For example, if the receiving network component is located at an edge of a cell, the power level with which the receiving network component receives transmissions from the network component may be relatively low. In such a case, a downscaling of the transmission power to be provided to such a UE may adversely affect the communication between the network component and the receiving network component. Hence, in an embodiment, in such cases the scaling of the power signal set is performed so as to not reduce the power signal components in the power signal set below a certain threshold.
  • the scaling may be performed so as to increase the respective power signal components, thereby making it possible to increase the coverage of a cell provided by the network component. In such a way, communication to a receiving network component located at a cell edge may be improved.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set so as to increase the signal strength at the location of the receiving network component.
  • the coverage of a cell provided by the network component may be selectively extended for a particular receiving network component.
  • location of the receiving network component corresponds to the location of the antennas of the receiving network component as the antennas are the actual receiving entities and hence the location of the antennas of the receiving network component determines the received signal strength.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set depending on a transmission type of the transmission to the receiving network component. For example, there may be a different quality of service (QoS) requirements for different transmission types. Performing the scaling of the power signal set depending on the transmission type, or, in another embodiment, according to a quality of service requirement, provides for the possibility of having reduced clipping while still maintaining a desired quality of service for a particular transmission. In another embodiment, the scaling may depend on the percentage of transmissions of a certain transmission type in relation to all transmissions. Such an embodiment allows to cope with situations where many or all of the transmission require a certain quality of service level but still have to be scaled down in the power of the respective power signal components in order to avoid clipping.
  • QoS quality of service
  • clipping avoidance is of high priority only in some embodiments of the herein disclosed subject-matter.
  • other parameters are taken into account with a priority that is higher than the priority of clipping avoidance.
  • appropriate scaling of power signal sets will be performed even if there is some clipping introduced or at least if the clipping is not completely avoided by such a scaling.
  • each power signal component corresponds to a communication channel between the network component and the receiving network component
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set depending on the channel state of the communication channels corresponding to the power signal components of the power signal set.
  • the scaling factor may depend on whether the channel state of all communication channels corresponding to the power signal set are in a specific relation with regard to a threshold. For example, if the channel state of one or more of the communication channels corresponding to a power signal set is in a poor condition, e.g. is below a certain threshold, downscaling of the power signal components may not be performed in such a case.
  • the power adjustment unit may comprise an decision unit for receiving parameters, such as channel state information, location information or transmission type information, in order to provide respectively adapted scaling factor for each of the power signal components.
  • all power signal components of a power signal set are scaled by the same scaling factor
  • individual scaling factors may be provided for each of the power signal components of a power signal set.
  • a scaling vector may be provided for each power signal set, wherein the scaling vector includes a respective scaling vector component (scaling factor) for each power signal component of the corresponding power signal set.
  • the power adjustment unit may be configured for taking into account at least two decision parameters with different priority.
  • a decision parameter is a parameter that affects a decision whether or not a power signal component is scaled and/or to what extend a power signal component is scaled.
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set per transmission time interval (TTI), wherein the transmission time interval is the duration of an independently decodable transmission generated by the network component.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • the scaling of the power signal set is done for a different time interval or according to another quantity than time. For example, in an embodiment, the scaling may be performed per symbol.
  • a method of operating a network component of a wireless communication network comprising: receiving, e.g. from a controller as described with regard to the first aspect, a power signal set having at least two power signal components wherein each power signal component is associated with one of at least two antennas and wherein each power signal component is further indicative of a power portion to be provided to its associated antenna for generating a transmission to a receiving network component of the wireless communication network; the method further comprising scaling the power signal components of the power signal set, thereby providing a scaled power signal set.
  • the scaling of the power signal components of the power signal set is performed in a frequency domain. This may allow for a scaling of the power signal components per receiving network component.
  • the power signal set is associated with a frequency sub-band
  • the network component is a base station of the wireless communication network
  • the frequency sub-band is associated with a user equipment communicating with the base station.
  • the scaling of the power signal components of the power signal set is performed depending on an operating parameter of the network component and/or an operating parameter of the receiving network component.
  • each power signal component is a beam forming weighting factor determining the power level at the output port.
