US9634487B2 - Architecture and management system and device for micro-grids with energy generation, storage and consumption, of the totally integrated, dynamic and self-configurable type - Google Patents

Architecture and management system and device for micro-grids with energy generation, storage and consumption, of the totally integrated, dynamic and self-configurable type Download PDF

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US9634487B2
US9634487B2 US14/441,382 US201314441382A US9634487B2 US 9634487 B2 US9634487 B2 US 9634487B2 US 201314441382 A US201314441382 A US 201314441382A US 9634487 B2 US9634487 B2 US 9634487B2
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Davide Spotti
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Regalgrid Europe SRL
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Arrangements for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Arrangements for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Arrangements for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, the networks, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/17—Demand-responsive operation of AC power transmission or distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy using batteries or super capacitors with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
    • H02J3/388—Arrangements for the handling of islanding, e.g. for disconnection or for avoiding the disconnection of power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H02J2101/22—Solar energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2105/10—Local stationary networks having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2105/50—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2105/51—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads according to a condition being electrical
    • H02J3/382—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/60—Planning or developing urban green infrastructure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an architecture and management system and device for micro-grids able to connect elements that at the same time are of energy generation, storage and consumption, also being conventionally called with the combined acronym pro-con-sto-mer deriving from the English terms producer, consumer and storer; said micro-grids being, in particular, of the totally integrated, dynamic and self-configurable type.
  • the invention finds particular although not exclusive application in the field of energy production, distribution, storage and measurement, specifically of electrical nature but not exclusively, particularly in the evolved systems of energy and information transfer that are conventionally called smart grids in the English language.
  • said smart grids have the aim of transforming the current electric power centralized production system, with the related long-distance distribution, into a plurality of said prosumers also interconnected in a smart way, said grids being of the active type and further equipped with electronic components and computer systems that realize suitable communication and suitable control, in such a way as to enable an improved management of the energy flows produced by the traditional stations and also an improved management of the medium and small productions from renewable sources, such as photovoltaic, aeolic and thermal solar, also overcoming the known and complex difficulties related to the backflow.
  • a bidirectional and improved integration system as described above will have to ensure that each single energy consumer and producer is connected to the grid in such a way as to communicate and receive data for the purpose of making available in real time the consumption and production profiles and be useful to the manager of the grid in the planning of the energy production and distribution.
  • smart meters even long-term, for example purposes we would like to remind that the first solutions of smart meters have been recently introduced on the market, otherwise called smart meters in the English language, having been designed to integrate said grids of the smart grid type; in particular, said smart meters are connected to a communication grid for the purpose of allowing a control of the bidirectional type.
  • Such solutions describe various solutions of grids, also of the type with nodes and structured, mainly with reference to communication modes between the single nodes and to the relative protection, or to the metering systems or also to the logics of sampling and estimate of consumption, or still to the hierarchical control systems.
  • the known and conventional solutions have some drawbacks and in particular in view of a complete integration in grids of the smart type.
  • Such solutions do not describe how to realize an evolved and optimized system of a local energy grid with nodes each being simultaneously energy generator, storer and consumer of the totally integrated, dynamic and self-configurable type; said known and conventional solutions, moreover, do not provide specific management logics for such optimizations according to the different state conditions of each single node.
  • said node allows a bidirectional dialogue of the one-to-one type between the single elements that make it up, being equipped with own intelligence, and also between the single interconnected nodes forming said micro-grid, according to a specific management logic provided by an electronic device that acts as controller of the single node; said node, moreover, allows a variable configuration of realization being able to recognize the modifications in the number and type of connected components and automatically adapt to them according to specific needs, such as maintenance, deactivations for safety reasons, the free addition of new elements or the elimination or replacement of existing elements.
  • a second aim allows to combine the historic use profiles of the single elements of generation, storage and of the loads of the single nodes, in particular with a self-learning logic, for the purpose of giving information and operating addresses on the variation of the configuration and/or use of said components of the node.
  • a third aim allows to obtain the optimization of the whole local grid made up of said nodes, each single node being connected in such a way as to allow a bidirectional dialogue between the controllers of all the nodes, according to a specific control logic that allows said controller to equally contribute to the management of said local grid.
  • a further aim is referable to the fact that it enables a profitable and optimized management for the whole day and on any day of the year, integrating the generation, the storage and the use of electric and/or thermal power, mainly but not exclusively from renewable sources such as solar energy, in particular both by one single consumption and generation node, and by said local grid of opportunely interconnected and managed nodes, also with specific logics.
