USRE21835E - D mitchell - Google Patents

D mitchell Download PDF

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USRE21835E
USRE21835E US21835DE USRE21835E US RE21835 E USRE21835 E US RE21835E US 21835D E US21835D E US 21835DE US RE21835 E USRE21835 E US RE21835E
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circuit
suppressor
expander
path
control
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
    • H04B3/02—Details
    • H04B3/20—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other

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  • the invention relates to two-Way telephone transmission systems and particularly to circuits for automatically controlling transmission in such systems.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to and will be described in connection with a two-way telephone conference system.
  • the purpose of such a system is to enable communication to be carried on between persons located at widely separated points with a facility approaching that obtainable when they are gathered together in conference at a single location.
  • a special case of such a conference system isthat in which twoway telephone communication is carried on between several groups each containing a number of conferees, respectively located at different Widely separated stations, a single telephone transmitter and a single loud-speaking telephone receiver at each station being used in common by each of the persons in the group at the station to communicate simultaneously with all of the conferees in the group at another station and the voice currents of each talker automatically controlling volume control and directional switching apparatus at the two stations to adjust the gain of the talking circuit while preventing singing and suppressing echoes and noise.
  • An object of the invention is to improv the operation of systems of the above type.
  • Another object is to combine and relatively arrange automatic devices for exercising different types of control on transmission in a two-way signaling system in such manner as to provide improved operation of the system.
  • a related object is to provide maximum gain in a two-way signal transmission system consistent with the maintenance of anti-singing conditions and discrimination against echoes, and room and line noises.
  • Figs. 4, 5 and 6 of which show schematically the preferred circuits of apparatus used in the systems of Figs. 1 to 3 to obtain the desired characteristics.
  • Figs. 1 to 3 show in single-line functional schematic form different modifications of the invention applied to four-wire or two-wire telephone circuits connecting two terminal stations A and B, which may be rooms at widely separated points, in each of which are gathered different groups of persons who desire to confer with persons in their own and the other groups as if they were all present in a single room at one location.
  • each of the single lines represents two-wire electrical transmission paths or circuits, and the transmission apparatus in the circuits at the two terminal stations are illustrated by usual simplified representations or by suitably labeled boxes.
  • Those units in the speech transmission circuits at the terminal stations, which operate to perform loss control or volume limiting functions have rough graphical representations of their input-output characteristics inserted within the boxes.
  • an arrow pointing from one box to another indicates that the apparatus represented by the first box operates to control the apparatus represented by the other box in a manner to be described.
  • a normal make in a transmission path is indicated by contacting arrowheads and a normal break in a path by separated arrowheads.
  • An arrow directed from a box to a make point in a transmission path indicates that the path will be chsabled at that point by the operation of a voice-operated device represented by the box, .and an arrow directed from a box to a break point in a path indicates that the path will be enabled at that point by operation of a voice-operated device represented by the box.
  • the four-wire telephone circuit comprises a one-way transmission path LE including the one-way amplifying devices A1 and A2 for repeating the telephone currents generated by a suitable microphone MA at a west station A to a suitable loud-speaking telephone receiver RB at an east station B, and a one-way transmission path LW including the one-way amplifying devices A3 and A4 for repeating the telephone currents generated by a suitable microphone MB at the east station E to a suitable loud-speaking telephone receiver RA at the west station A.
  • An automatic volume limiter device VL1 having an input-output characteristic such as shown within the box so labeled, is connected in the path LE at station A near the output of the amplifier A1 and an automatic volume limiter device VLz, having a similar input-output characteristic indicated within the box so labeled, is connected in the path LW at station B.
  • a limited volume range expander device REI having an input-output characteristic such as shown within the box so labeled, is connected in the receiving end of path LE at station B in the input of the amplifier A2
  • a similar limited volume range expander device REz having an input-output characteristic such as shown in the box so labeled, is connected in the receiving end of the path LW at station A in the input of the amplifying device A4.