  • the power signal component also determines the phase of the transmission generated in response to the output power provided at the output port.
  • the method and embodiments of the method according to the second aspect may include performing one or more functions described with regard to the first aspect or an embodiment thereof.
  • a computer program for processing a physical object namely a power signal set
  • the computer program being adapted for, when executed by a data processor assembly, controlling the method as set forth in the second aspect or an embodiment thereof.
  • reference to a computer program is intended to be equivalent to a reference to a program element and/or a computer readable medium containing instructions for controlling a computer system to coordinate the performance of the above described method.
  • the computer program may be implemented as computer readable instruction code by use of any suitable programming language, such as, for example, JAVA, C++, and may be stored on a computer-readable medium (removable disk, volatile or non-volatile memory, embedded memory/processor, etc.).
  • the instruction code is operable to program a computer or any other programmable device to carry out the intended functions.
  • the computer program may be available from a network, such as the World Wide Web, from which it may be downloaded.
  • the herein disclosed subject matter may be realized by means of a computer program respectively software. However, the herein disclosed subject matter may also be realized by means of one or more specific electronic circuits respectively hardware. Furthermore, the herein disclosed subject matter may also be realized in a hybrid form, i.e. in a combination of software modules and hardware modules.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network with a network component in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • FIG. 2 shows details of a scaling procedure for scaling a power signal set in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram for signal processing in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • FIG. 4 shows a geometry cumulative distribution function (CDF) plotted over a wideband signal-to-noise-ratio (SINR), in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • CDF geometry cumulative distribution function
  • SINR wideband signal-to-noise-ratio
  • FIG. 5 shows a quality of service class identifier (QCI) classification in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • QCI quality of service class identifier
  • LTE systems including both time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) are potential next generation wireless access networks.
  • TDD time division duplex
  • FDD frequency division duplex
  • An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (access) (OFDM(A)) scheme is employed as the downlink access scheme in LTE system.
  • OFDM(A) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • PAPR peak-to-average power ratio
  • Such a high PAPR represents a challenge for the analog power amplifier of the system, thus either increasing the cost of power amplifier or degrade the system performance due to signal distortion.
  • An advantage of beamforming in a TDD-LTE over codebook-based precoding in a LTE FDD system is that both amplitude and phase can be designed or calculated based on instantaneous channel response so as to provide high beamforming gain.
  • Different user equipments (UEs) are scheduled at different positions in frequency domain, and the beamforming weighting vectors for different UEs are independent since the channel response for different UEs are independent with each other.
  • UEs user equipments
  • the power amplifier tends to clipping and introduces more signal distortion and corresponding worse performance.
  • Using a power amplifier with larger linear range mitigates the problem but results in correspondingly higher manufacturing cost.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network 100 with a network component 102 in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • the network component 102 comprises two output ports 104 a , 104 b , each of which is associated with an antenna 106 a , 106 b .
  • the antennas 106 a , 106 b are part of the network component 102 .
  • network component 102 may be sold independently from antennas 106 a , 106 b.
  • the network component 102 is a base station of the communication network 100 and comprises a controller 108 for providing a power signal set 110 having at least two power signal components of which each power signal component is associated with one of the two output ports 104 a , 104 b .
  • Each power signal component of the power signal set 110 is indicative of a power portion to be provided to its associated antenna 106 a , 106 b .
  • the power signal set may be a beamforming vector having beamforming weighting factors as power signal components which define the power (e.g. amplitude and optionally phase of the power) to be transmitted to the respective antenna 106 a , 106 b corresponding to the respective beamforming weighting factor.
  • the controller 108 is configured for providing the beamforming weighting factors so as to increase the signal strength at the location of a receiving network component.
  • the beamforming vector represented by the power signal set 110 is configured by the controller 108 such that transmissions 114 a , 114 b which are generated on the basis of the beamforming vector 110 , constructively interfere at the location of the first receiving network component 112 a , thereby increasing the signals strength received by the first receiving network component 112 a .
  • Generating appropriate beamforming weighting factors by a controller 108 is known in the art and is therefore not further discussed herein.