  • a further aim consists in limiting the resort to the external energy distribution grid.
  • Another aim is to relieve said external grid from the time peaks of energy input or transfer.
  • a further aim is to make non-synchronized the production and the consumption of the single node by means of its own storage, and also allowing said node to enjoy the storage capacity of the others nodes of the same local grid, therefore a smaller storage quantity being necessary for each single node.
  • a further aim is to allow a better planning in the despatching and distribution of the electric power by the department utilities or national grids of medium voltage, or MV, and of high voltage, or HV.
  • An additional aim is the consequent greater operation regularity and linearity of the big national energy production plants that, having more regular downstream loads and equipped with storage and local management with internode compensations between production, storage and consumption, will see a reduction in demand peaks, thus using the characteristic of the so described local grids also called peak shaving in English, and hence obtain a greater operational economy.
  • a further aim consists of the fact of having to transport a smaller amount of energy for medium or long sections, with consequent lower losses and greater global efficiency.
  • a further aim is to make the node and the whole local grid scalable and modular, that is to say, able to increase or decrease the generation and storage capacity, at any time and without particular restrictions besides the sizes of the electric cables.
  • the invention allows to cancel or reduce the generation or storage capacity of the single elements, being connected in a bidirectional way to said node controller device; moreover, the system allows to automatically or voluntarily lower voltage to safety values at any time.
  • Such a system also allows to monitor and optimize the use of the single generation and storage elements, avoiding overloads and malfunctions and also ensuring greater efficiency.
  • This system also enables a complete integration of the functions of diagnostics, control and tele-measurement both at the level of the node and at the level of the local grid, to suitably compensate for, foresee and plan the energy requirements of the node, of the grid and of the districts.
  • Such a system of a local grid with nodes is also connectable to other equally structured local grids for the purpose of realizing a grid of local grids, therefore being enlargeable on a large scale with the same benefits as the small scale, as described above.
  • FIGS. 1 a , 1 b , 1 c show three simplified diagrams of the distributed local grid provided by the invention, made up of a plurality of energy micro-grids called nodes (N) individually comprehensive of micro-storage (A) and micro-generation (G) of energy, mainly from renewable sources, where said nodes conveniently generate, store and exchange energy, then consuming it (C), being possibly connected also to the energy grid external to said utility grid, wherein the connections of the node n differ according to the three possible state conditions:
  • FIG. 2 is a chart relative to the generated electric power (EGT 1 ) and to the consumed power (ECT 1 ), measured in KWh in the 24 hours, in a hypothetical Node 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a chart relative to the difference between the generated power (EGT 1 ) and the consumed power (ECT 1 ) in Node 1 , as in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 is a chart relative to the stored electric power (EGT 1 ACCUM) with respect to the purchased power (EN ACQ 1 ) in Node 1 , as in FIG. 2 , also being equipped with the storage system.
  • FIG. 6 is a chart relative to the difference between the generated energy (EGT 2 ) and the consumed energy (ECT 2 ) in Node 2 , as in FIG. 5 .
  • FIG. 7 is a chart relative to the stored electric power (EGT 2 ACCUM) with respect to the purchased power (EN ACQ 2 ) in Node 2 , of FIG. 5 , also being equipped with a storage system.
  • FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram of possible installation, with generation and storage of electric and thermal power.
  • FIG. 12 a is a flowchart of the management logic (L/a) of the single node n by the node controller server, in relation to the state condition (a), as in FIG. 1 a , that is to say, simultaneously connected to the local grid and to said utility grid.
  • FIG. 12 c is a flowchart of the management logic (L/c) of the single node n by the node controller server, in relation to the state condition (c), as in FIG. 1 c , that is to say, temporarily connected to the utility grid only.
  • FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the selection logic (Logic E) of the node/of the nodes that transfer Erich(if) to the node n.
  • FIG. 16 is a flowchart of the self-configuration logic (Logic G) by the controller server of each single node n.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart of the logic of calculation of energy availability or requirement (Logic H) of each node n.
  • Prosumer is a contraction of the English terms producer-consumer: it refers to an entity that simultaneously or not allows the generation, the consumption and the storage of energy.
