US9878309B2 - Catalyst for ammonia oxidation - Google Patents

Catalyst for ammonia oxidation Download PDF

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US9878309B2
US9878309B2 US15/100,245 US201415100245A US9878309B2 US 9878309 B2 US9878309 B2 US 9878309B2 US 201415100245 A US201415100245 A US 201415100245A US 9878309 B2 US9878309 B2 US 9878309B2
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metal layer
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layer
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US20170001177A1 (en
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Christian Nagstrup Conradsen
Sine Ellemann Olesen
Debasish Chakraborty
Ib Chorkendorff
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Alfa Laval Corporate AB
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Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8926—Copper and noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8634—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9436—Ammonia
    • B01J35/0006—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
    • B01J37/0244—Coatings comprising several layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
    • B01D2255/1026—Ruthenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20761—Copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
    • B01D2255/902—Multilayered catalyst
    • B01D2255/9022—Two layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D2257/406—Ammonia

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a bimetallic catalyst for ammonia oxidation.
  • the present invention relates also to a method for producing a bimetallic catalyst for ammonia oxidation and to a method for tuning the catalytic reactivity of a metal.
  • ammonia oxidation reaction has many important applications.
  • One important application is in ammonia cracking systems where the combustion of ammonia is used to provide heat for the ammonia cracking reaction to generate hydrogen from ammonia, e.g. as shown in WO 2011/107279.
  • Another application with a much larger demand than the first one is for the removal of slip ammonia after ammonia assisted selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of automotive diesel engine exhaust.
  • Diesel engine generates nitrogen oxides (NOx) which is seriously harmful for the human health and in order to follow the regulations, the exhaust of the diesel engines is treated for NOx removal.
  • SCR selective catalytic reduction
  • ammonia is added to the exhaust.
  • the ammonia added is typically more than what is required by the reaction. This results in ammonia slip that needs to be removed by combustion.
  • a third important application is the removal of ammonia from biogas generation plant, which, if not removed, generates NOx after combustion.
  • an improved catalyst would be advantageous, and in particular a more efficient, having higher catalytic activity and/or less expensive catalyst would be advantageous.
  • a bimetallic catalyst for ammonia oxidation comprising: a first metal layer; a second metal layer; and a substrate; wherein the first metal layer is located onto said second metal layer and wherein the second metal layer is located onto said substrate.
  • Bimetallic is defined as comprising at least two metal or metallic layers.
  • a metal or metallic layer comprises or consists of a metal element in its pure metal form, i.e. in their oxidation state zero, i.e. as a free uncombined element.
  • Metal elements or metallic elements may be alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanides or actinides.
  • a metal element according to the invention is a transition metal.
  • the first metal layer comprises or consists of a not noble metal element and the second metal layer comprises or consists of a noble metal element.
  • first and second metal layers comprise or consist of noble metal elements.
  • first and second metal layers comprise or consist of non-platinum metals elements.
  • the first metal layer is located onto the second metal layer, thus the first metal layer is the outer surface of the catalyst that will be in contact with the flow of ammonia under operation.
  • the catalyst under operation will be in contact with the flow of ammonia and oxygen.
  • the first metal layer is a layer of a metal that is less catalytically active towards ammonia oxidation than a metal of the second metal layer.
  • the inventions stems from the surprising observation that the catalytic activity towards ammonia oxidation of a catalyst comprising two metal layers in which the top layer is less catalytically active than the bottom layer, is higher than the one of catalysts having a single metal layer.
  • a less catalytically active metal layer deposited onto a more catalytically active metal layer increases the overall catalytic activity of the catalyst compared to the single layer catalysts.
  • the second metal layer is a layer of a metal that is more catalytically active towards ammonia oxidation than a metal of the first metal layer.
  • a catalyst having a metal layer of a noble metal shows a higher catalytic activity towards ammonia oxidation, than a catalyst having a single layer of a less noble metal, such as Cu.
  • a catalyst having a layer of Cu onto a layer of Ru supported on a substrate has a catalytic activity towards ammonia oxidation that is higher than catalyst having either a single layer of Cu or a single layer of Ru supported on the same substrate.