  • the power signal set is not used directly to determine the power to be transmitted to the respective antenna 106 a , 106 b . Rather, a power adjustment unit 116 for scaling the power signal components of the power signal set 110 is provided.
  • the power adjustment unit 116 provides a scaled power signal set 118 in response to receiving the power signal set 110 .
  • the controller is not only configured to generate a single power signal set but rather for generating a plurality of power signal sets, one for each receiving network component with which the network component 102 communicates.
  • three receiving network components are shown in FIG. 1 , the first network component 112 a and two further receiving network components 112 b , 112 c , which are also referred to as second receiving network component 112 b and third receiving network component 112 c , respectively.
  • the receiving network components 112 a , 112 b , 112 c shown in FIG. 1 are user equipments, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • the controller 108 provides a power signal set for each user equipment 112 a , 112 b , 112 c .
  • Each further power signal set is configured similar to the already described power signal set 110 .
  • the further power signal sets also have at least two beam forming weighting factors (two for two antennas 106 a , 106 b as shown in FIG. 1 ), wherein each beam forming weighting factor of the further power signal set is associated with one of the at least two output ports 104 a , 104 b .
  • the beam forming weighting factors are indicative of a power portion to be provided to its respective associated antenna for generating a respective transmission to the further receiving network component of the wireless communication network.
  • transmissions 120 a , 120 b are generated on the basis of beam forming weighting factors configured so as to increase the signal strength at the location of the second user equipment 112 b .
  • transmissions 122 a , 122 b are generated on the basis of beam forming weighting factors configured so as to increase the signal strength at the location of the third user equipment 112 c.
  • the power adjustment unit 116 is configured for scaling the power signal set 110 depending on the at least one further power signal set.
  • the power signal set 110 and the corresponding scaled power signal set 118 are both provided in the frequency domain.
  • an inverse-Fourier transformer 123 for generating the amplifier driver signal 119 on the basis of the scaled power signal set(s) is provided.
  • the network component 102 further comprises an amplifier assembly 124 for generating at each of the at least two output ports 104 a , 104 b an output power 126 a , 126 b depending on the power signal component of the scaled power signal set 118 .
  • the amplifier assembly 124 receives the amplifier driver signal 119 from the inverse Fourier transformer 123 and generates, in response hereto, the output power 126 a , 126 b .
  • the power signal components of scaled power signal set e.g. the scaled beam forming weighting factors 118 or the amplifier driver signal 119 may be fed to the output ports 104 a , 104 b for further processing in an amplifier assembly external to such a network component (not shown in FIG. 1 ).
  • the controller 108 and/or the power adjustment unit 116 are provided in the form of computer programs.
  • a computer program for implementing the functions of the power adjustment unit 116 may be provided, the computer program being provided for processing a physical object, namely the power signal set 110 , and being adapted for, when being executed by a data processor assembly, controlling one or more functions of the power adjustment unit 116 as described herein.
  • the data processor assembly is generally indicated at 128 in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 2 shows details of a scaling procedure for scaling a power signal set in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter.
  • the scaling of the power signal components of the power signal set is performed in a frequency domain.
  • FIG. 2 shows graphically power signal components in the form of beam forming weighting factors, some of which are indicated at 130 , of two power signal sets 110 a , 110 b .
  • the height of the boxes representing the beam forming weighting factors corresponds to the scheduled power to the receiving network component (e.g. scheduled UE power, UE-P).
  • the beam forming weighting factors 130 of each power signal set 110 a , 110 b are arranged along a direction indicated with an arrow 132 in FIG. 2 .
  • Each power signal set 110 a , 110 b comprises eight (8) power signal components 130 , corresponding to eight antennas. I.e. in contrast to FIG.
  • each power signal set 110 a , 110 b has its own frequency subband 134 a , 134 b associated therewith.
  • the power signal sets 110 a , 110 b are located at different frequencies subbands along a frequency axis f.
  • each power signal component 130 specifies amplitude and phase for the corresponding transmission.
  • different frequency subbands 134 a , 134 b and its corresponding power signal sets 110 a , 110 b are associated with different user equipments.