  • the system. of Fig. 1 includes a suppressor device ES1 connected to the path LE at station B at a point in front of the expander device RE, and operating in response to applied telephone signals in that path to effectively disable the path LW at a point I in front of the volume limiter device VL2, and to the control over a branch control circuit 2 the latter device to simultaneously reduce its gain a given amount, and a suppressor device ESz connected to the path LW at station A in front of the expander device RE2 and operating in response to applied telephone signals in that path to effectively disable the path LE at a point 3 in front of the volume limiter device VL1, and to control over the control branch 4 the latter device to simultaneously reduce its gain a given amount.
  • a suppressor device ES1 connected to the path LE at station B at a point in front of the expander device RE, and operating in response to applied telephone signals in that path to effectively disable the path LE at a point I in front of the volume limiter device VL2, and to the control over a branch control circuit 2 the latter
  • the suppressor devices E81 and E82 and the similar devices shown in. the succeeding figures may be of any suitable type but preferably are of the type employing an amplifier-detector and relays operated from the output thereof to open or close electrical circuits to give the required control, such as are commonly used in echo suppressors or similar voice-operated switching circuits.
  • the device VL1 automatically operates as an ordinary amplifier to produce a signal output which is proportional to the signal input up to a selected point of maximum gain, say 15 decibels, determined by the overload and cross-talk limits of the transmission path LE.
  • a part of wests speech signals passes into the input of the expander control circuit 6 and into the input of the suppressor circuit E81, and the main part passes through the receiving volume range expander device REr.
  • the over-all gain of the device RE is small.
  • Higher inputs operate the expander control branch 6 'which controls the device RE1 to increase its operation to disable the path LW at the point I in front of the transmitting volume limiter VL2, as by opening that path or short-circuiting it, and through the control branch 2 simultaneously operates on the volume limiting device VLz to reduce its gain about 25 decibels, thus effectively inserting an additional loss of that amount in the path LW.
  • the time actions are preferably so arranged (in a manner to be described later) that this additional loss is in the path when the control at l releases and is removed in a continuous manner over a few milliseconds after control I releases.
  • These two losses prevent any echoes of wests speech which might be picked up by the microphone MB from the output of the loud-speaker RE from returning to the west station W over the path LW.
  • the additional 25-decibel gain decrease was found necessary in an experimental system of the invention in accordance with Fig.
  • the suppressor devices ES1 and 15152 are designed to operate in response to received voice signals of a level part way up the expansion range of the expander devices RE1 and RE, the latter range being determined by the amount of over-all acoustic gain required between the two terminal stations A and B of the system in order that the distant talker may be heard at a higher volume than the local talker.
  • each receiving suppressor device Preferably, the sensitivity of each receiving suppressor device would be adjusted so that it will operate to insert a large disabling loss inthe echo path when the amount of loss removed by the expander in the path transmitting signals is slightly less than that which would produce singing around the system and objectionable echoes.
  • Each receiving suppressor device E81 and E82 would also be arranged in any suitable manner to have sufficient hang-over in operation to prevent its release until the level of the echoes of received speech at the station is decreased to a value below the operate point of the suppressor device on the other side of the circuit.
  • partial lockout might be prevented in the system of Fig. 1 by employing receiving circuit suppressors operated from the transmitting side of the circuit in addition to the transmitting circuit suppressors operated from the receiving sides illustrated. Such an arrangement, however, might make it possible to get complete transmission lockouts when the west talker starts speaking within D seconds before or after the east talker starts.
  • a combined limited volume range expander and volume limiter TEL having an input-output characteristic such as shown within the box so labeled is connected in the west-to-east path LE in the output of the amplifier A1 at station A.
  • a limited volume range expander RE without a limiter, similar to the devices RE1 and RE2 in the system of Fig. 1, is connected in the receiving side of the east-towest path LW at station A in the input of the amplifier A4, but the similar device used in the receiving side of the path LE. at station B in the system of Fig. l, is eliminated in the system of Fig. 2.