  • Smart grid a grid of entities that exchange information and/or energy between each other performing retroactive behaviours that allow advantages of various types such as of economic nature, of environmental nature, of efficiency, of distributed information, of control, of management, of duration or other.
  • Local grid a grid of nodes connected to each other, in which there is simultaneously at least one element or device of energy generation and/or storage and/or consumption.
  • the local grid is a smart grid that adopts a connection logic as described in the invention, being based on the connection of the proconstomer nodes defined above.
  • Utility grid a traditional grid of electrical distribution, or also of another form of energy such as thermal energy; generally said grid is of the national or departmental or municipal type.
  • Variable in the invention one normally defines as variable the physical configuration of connection of the equipment connected to said node, which may change according to the number and type of generation, storage or consumption devices from time to time connected or excluded from the connection to the node and to its node controller, as described in the following. Variable is also the connection from node to node in said local grid.
  • Dynamic in the invention one normally defines as dynamic the behaviour in time, past and/or future, of characteristic specific parameters of the node given the same configuration. Over time, in particular, for each node the profiles of energy generation, storage and consumption change dynamically.
  • Communication or dialogue in the invention one normally defines as communication or dialogue between nodes or between node and single device connected to the node, being of the type of generation or storage or still of consumption, the exchange in one or both directions of information and/or of energy. Optimization: making of choices aimed at obtaining a desired or more advantageous condition expressed by means of logics or algorithms according to a series/combination of existing conditions and/or of measured and/or pre-assigned parameters. Smart: in the invention smart is the device or the node characterised by communication and/or optimization abilities, as described above. Routine and sub-routine: calculation and/or evaluation logic that from a set of parameters or states provided in input determines others and/or further in output.
  • the elements of the node that generate ( 111 ), store ( 113 ) and consume ( 112 ) energy are variable in their configuration and dynamic in their behaviour, just like said local grid ( 10 ) can be variable and dynamic, said variability in the configuration and said dynamism in the behaviour being applicable both to the node ( 11 ) and to the grid ( 10 ).
  • the logical diagram of reference, of the purely illustrative type, is shown in ( FIGS.
  • each node ( 11 ) can: consume energy by means of said consumption elements ( 112 ), the consumption being conventionally indicated with the letter C; generate energy by means of said generation elements ( 111 ), said generation being conventionally indicated with the letter G; store energy by means of said storage elements ( 113 ), the storage being indicated with the letter A; draw energy from an external utility grid ( 110 ) such as the national grid that is conventionally represented by the symbol of the pylon; give or draw energy to/from at least one of the nodes ( 11 ) of the local grid ( 10 ) to which it is connected.
  • an external utility grid 110
  • the national grid that is conventionally represented by the symbol of the pylon
  • connections of the single node provide at least one of the three following state conditions:
  • the invention is born out of the need to combine in the most advantageous way possible the profiles of local generation EGT (Energy Generated in Time) with the profiles of local consumption ECT (Energy Consumed in Time) of a single node N ( 11 ), which normally are never synchronous.
  • EGT Electronic Generated in Time
  • ECT Electronic Capacity Consumed in Time
  • FIG. 2 concerning the generation and consumption of electric power in a hypothetical Node 1 at the various hours of an X day; and still, for example, see FIG. 3 with negative values as would be the resort to the external grid for the purchase of energy necessary to the Node 1 on the same X day.
  • the solution of the storage of energy at the node allows to uncouple over the day the EGT and ECT profiles and to limit the resort to the grid for the purchase of the necessary energy.
  • FIG. 2 concerning the generation and consumption of electric power in a hypothetical Node 1 at the various hours of an X day; and still, for example, see FIG. 3 with negative values as would be the resort
  • the Node 1 could detect that from 4 to 8 o'clock rather than buying energy from the external grid to cover the requirements of ECT 1 it may transfer energy generated (possibly from a renewable source), stored and not used by the Node 2 that from 4 to 8 o'clock would cover exactly the requirements of the Node 1 . From such a hypothesis it is inferred that the cost for the energy produced and exchanged by said local grid must be lower than that of the national external distribution grid or such that the balance between energy purchased and sold by the single node is profitable for the node itself.