  • the individual power signal components 130 corresponding to the same antenna are summed up, indicated by the “+” sign 136 in FIG. 2 and resulting in a sum component (not shown in FIG. 2 ). While only two power signal sets 110 a , 110 b are shown in FIG. 2 , it should be understood that any other number of power signal sets may be provided by the controller (not shown in FIG. 2 ), depending on the number of UEs with which the network component (not shown in FIG. 2 ) actually communicates. Additional power signal sets which may possibly be present are indicated by the dots 138 in FIG. 2 .
  • the sum component of each antenna is then subjected to an inverse-Fourier transformation, e.g. an inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT), indicated at 140 in FIG. 2 , thereby yielding a Fourier transformed sum component for each antenna.
  • an inverse-Fourier transformation e.g. an inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT)
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transformation
  • Some of the Fourier transformed sum components are indicated at 142 in FIG. 2 .
  • the Fourier transformed sum component 142 may directly used as the amplifier driver signal 119 or, in another embodiment, may be further processed to yield the amplifier driver signal 119 .
  • the power adjustment unit is configured for scaling the power signal set so as to maintain the output power at each of the at least two output ports below the threshold 144 . As a result, all Fourier transformed components 142 are maintained below the maximum available transmission power 144 (not shown in FIG. 2 ).
  • the above issues are mitigated or solved by respective handling of the beamforming weighting vectors for each scheduled UE.
  • the power at different antenna for scheduled data to be transmitted to a UE is weighted by the respective beamforming weighting factor.
  • the beamforming weighting factors for all antennas are referred to as beamforming weighting vector.
  • the weighting vector has uniform power at different antenna in frequency domain, so that after IFFT the power fluctuation in time domain and antenna domain is caused only by modulated data themselves, which is conventional PAPR issue.
  • the scheduled UEs' data are scaled by beamforming weighting vector which has non-uniform power at different antenna before the IFFT. It is straightforwardly seen that this will usually impair the PAPR in time domain and power unbalance in antenna domain. Therefore, in accordance with embodiments this issue is solved or at least mitigated by controlling the weighting factor for the power of scheduled UEs UE by UE based on different criterions, some exemplary of which are discussed below. It is noted that these concepts are also applicable to weighting vectors having uniform power before IFFT. In other words, embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter are also applicable to non-beamforming UEs.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram for signal processing in accordance with embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter, including elements on a media access control layer (MAC) and on a physical layer (PHY).
  • MAC media access control layer
  • PHY physical layer
  • FIG. 3 shows the beamforming calculator part in the physical layer (PHY).
  • radio resource manager (RRM) modules and inter-actions which are not influenced by embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter are not shown in FIG. 3 .
  • RRM radio resource manager
  • a new module is introduced in the RRM part, which is referred to as “power adjustment decision module” (PADM) 116 providing the functionality of embodiments of the power adjustment unit and the decision unit as described herein.
  • PADM power adjustment decision module
  • This power adjustment decision module 116 can help to provide the information about how to scale the power for different scheduled UEs, i.e. based on what kinds of criterion to do this.
  • This new module PADM 116 requires scheduling information 151 from a downlink scheduler 152 (“DL-SCH”) and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)-mode information 153 from a MIMO mode controller 154 (“MIMO-C”) which indicate exactly the scheduled beamforming UEs out of all beamforming/non-beamforming UEs.
  • DL-SCH downlink scheduler
  • MIMO-C MIMO mode controller
  • processing is as follows:
  • the uplink channel state information 155 is obtained via uplink sounding (either instantaneous or long-term) from channel estimator 156 . Taking advantage of channel reciprocity, such information 155 is input to a downlink EBB/SVD module (eigen-based beamforming/single value decomposition module) 158 which will calculate the weighting vector 110 for downlink beamforming UEs.
  • EBB/SVD module eigen-based beamforming/single value decomposition module
  • a second group of information includes the scheduled beamforming UEs, indicated by scheduling information 151 and MIMO-mode information 153 , together with corresponding beamforming weighting vectors 110 . All such information is fed to the power adjustment decision module 116 which judges whether the power to the scheduled beam-forming UEs should be adjusted and furthermore how and/or to what extent the power is to be adjusted, if needed.