  • a volume limiter device Vln similar to the devices VL1 and VLe used in the system of Fig. 1, except for the elimination. of the suppressor control 4 or 2 therefrom, is connected in path LW in the output of amplifier A2 at station B.
  • the suppressor apparatus all of which is located at the station A, comprises a suppressor device ESs connected to the path LW in front of the expander device RE; and operating in response to applied telephone signals in that path to disable the path LE at station A at a point I in front of the transmitting expander-limiter device TEL, and to disable the expander control circuit 8 for that device at the point 9.
  • a similar suppressor device E84 is connected to the path LE at station A at a point between the suppression point I and the input of the device TEL and operates in response to applied telephone signals from that path to disable the path LW at station A at the point Ill in front of the expander device RE: and the point of connection of the suppressor E83 to the path LW, and to dis able the expander control circuit II for the device REs at the point l2. Operation of the sup pressor device E83 also disables the suppressor device E84 at a point IS in its output, and operation of the suppressor device E84 also disables the suppressor device E83 at a point M in its output.
  • the other elements of the system of Fig. 2 are the same as in the system of Fig. 1 as indicated by the use of the same characters for identifying the corresponding elements.
  • the system of Fig. 2 operates as follows: Let it be assumed that a person at station A is talking. His speech will be picked up by the microphone MA and the speech currents in the output thereof will be amplified by the amplifier device A1 and transmitted through the suppression point I in the path LE, which is in its normal condition providing little or no loss in that path. Part of the amplified energy will then be transmitted through the transmitting expander-limiter TEL, While the other part is divided between the input of the transmitting expander control circuit 8 and the input of the suppressor device E84.
  • the transmitting expander control 8 operates in response to the impressed speech currents to control the gain of the transmitting expander-limiter device TEL in the manner indicated by the input-output characteristic diagram shown within the box.
  • this device has effectively no gain.
  • the expander control 6 operates to make the output begin to rise faster than the input, or in other words, gain is introduced. This takes place for a certain part of the range of input as shown, until at another point the output again starts to go up equally with the input.
  • the limiter control i5 operates to prevent further increase in output with further increases in input level, the operating point of the limiter control I5 being selected to maintain the transmitted signal energy within the overload and cross-talk limits of the system.
  • the portion of wests signaling current diverted into the input of the suppressor device E84 operates in the manner previously described to disable the path LW at station A in front of the receiving expander device REs, to disable the receiving suppressor device E83 and to disable the expander control I! for the receiving expander device REa.
  • a certain amount of hang-over is given to the disabling circuits controlled by operation of the suppressor E84, so that after wests speech has passed through the transmitting expander-limiter device TEL, the disabling action described will be continued for a sufficient time for room echoes at the far end of the system to become attenuated to a value which vwill not cause false operation of the receiving suppressor E83 when the transmitting suppressor E84 releases.
  • the disabling of the receiving expander control H by operation of the transmitting suppressor E84 may be accomplished, for example, through a condenser-resistance network having the proper time constants, so that the expander cannot build up its gain suddenly on release of the transmitting suppressor E84 if there is speech present on the LW side of the circuit.
  • This time action is provided to prevent false operation of the transmitting suppressor E84 on short impulses that would otherwise pass the suppression point ii! in the path LW before the receiving suppressor E83 could operate.
  • the operation of the system of Fig. 2 for transmission in the direction from east to west from station B to station A is as follows:
  • the speech currents in the output of the microphone MB at the east station B are amplified by the amplifying device A2 and passed directly into the volume limiter device VLs which operates in a manner similar to that previously described for the limiter devices VL1 and VL2 in the system of Fig. 1 as an amplifier to produce an output directly proportional to input up to the point of maximum gain (15 decibels) at which point the limiter control 20 operates to prevent further rise in output with increased input, so as to maintain the transmitted speech signals Within the overload limits of the system.
  • voice signals are transmitted over the path LW to station A where a portion of them is transmitted through the receiving expander device R133 and other portions are diverted into the input of the expander control ll of that device and the input of the suppressor device ESs.