  • a grid ( 10 ) with nodes ( 11 ) as described allows to obtain further advantages. For example, we remind that statistically the probability that any of the nodes of the grid is provided with energy stored at the moment Tx is the much higher as greater is the number of interconnected nodes, the average value of generation at the moment Tx of that grid, the overall storage capacity of that grid with respect to the average value of consumption at the moment Tx of that grid. Given the time lag between the consumption profiles there is always a probability greater than zero for a node to find energy stored in the grid, if the generation is not interrupted. In addition to the advantage of finding energy conveniently produced from a renewable source in a local grid, every node ( 11 ) therefore enjoys the storage capacity of the other nodes. It results that the sizing of the storage capacity of a single node can be smaller if connected to a grid ( 10 ) of such nature with respect to the sizing of the storage capacity in a stand-alone situation, with equal generated and consumed energy.
  • Another considerable advantage both for the node ( 11 ) and, indirectly, for the whole local grid ( 10 ) so conceived is the ability of scalability and modularity, that is to say, of growth or decrease of the capacity of generation or storage, and obviously also of consumption, that each node can put into effect at any time without particular restraints but those of the size of the electric cables that support the grid.
  • Said scalability is attainable thanks to the particular dialogue protocol in the grid between each of its components and the intelligence that is provided on each element of energy generation ( 111 ), such as the single panel of the smart type, and each energy accumulator ( 113 ), such as a single battery of the smart type.
  • Said advantage allows, for example, that at any time the Node X can decide to install an additional generation element and/or an additional storage element with a simple manoeuvre of installation, connection and reset of the software for the control of the system that will immediately see available to the node X the new installed capacity, just as the latter will immediately be seen by the whole local grid to which that Node X belongs.
  • the single Node X can decide according to the protocol implemented in the single components and/or by the control server to disconnect or cancel the generation capacity of each single panel or any generation element, just as it may decide the exclusion of each single storage element.
  • the whole node ( 11 ) can be instantaneously excluded from the local grid ( 10 ) and/or the single generation elements ( 111 ) and/or storage elements ( 113 ) can be excluded.
  • the voltage can therefore be lowered to safety values at any moment to the advantage and for the safety of those who might have to intervene on the plant (for example maintenance operators or firemen).
  • Suitable diagnostic and optimization software will opportunely take into account the state of service and of life of each single generation and storage component and will opportunely administer its use to avoid overloads and in the end lower efficiency and/or malfunctions, besides planning programmed and preventive maintenance.
  • all the functions of diagnostics, control and tele-metering will be possible at the level of the node and of the local grid therefore making extremely transparent and maintainable any element of the grid with evident advantages for the components of the grid.
  • An additional considerable advantage both for the node ( 11 ), and for the local grid ( 10 ), and for the national grid ( 110 ) to which the grid can be connected, is the level of constant information in real time of the state of generation, storage and consumption of each single node; such a characteristic, in particular, also allows to realize a grid of local grids.
  • Said node ( 11 ), as provided by the invention, presents a particular configuration also with a characteristic equipment being made up of a partial or complete combination of the following devices, which can also be integrated with each other:
  • FIG. 9 shows a logical diagram of possible configuration of a node ( 11 ) that includes, in addition to the controller device ( 200 ) of its own node N 1 , the following components:
  • each node ( 11 ) is different according to the need or opportunity of generation and consumption and also according to the grid connection made in direct or alternate current, or totally insulated being of the type called off-grid with respect to the national low-voltage electric power distribution grid.
  • the invention in particular, provides smart generation elements in such a way as to allow a suitable dialogue capacity with a suitable node external unit, for the purpose of interrogating the single generation element, for example a photovoltaic module, and receive information in real time, for example on its identification, on its life cycle and in particular the number of progressive hours of activity, or on its state of operativeness and power level, instantaneous voltage and current, or still to receive further information necessary for the complete monitoring of said generation element.
  • This dialogue will be of the bidirectional type, in the sense that said generation element can also receive and perform instructions for example to reduce the operational voltage or to totally cut itself off the node or off the grid, or to self-configure in the local grid upon a new installation or re-installation of the generation element in the node.
  • the invention just as provided for the single generation element, also provides that smart storage elements are included in said node with similar aims of bidirectional dialogue and control. These storage elements are made in such a way as to allow the necessary capacity of dialogue with a suitable node external unit for the purpose of interrogating the single element and receive information in real time, for example on its identification, on its life and in particular on the number of progressive hours of activity, or on its state of operativeness and power level, instantaneous voltage and current, on the progressive charge-discharge cycles number and other information necessary for the complete monitoring of the single storage element.