  • the third group of information is the final beamforming weighting vectors 110 , 118 for PHY to apply to the data stream 160 provided by a channel coding and modulation module 162 .
  • the beamforming weighting vectors 110 , 118 are utilized by PHY “precoding” module (layer mapping and precoding module 163 ) in a conventional manner.
  • the resulting modified data stream 164 is then subjected to resource mapping in a resource mapping module 166 .
  • the thus resulting resource mapped data stream 168 is then subjected to inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) and cyclic prefix insertion (cp insertion) in an IFFT&CP-insertion module 170 , thus yielding the amplifier driver signal 119 .
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transformation
  • cp insertion cyclic prefix insertion
  • the beamforming weighting vectors 110 of some UEs are not scaled. This is indicated at 110 in the third group of information (indicated at 3 in FIG. 3 ). In case that all beamforming weighting vectors are supplied to the PADM 116 , no unscaled beamforming weighting vectors 110 would be supplied to the layer mapping and precoding module 163 , in accordance with a further embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 shows an illustrative embodiment of the herein disclosed subject matter:
  • the power adjustment is processed in frequency domain (before IFFT), so that it provides broad freedom for per-UE based adjustment.
  • the power adjustment and decision unit 116 is configured for scaling the weighting vector 110 depending on the location of the receiving network component (see 112 a , 112 b , 112 c in FIG. 1 ). For example, in an embodiment, there is set a UE-specific scale factor, calculated based on the UE geometry, e.g. based on the UE location.
  • the UE geometry may be estimated by the base station or, in another embodiment, by the UE.
  • ⁇ ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ a 1 if ⁇ ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ TH 1 a 2 if ⁇ ⁇ TH 1 ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ TH 2 ⁇ ⁇ a N - 1 if ⁇ ⁇ TH N - 2 ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ TH N - 1 a N if ⁇ ⁇ TH N - 1 ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ( 1 )
  • G(UEj) is the geometry of the UE or an indicator of the geometry of the UE.
  • the set ⁇ TH1, . . . , THN-1 ⁇ are thresholds for different range of geometry distribution.
  • the set ⁇ a1, . . . , aN ⁇ are the scale factors corresponding to different geometries defined by the thresholds.
  • FIG. 4 A further example for this option is shown in FIG. 4 where the geometry cumulative distribution function (CDF) is plotted over the wideband signal-to-noise-ratio in decibel (dB).
  • CDF geometry cumulative distribution function
  • UE 1 112 a , UE 2 112 b and UE 3 112 c shown in FIG. 4 are scheduled in a current transmission time interval (TTI), and FIG. 4 shows the geometry CDF of current cellular and corresponding three UEs' geometry.
  • TTI current transmission time interval
  • FIG. 4 shows the geometry CDF of current cellular and corresponding three UEs' geometry.
  • the UE geometry is approximated by the wideband signal-to-noise ratio (SINR).
  • SINR wideband signal-to-noise ratio
  • ⁇ ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ 0.9 G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ 0 ⁇ ⁇ dB 0.7 0 ⁇ ⁇ dB ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ 10 ⁇ ⁇ dB 0.5 10 ⁇ ⁇ dB ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ( 2 )
  • the UE with the highest SINR will be most downscaled.
  • the relative more power reduction for high SINR UE will not harm the performance too much, compared with the cell edge UE.
  • any suitable criterion is possible when considering the geometry and the scaling resulting from this geometry. Then in this way, both the performance of cell throughput and coverage performance can be improved compared with fixed cell-specific scaling factor.
  • the scale vector (which is hence not a single, skalar value) could be like:
  • ⁇ ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ [ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ] G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ 0 ⁇ ⁇ dB [ 2.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.1 ⁇ ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ] 0 ⁇ ⁇ dB ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ 10 ⁇ ⁇ dB [ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ 1.2 ⁇ 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 2.0 ] 10 ⁇ ⁇ dB ⁇ G ⁇ ( UE j )
  • Scaling the weighting factors of the weighting vector independently may even result in artificially discarding all the amplitude information of the beamforming weighting vector and keeping only the phase part.
  • the scaling corresponds to setting the amplitudes of the beamforming weighting vector to specific values.