  • the expander control H operates to control the gain of the device R133 to provide an input-output characteristic such as shown within the box so labeled, in a manner similar to that previously described for the devices RE1 and REz in the system of Fig. 1.
  • the suppressor device ES operates in the manner previously described in response to the applied voice currents to disable the path LE at station A. in front of the transmitting expanderlimiter TEL, to disable the expander control 8 for that device and to disable the suppressor device ES4.
  • the voice currents in the output of the device REa are amplified by amplifier A4 and in pressed on the receiver RA so that they are heard at station A.
  • the expansion limits for the transmitting expander-limiter device TEL and the receiving expander device RE; will depend on the amount of loss necessary to be switched out of the paths LE; and LW by these devices to give the required amount of acoustic gain between the two stations A and B for the two directions of signal transmission. As in the case of the similar de vices in the system of Fig.
  • the sensitivities of the suppressor devices E53 and ES; are set, so that these devices will operate in response to applied voice signals from the paths LW and LE, respectively, of a level part way up the expansion range of the receiving expander device R133 and the transmitting expander-limiter device TEL, respectively, when the loss removed by the expander device is slightly less than that which would produce singing around the system and objectionable echoes.
  • the point of maximum gain allowed by the limiter portion of the transmitting expander-limiter TEL and by the transmitting limiter VL3 is selected so as to hold the level of the transmitted signals over the paths LE and LW, respectively, within the overload and crosstalk limits of that path.
  • the line noise is excessive, it may be of advantage to modify the system of Fig. 2 to add a receiving expander device, similar to the device RE; in the path LW at station A, in the receiving side of the path LE at station B to reduce this noise.
  • the transmitting device TEL in the transmitting side of the path LE at station A would be designed to operate on through transmission merely as an amplifier and as a volume limiter for very high inputs.
  • Fig. 3 shows a modification of the invention applied to a two-wire circuit in which the westto-east and east-to-west signal transmission circuits have an intermediate two-wire, two-way portion L1 in common, the one-way portions of the circuits LE and LW at the two terminal stations A and B being coupled thereat in conjugate relation with each other and in energy transmitting relation with one end of the two-way link L1 by hybrid coils H1 and H2 and associated balancing networks, respectively, in a manner well known in the art.
  • the volume control and switching apparatus associated with the paths LE and LW at each terminal station would be the same as used at these stations in the four-wire system of Fig. 1 with the following exceptions:
  • the transmitting side of the path LE at station A and the transmitting side of the path LW at station B are normally disabled at a point 2
  • Transmitting (sing) suppressor devices E85 and E86 are respectively connected to the transmitting side of the path LE at station A between the suppression point 3 and the device VL1 and to the transmitting side of the path LW at station B between the suppression point I and the device VLz.
  • the suppressor device ESs operates in response to applied west-to-east telephone signals from 'the path LE to enable that path at the point 2 l, to disable the receiving side of the path LW at station A at a point 23 in front of the receiving expander device REz, to disable at the point 24 the expander control 1 for the device REz and to disable at the point 25 the receiving suppressor ES-z. Operation of the receiving suppressor ESz disables the transmitting suppressor ESs at the point 29.
  • the transmitting suppressor E56 operates in response to applied east-to-west telephone signals from the path LW to enable that path at the point 22; to disable the receiving side of the path LE; at station E at a point 26 in front of the receiving expander device RE'1; to disable the expander control 6 for the device RE1 at the point 27; and to disable at the point 28 the receiving suppressor device E51. Operation of the receiving sup-pressor E S1 disables the transmitting suppressor ESs at the point I29.
  • the transmitting (sing) suppressors have been added in the system of Fig. 3 because of the much worse singing problem which can exist at each end of such a system individually when additional gain is necessary in the receiving side to make up for a large line loss of the intermediate twoway link L1, and when the two-wire balance at the hybrid coil connections is low.
  • the antisinging control in the transmitting side provided by the suppressors, prevents a cross-echo path Which could allow false operation of the receiving suppressor at each end and possibly even singing.