  • the first metal layer is a Cu layer.
  • the Cu layer consists only of metallic Cu, in its oxidation state zero, i.e. as a free uncombined element.
  • the first metal layer or top metal layer may consist of Fe or Co or Ag.
  • the second metal layer is a Ru layer.
  • the Ru layer consists only of metallic Ru, in its oxidation state zero, i.e. as a free uncombined element.
  • the second or bottom metal layer may consist of Rh, Pt or Pd.
  • examples of bimetallic layers could be Cu/Ru, Cu/Rh, Fe/Ru, Co/Ru, Ag/Pt, or Ag/Pd.
  • the first layer segregates on top of the second layer and the d-band of the first or top layer is changed, such as shifted upwards or downwards compared to Fermi level when the first layer is deposited on top of the second metal layer.
  • a bimetallic catalyst having a desired thickness of the first metal layer onto the second metal layer has shown enhanced catalytic activities.
  • the first metal layer has a thickness between 0.1 and 10 monolayers, such as between 0.5 and 5 monolayers.
  • the first metal layer has a thickness between 0.1 and 3 monolayers.
  • the first metal layer has a thickness of 0.8 monolayers. In some other embodiments the first metal layer has a thickness of 1 monolayer. Tests of the catalyst produced shows that the Cu overlayer affects the catalyst activity of the Ru layer and that surprisingly an optimal thickness can be found, e.g. of 0.8 monolayers of Cu onto Ru, producing a catalyst having a catalytic activity towards ammonia that is doubled when compared to the single layer catalysts.
  • the thickness is herein reported in monolayers. Thickness may be also referred to as reported in Angstrom, i.e. 10 ⁇ 10 m, where a 1 monolayer corresponds to 2.56 ⁇ of Cu layer thickness.
  • the thickness reported is assuming that the deposition of the first metal layer onto the second metal layer is in a two dimensional (2D) form, i.e. as continuous monolayers. However, the deposition may be discontinuous, i.e. islands may be formed.
  • the thickness referred to in unit length, i.e. ⁇ or monolayers should be considered as an average thickness assuming that the deposition occurred in a 2D form.
  • the weight ratio between the second metal layer and the first metal layer is in the area between 1:0.05 and 1:0.5.
  • increased activity has been shown in bimetallic catalyst with a Ru to Cu weight ratio of 1:0.3.
  • the metal of the first metal layer is segregated onto the second metal layer.
  • the first metal layer segregates to the surface of the second metal layer forming a stable surface overlayer of the first metal layer onto the second metal layer.
  • the metal of the first metal layer does not form an alloy with the metal of the second metal layer.
  • the metal of the first metal layer does not form an alloy with the metal, also referred to as host, of the second metal layer.
  • the first and second metal layer are not mixable as thermodynamically the two metals are immiscible because of positive heat of alloy formation. This lead to a clear structure characterized by a layer of a second metal located onto a substrate and an overlayer or a first metal onto the second metal layer.
  • a segregated overlayer of a metal that is less catalytically active towards ammonia oxidation than the metal of the underlayer produces an increase of the overall catalytic activity of the catalyst compared to the single metal layer catalyst.
  • the substrate has the function of supporting the catalyst.
  • the substrate is a metal oxide.
  • the metal oxide of the substrate may be titania, alumina, silica or ceria.
  • the substrate is zeolite or combination of zeolite materials.
  • the zeolites of the substrate may be beta zeolite or Y Zeolite.
  • the invention is particularly, but not exclusively, advantageous for obtaining a catalyst having a higher catalytic activity and that is less expensive than current catalysts.
  • a method for producing a bimetallic catalyst according the first aspect of the invention comprising: depositing the second metal layer onto said substrate; and subsequently depositing the first metal layer onto the second metal layer.
  • the invention relates also to a method of producing the catalyst by preparing a support, e.g. an alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) support, loaded with the second metal layer, e.g. ruthenium and subsequently depositing the first metal layer, e.g. copper.
  • a support e.g. an alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) support
  • the second metal layer e.g. ruthenium
  • the first metal layer e.g. copper
  • the process may include hydrogen gas reduction after each deposition.