  • a scaling factor e.g. the geometry scaling factor may be varied in a stepwise manner, e.g. similar to the embodiment of the geometry scaling factor in equations (1), (2), or may be varied according to a continuous function (not shown).
  • the power adjustment decision module 116 is configured for scaling the beamforming weighting vector 110 depending on a transmission type of the transmission to the UE.
  • the QoS e.g. traffic type will be considered and used as the differentiating condition.
  • the radio resource manager (RRM) at base station (eNB) can decide to give different priorities to different QCI/traffic type UEs via different power adjustment factors, so that one additional dimension of radio resource management is obtained besides conventional scheduler.
  • FIG. 5 A QCI classification according to embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the QoS-based power adjustment is defined as follows:
  • the scaling is extended such that base station can adjust the weighting elements from the weighting vector independently.
  • An exemplary scale vector (which is then not single value) is for example:
  • ⁇ ⁇ ( UE j ) ⁇ [ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ]
  • QCI 2 [ 2.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.1 ⁇ ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 3.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ]
  • QCI 7 [ 1.0 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ 1.2 ⁇ 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ 2.0 ]
  • QCI 9
  • sampling reducing the power of all scheduled UEs which will impact the coverage negatively because generally speaking the cell edge UEs are power-limited especially in relatively large cell, can be avoided.
  • each power signal component corresponding to a communication channel between the network component and the receiving network component the power adjustment unit being configured for scaling the power signal set depending on a channel state of the communication channels corresponding to the power signal components of the power signal set.
  • the scaling factor may be determined by combining, e.g. multiplying, the individual scaling factors (e.g. geometry-based scaling factor and QoS-based scaling factor).
  • the scaling of the power signal set is done only under specific conditions, e.g. when the power amplifier is overloaded or is close to an overload condition. According to other embodiments, the scaling of the power signal set is generally applied and actual conditions are taken into account by respective scaling factors.
  • the scaling is applied only to a physical shared data channel together with corresponding dedicated resource.
  • the scaling is not applied to common resources and control channels.
  • a network component of a communication network may be configured to act as a transmitter as well as a receiver, although exemplarily the transmit function of a base station has been described in the detailed description section.
  • a network component as disclosed herein is not limited to dedicated entities as described in some embodiments. Rather, the herein disclosed subject matter may be implemented in various ways in various locations in the communication network while still providing the desired functionality.
  • any suitable entity e.g. components, units and devices
  • the power adjustment unit or the controller are at least in part provided in the form of respective computer programs which enable a processor device to provide the functionality of the respective entities as disclosed herein.
  • any suitable entity disclosed herein may be provided in hardware.
  • some entities may be provided in software while other entities are provided in hardware.
  • any entity disclosed herein e.g. components, units and devices
  • the herein disclosed subject matter may be implemented in various ways and with various granularity on device level while still providing the desired functionality.
  • a separate entity e.g. a software module, a hardware module or a hybrid module
  • an entity e.g. a software module, a hardware module or a hybrid module (combined software/hardware module)
  • the controller comprises a processor device including at least one processor for carrying out at least one computer program corresponding to a respective software module.
  • the network component comprises at least two output ports, each output port being associated with an antenna.
  • the network component further comprises a controller for providing a power signal set having at least two power signal components, each power signal component being associated with one of at least two output ports and being indicative of a power portion to be provided to its associated antenna for generating a transmission to a receiving network component of the wireless communication network.
  • the network component comprises a power adjustment unit for scaling power signal components of the power signal set, thereby providing a scaled power signal set.
  • Embodiments of the herein disclosed subject matter may help to mitigate and solve the additional PAPR issue/power unbalance issue caused by beamforming in TD-LTE system, and may furthermore make the product requirement of TD-LTE to be comparable to that of FDD LTE, so that no additional cost will be needed for TD-LTE system.
  • UE-specific adjustment provides one additional dimension for RRM with very slightly additional complexity.
  • fully solving the additional PAPR caused by beamforming via scaling or even artificially discarding all the amplitude information of the beamforming weighting vector and keeping only the phase part, which is just one extreme case of a scaling the components of the beamforming vector independently.
  • geometry or/and QoS (QCI) can be used to select different power adjustment parameters for different UEs.

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