  • FIG. 4 A preferred form of circuit arrangement which would be used for the volume limiter devices VL1 and VL2 and the associated controls shown within the dot-dash boxes 30' and 3
  • the volume limiter circuit of Fig. 4 comprises a vario-repeater consisting of a variable loss pad or vario-losser 33 followed by a single-stage vacuum tube amplifier 34, and a backward-acting control circuit 35 for controlling the loss value of the vario-losser 33 from the output of the amplifier 34.
  • the vario-losser 33 comprises an input transformer 36, an output transformer 31, and the series copper-oxide rectifier elements 38, 39 and the shunt resistance elements 40, 4
  • the amplifier 34 comprises a single amplifying vacuum tube of the pentode type having energizing circuits for its several electrodes as indicated.
  • the control grid-cathode circuit of tube 34 is connected across the secondary winding of transformer 31.
  • the output circuit of the amplifying tube 34 is coupled by transformer 42 arranged as a hybrid coil to two EGO-ohm output paths, one being the main output 43 of the circuit and the other being the input portion of the volume limiter control branch 35.
  • the control circuit 35 comprises the neonfilled discharge tube 44 followed by the normally operative amplifying vacuum tube 45 also of the pentode type.
  • the plate-cathode circuit of the tube 45 is connected across the mid-point of the secondary winding of transformer 36 and the mid-point of the primary winding of transformer 3! of the "vario-losser 33 in such manner that the plate current of the tube 45 flows through the rectifier elements 38, 39 in parallel to provide a direct current bias therefor which will vary in accordance with the changes of plate current to control the amount of loss of the variolosser 33.
  • the plate current of tube 45 flows through the series rectifier elements 38, 39 in the direction in which they are pointed, so that their series resistance is low.
  • the amplified signals will then be divided by the hybrid coil transformer 42, a portion flowing through the main output circuit 43 to the output terminals 48 and 49, and the other portion being diverted into the input of the control circuit 35.
  • the level of the amplified signals in the output of amplifier 34 which are impressed on the control circuit 35 is directly proportional to the voice signal input applied to the input terminals 46, 41, up to a predetermined amplitude at which volume limiting is desired.
  • will cause ionization to occur in that tube and current will fiow from its anode to its cathode.
  • the potential of the anode is initially in the order of 50 volts positive with respect to the cathode.
  • the suppressor grid 52 of the amplifying tube 45 As current flows from anode to cathode, the suppressor grid 52 of the amplifying tube 45, connected to the cathode of the neon-filled tube 44 as indicated, becomes more negative with respect to the cathode 53 of the amplifying tube with the result that the plate current of the tube which, as previously pointed out, flows through the rectifier elements 38, 39 of the vario-losser 33, decreases to change the bias on these elements so as to produce a proportional increase in series loss provided by the vario-losser and thus a corresponding decrease of over-a1l gain of the vario-repeater.
  • This gain will continue to be reduced by this limiter action until the signal voltages in the output of the amplifying device 34 diverted into the control circuit 35 are reduced below the ionization potential of the neon-filled tube 44 so that the tube deionizes and the limiter action is stopped.
  • the volume limiter circuit of Fig. 4 is capable of making a 25-decibel reduction in gain in about 10 or 15 milliseconds.
  • the limiter allows the potential of the suppressor grid 52 of the amplifying tube 45 to return to normal over a period of about 2 seconds as condenser 54, which is charged up during the period of operation of the neon tube 44, discharges through the shunting resistance 55.
  • condenser 54 which is charged up during the period of operation of the neon tube 44, discharges through the shunting resistance 55.
  • the volume limiter does not have to make a complete reduction of gain on each syllable, but maintains a fairly constant value of gain from syllable to syllable.
  • volume limiter VL1 or of the volume limiter VL2 in the system of Fig. 1 by operation of the control circuit E82 or E51, respectively, to reduce the gain of the volume limiter through suppressor control branch 4 or suppressor control branch 2 as described above is accomplished in connection with the volume limiter of Fig. 4 by the action of the associated suppressor (not shown) to short-circuit the leads 56, 51 to provide a discharge path for the condenser 58, which is charged when the neon tube 44 is in the ionized condition.