  • the order in which the depositions steps are carried out determines the activity of the catalyst.
  • catalysts produced by co-evaporation of the first and the second metal layer are not as active as the overlayered structures produced by firstly depositing the second metal layer and subsequently depositing the first metal layer.
  • the co-evaporation of the first and the second metal layer is simultaneous.
  • catalysts produced by co-deposition still perform better than catalyst having a single layer of less active metal, e.g. copper, but worse than catalyst having a single layer of a pure metal having high activity, e.g. ruthenium.
  • adding the less active metal to the bulk does not improve the overall catalytic performance when compared to the catalyst produced according to the second aspect; i.e. by sequential deposition.
  • a method for tuning the catalytic activity of a metal layer by changing the position of the d-band centre of the metal is provided.
  • This aspect of the invention is particularly, but not exclusively, advantageous in that the method according to an aspect of the present invention may tune the catalytic activity of a less expensive metal layer by using it as an overlayer, thus enhancing the catalytic activity and lowering the final costs due to the price of the material used.
  • the method comprises depositing the metal layer as overlayer onto a transition metal layer.
  • the depositing comprises depositing a desired thickness of the overlayer.
  • the desired thickness may be between 0.1 and 3 monolayers. In some other embodiments the desired thickness is 1 monolayer. In some other embodiments the desired thickness is 0.8 monolayers.
  • weight ratio between the transition metal layer and the metal overlayer is in the area between 1:0.1 and 1:0.5.
  • a method for tuning the catalytic activity of a bimetallic catalysis according to the first aspect of the invention comprising depositing the first metal layer onto the second metal layer, thereby changing the position of the d-band centre of the metal of the first metal layer is provided.
  • the first, second and third and other aspects and/or embodiments of the present invention may each be combined with any of the other aspects and/or embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 shows the activity of overlayer structure of Cu/Ru for varying thickness of copper on a 50 ⁇ layer of ruthenium according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows the activity of a co-evaporated thin film produced by co-evaporation of two metals.
  • FIG. 3 shows to two metal weight % ratio vs. the normalized catalytic conversion, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow-chart of a method according some embodiments to the invention.
  • the material i.e. Cu/Ru
  • UHV Ultra High Vacuum
  • XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  • ISS Ion Scattering Spectroscopy
  • HPC High Pressure Cell
  • a number of Cu/Ru systems are evaporated on the TiO 2 substrate for varying overlayer thickness of copper on a 50 ⁇ Ru thin film. After deposition the catalytic Cu/Ru spots are characterized by XPS and transferred to the HPC where the spots are exposed to reactant gas and the temperature is ramped up and down in steps. In order to test the catalytic activity, of the TiO 2 samples are moved into a HPC where the composition and flow of the reactant gases can be controlled by flow controllers. The outlet of the HPC is connected to a roughing line through a pressure controller which regulates the pressure to 1 bar.
  • N6 gases of 5.000 ppm NH 3 diluted in argon and 5.000 ppm O 2 diluted in argon are used.
  • the gas composition the HPC is 1:1.
  • the ammonia oxidation in the HPC is tracked with a Balzers quadrupole mass spectrometer.
  • the pressure is reduced a factor 10 ⁇ 6 Torr with a glass capillary inserted in a nozzle device to avoid spillover effects from neighbouring metal spots.
  • a number of masses connected to the ammonia oxidation are measured to make it possible to distinguish ammonia from water and to investigate the formation of NOx.
  • the catalytic spots are evaporated on a 10 ⁇ 10 mm 2 TiO 2 (110) rutile single crystal suspended on tungsten-filaments.
  • the temperature is measured with a thermocouple glued on the side of the TiO 2 substrate.
  • the evaporator uses an E-beam to do Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) on one or more metals at the same time.
  • PVD Physical Vapour Deposition
  • a circular mask ensures well defined circular spots of 1 mm diameter size.
  • the rate, ratio and thickness of the deposited catalytic spots are determined using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM).
  • QCM Quartz Crystal Microbalance
  • the catalytic spots are further characterized by XPS and ISS to investigate changes during the testing phase.