  • FIG. 10 schematically shows an installation with the generation and storage of electric power and heat; in more detail, one considers concentration heating elements with electrical and heat co-generation, being characterised by high energy efficiency and installation economy, however the conventional types are suitable as well; the sun during the day irradiates the solar dishes ( 301 ) that concentrate the solar beams ( 302 ) on the receiving devices ( 303 ) comprehensive of a photovoltaic cell system suitable to generate direct electric current, then converted by the inverters ( 304 ) into alternate current.
  • said receivers On the internal side, said receivers have a duct that carries a cooling fluid that, heated, allows by means of the heat exchanger ( 305 ), supplied by the cold water source ( 306 ), to introduce heat energy in the circuit that is called of Hot Water, which also can be compensated for in case of need by a conventional plant with a boiler ( 307 ) or burner with an insulated accumulator ( 308 ).
  • the inverters ( 304 ), in particular, are also equipped with an optimization system of the MPPT type.
  • Said inverters dialogue with an interface device ( 309 ), also being conventionally called interface and comprising filters and meters, which is managed by software uploaded on the server ( 310 ) of the system in such a way as to allow to monitor and control in real time the whole behaviour of the generation system, of the electrical storage system ( 311 ), of the consumptions and electrical and thermal appliances of the client site ( 312 ).
  • the storage system ensures the charging of batteries characterised by no environmental impact and a high useful life. Said storage, however, can also occur in suitable batteries ( 313 ) that are used by electric vehicles ( 314 ) provided to said client site ( 312 ).
  • Said interface ( 309 ) and said server ( 310 ) that manages it operate jointly as a node controller ( 200 ) also managing the possible excess or shortage of electric power of the client site, by means of the transfer or the input of the necessary electric power into/from the local grid ( 10 ) or from the electricity distribution grid ( 210 ). Said excess or requirement is constantly monitored and opportunely balanced.
  • FIG. 11 schematically shows an alternative installation, with generation and storage of electric power in a direct current grid, conventionally called DC GRID; in more detail, the sun during the day irradiates the photovoltaic modules ( 319 ) of advanced generation and equipped with optimizers ( 320 ) of the MPPT type that dialogue with an appropriate interface ( 309 ) managed by software uploaded on the server ( 310 ) of the system that allows to monitor and control in real time the whole behaviour of the generation system, of the electrical storage system ( 311 ), of the consumption and electrical and thermal appliances of the client site, being for example a hotel ( 315 ), a block of flats ( 316 ), a factory ( 317 ) or even a hospital ( 318 ).
  • DC GRID direct current grid
  • Said storage system ensures the charging of suitable smart accumulators ( 311 ); if necessary, appropriate accumulators ( 313 ) for use on electric vehicles ( 314 ) can also be charged.
  • the photovoltaic cells of said modules ( 319 ) generate direct current, then stored in the systems ( 311 and 313 ) and converted by the inverters ( 304 ) into alternate current.
  • the invention in particular, provides that the optimized management of the node ( 11 ) according to the above-described modes is performed by a specific electronic apparatus conventionally called node controller ( 200 ) or controller server being interfaced both to the devices internal to its own node and externally towards the other nodes of the local grid ( 10 ); in particular said node controller ( 200 ) is a complex device equipped with at least:
  • controller server is connected to the following elements:
  • the dimension of the node past interval (ip) can be determined on the basis of pre-reset data or change upon change of the consumption profile of the node, adopting decreasing intervals upon growing of the variability of the consumption profile of the node.
  • the dimension of the future interval (if) is essentially a function of the number of nodes connected to the node to be optimized.
  • the cut-out time of the circuit breaker or differential switch, the cut-out time of the generators, the challenge and response time to/from other nodes in case of requirement will be considered by the controller device.
  • the estimate of the energy consumption Ec(if) that will be made by the node in the future interval (if) is at every moment t recalculated according to the signals received by the meter III and compared with the level of energy present in the accumulators of the node and with the level of energy production of the generators of the node.
  • such energy required for the future interval Erich(if) can be satisfied by one or more nodes.
  • the condition in which the energy Erich(if) n required by the node n for the future interval can be satisfied by the local grid made up of a number N of nodes is: E rich( if ) n ⁇ x E ced x ( if ) with 1 ⁇ x ⁇ (n ⁇ 1) and (n+1) ⁇ x ⁇ N, and wherein ⁇ x Eced x (if) is the summation of the energies transferable in the future interval if from each node x of the local grid (with x that varies from 1 to N, excluding
  • Such a condition when satisfied, will substantially authorize the node n to withdraw the energy Erich(if) n from the local grid and will opportunely mark the node or nodes that will transfer the energy to the requesting node, also storing the amount of energy received from each single different node connected in the local grid.