  • the activity of the overlayer structure is presented in FIG. 1 .
  • the signal measured in the Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) is normalized with the argon signal, as the leak through the glass capillary is temperature dependent.
  • the activity is measured as the increase in the 28 AMU signal, excluding the CO contribution. Equally the signal for 32 AMU decreases as a sign of the oxygen being consumed in the ammonia oxidation process. The ammonia level is measured on 17, 16 and 15 AMU and it drops as the temperature increases.
  • the model system is 100% selective towards clean combustion as NOx is not observed for any of the catalytic Cu/Ru spots on TiO 2 .
  • the Cu/Ru system exhibits higher activity towards ammonia combustion than both pure ruthenium and copper.
  • a volcano curve is observed of the thickness of the copper overlayer on ruthenium with an optimal thickness of 0.8 monolayer (ML).
  • ML monolayer
  • Adding a copper overlayer in the order of a monolayer to the ruthenium thin film improves the catalytic activity and the Cu/Ru system compared to the Ru catalyst almost by 100% better.
  • Pure ruthenium exhibits high activity but is improved in both the model system and for the high surface area catalyst by having a copper overlayer.
  • the copper overlayer thickness in FIG. 1 is varied from 0-2 ML, i.e. from 0-5 ⁇ with the system performing better for a copper overlayer in the range of 0.25-2 ML, i.e. 0.6-5 ⁇ .
  • the catalytic performance of Cu/Ru system is very sensitive to the thickness of the Cu overlayer.
  • the deposition of the Cu overlayer onto Ru leads to an enhanced catalytic activity.
  • Thin films of co-evaporated metals are further investigated and their activity tested in FIG. 2 .
  • the co-evaporated films are not as active as the overlayered structures but still perform better than pure Cu but worse than a pure Ru thin film. Adding copper to the bulk does not improve the catalytic performance of the thin film as in the case of copper as overlayer.
  • the Cu/Ru system is further applied to a high surface area alumina support.
  • the high surface area catalysts are prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Hydrated RuCl 3 .xH 2 O is dissolved in millipore water which is poured onto appropriate amounts depending on batch size of alumina powder targeting a Ru loading of in 1 weight percentage on alumina. The catalyst is dried at room temperature at least overnight. The catalyst is then reduced at 500° C. in a ⁇ 20 ml/min pure H 2 flow for 2 hours. Immediately after the reduction the catalyst is impregnated with varying amounts of copper(II)nitrate corresponding to various fractions of Cu to Ru. The catalyst is dried at room temperature overnight and reduced in-situ immediately before testing.
  • the high surface area catalysts are tested in a plug flow reactor setup.
  • the catalyst is suspended in a glass tube embedded in quartz wool.
  • the reactor is placed in an oven and the temperature of the catalyst and the oven is measured by a k-type thermocouple individually.
  • the inlet of the reactor is connected to a gas manifold where the reactants are mixing and the composition is set by flow controllers.
  • the flow is set at 10.75 ml/min of 5000 ppm NH 3 in argon, 4 ml/min of 1% O 2 in argon and 10 ml/min argon to keep stoichiometric conditions.
  • the outlet of the reactor is measured by a FTIR spectrometer and the pressure is regulated to 1 bar by a pressure controller.
  • FIG. 3 shows the normalized catalytic conversion achieved by adding Cu onto a Ru layer of 50 ⁇ .
  • the catalytic activity corresponds to the one of pure Ru. It can be seen that by increasing the amount of Cu up to 30 weight %, i.e. 70 weight % of Ru, the catalytic conversion is enhanced.
  • the catalytic conversion of pure Cu is around 0.5%, thus lower than the one of the overlayered structure and lower that the one of the pure Ru layer.
  • the high surface area catalyst is further synthesized by co-impregnation however the Cu/Ru particles exhibited low activity.
  • ruthenium and copper need to be impregnated successively.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow-chart of a method according some embodiments to the invention.
  • the method for producing a bimetallic catalyst comprises the steps: S 1 , depositing the second metal layer, e.g. Ru layer onto the substrate, e.g. alumina;

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