  • the controller of the node n will draw Erich(if) n from the national or municipal electricity distribution grid, conventionally called utility, to which the node is connected.
  • the optimized management of the energy exchange between the single nodes occurs by means of the relative node controllers, interconnected to each other.
  • the management logics of said controllers we point out that in the case in which there is an energy exchange between nodes of the local grid, that is to say, when at the moment t the above-described conditions are simultaneously satisfied:
  • a characteristic that distinguishes each of the nodes ( 11 ) being part of a local grid ( 10 ) as described above, is the capability to self-configure at any time. That is to say, the controller ( 200 ) of each node n, in addition to the previously described functions and to the constant control of the consumption profile of the node n, constantly monitors, in each moment t, various information such as:
  • said values can dynamically change in time by means of at least one of the following operating conditions: connection of new nodes to the local grid, exclusion for safety or maintenance reasons of one or more nodes from the local grid, installation of new generators with one or more nodes, exclusion for safety or maintenance reasons of one or more generators with one node, installation of new accumulators with one or more nodes, exclusion for safety or maintenance reasons of one or more accumulators with one node, disconnection of one or more nodes from the national or municipal electricity distribution grid.
  • controller ( 200 ) of each node must constantly self-configure on the basis of the peripheral situations of its own node and of the other nodes for the purpose of being up-to-date and able to make the previously described optimization choices in the light of the changed conditions and applying on a case-by-case basis the logics described in following according to the corresponding state condition.
  • the invention provides the application of specific management logics, of the type conventionally called optimization algorithm or even routine in the English language, said logics being respectively called Logic L/a, Logic L/b, Logic L/c ( FIGS. 12 a -12 c ) according to the different state conditions; furthermore, said management logics are intended to regulate the variability and the dynamism of the system by means of sub-logics having specific aims, being substantially some procedures of the sub-routine type, which are conventionally Logic D, Logic E, Logic F, Logic G, Logic H ( FIGS. 13-17 ) respectively, described in detail in the following.
  • said management logics L/a, L/b, L/c refer to the three main state conditions of the node connection, as described above, L/a ( FIG. 12 a ) being referred to the first state condition, or condition a, where the single node is simultaneously connected to said local grid and also to the utility grid ( FIG. 1 a ); and where L/b ( FIG. 12 b ) refers to, the second state condition or condition b, with the single node connected to the local grid only, permanently or temporarily ( FIG. 1 b ); and where L/c ( FIG. 12 c ) refers to the third state condition, or condition c, with the single node connected temporarily to the utility grid only ( FIG. 1 c ).
  • FIGS. 12-17 The diagrams as in FIGS. 12-17 , therefore, refer to what has been described above and represent in phases, in the simplified form of the flowchart, the operating sequence of the activities and of the checks, conventionally called Phases and Check phases, respectively, which characterize said management logics and said sub-logics, being correlated to each other as well; in particular, said phases are variously combined as the whole system is variable in the configuration and dynamic in the behaviour, as described above.
  • said management logic L/a includes at least the following activities and checks with particular correlations as shown by the arrows in the diagram ( FIG. 12 a ):
  • said Management logic L/b includes at least the following activities and checks, new or also corresponding to the previous one, with particular correlations as shown by the arrows in the diagram ( FIG. 12 b ):
  • the Logic D of determination of the first node n to be served with Erich(if) n includes at least the following activities and checks with particular correlations as shown by the arrows in the diagram ( FIG. 13 ):
  • the Logic E of choice of the node/nodes that transfer Erich(if) to the node n includes at least the following activities and checks with particular correlations as shown by the arrows in the diagram ( FIG. 14 ):
  • the logic F of reduction and exclusion of the loads at the node n includes at least the following activities and checks with particular correlations as shown by the arrows in the diagram ( FIG. 15 ):
  • the Logic G of self-configuration by the controller server of each single node includes at least the following consequential activities, as shown in the diagram ( FIG. 16 ):
  • the Logic H of calculation of the energy availability or requirement of each node n includes at least the following consequential activities, as shown in the diagram ( FIG. 17 ):

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