  • the discharge of the condenser 58 puts the suppressor grid 52 of the amplifier tube 45 at ground potential, or in the order of 50 volts negative with respect to the cathode.
  • the resultant decrease in the plate current of tube 45 changes the bias on the rectifier elements 38, 39 of the vario-losser 33 to increase the loss of the vario-losser and thus reduce the gain of the vario-repeater by approximately 25 decibels.
  • the receiving suppressor releases, the ungrounded side of condenser 58 is charged positively to about 50 volts through a 0.1-megohm resistance 59, and the operation of the amplifying tube 45 is returned to normal.
  • the preferred circuit for the transmitting limiter and associated control shown within the dotdash box 66 in the system of Fig. 2 would be the same as shown in Fig. 4 except for the elimination of the circuit elements for accomplishing the effective disabling of the volume limiter under the control of the associated suppressor as described, since no receiving suppressor is used at station B in the system of Fig. 2.
  • FIG. 5 A preferred form of circuit arrangement which would be used for the transmitting expanderlimiter TEL and associated controls shown within the dot-dash box 6
  • the circuit of Fig. includes a vario-repeater consisting of a variable loss pad or vario-losser 33 followed by a single-stage vacuum tube amplifier 34, the output of which is connected by hybrid coil transformer 42 to a main output circuit 43 leading to output terminals 48, 49, and a backward-acting volume limiter control branch 35 including the neon tube 44 and the vacuum tube amplifier 45 for controlling the vario-losser 33 to limit the output signals delivered to the output circuit 43 to a predetermined amplitude level determined by the overload and cross-talk limits of the telephone circuit to be connected thereto, which is identical with the vario-repeater and volume limiter control therefor shown in Fig. 4 as indicated by the use of the same characters for identifying the corresponding circuit elements in this figure and Fig. 4.
  • the circuit of Fig. 5 also includes an expander contro and a suppressor having a common input circuit 62 including the amplifier 63, connected across the primary winding of the input transformer 36 of the vario-losser 33.
  • the expander control comprises in order, the amplifier 63, a rectifier 64, a filter 65, the amplifying vacuum tube 45 used also in the volume limiting control circuit 35; and an auxiliary element, the expander range control 66.
  • the amplifier 63 comprises a single amplifying vacuum tube of the pentode type, similar to the tube 34, the control grid-cathode circuit of which is coupled by the input transformer 61 across the primary winding of the input transformer 36 for the vario-losser 33.
  • the rectifier 64 comprises a bridge circuit having copper-oxide rectifier elements in each of the four arms, the input diagonal of the bridge being coupled by transformer 68 across the anode-cathode circuit of the amplifying tube 63.
  • the input of the filter 65 which is of the condenser-resistance type, is connected across the output diagonal of the rectifier bridge 64.
  • the output of filter 65 is connected across.
  • control grid-cathode circuit of amplifier tube 45 through the lower switch portion S of the expander range control device 66, and the plate-cathode circuit of the amplifier tube 45 is connected to the vario-losser circuit 33 as indicated, so that the plate current of the tube flows through its series rectifier elements to vary their resistance in accordance with the amplitude of the plate current, to control the loss of the vario-losser 33.
  • the expander range control device 66 comprises, in addition to the switch portion S, the resistance potentiometers P1 and P2 with their movable arms fixed to the same shaft as the movable arm of the switch S so that the switch and the two potentiometers may be adjusted simultaneously by one manual operation.
  • variable resistance portion of potentiometer P1 is connected in shunt with the copper-oxide rectifier element in the upper conductor of variolosser 33, and the variable resistance portion of potentiometer P2 is connected in shunt with the copper-oxide rectifier element in the lower conductor of vario-losser 33, so that when the movable arms of the two potentiometers are rotated simultaneously the amount of resistance in shunt with the rectifier elements will be varied.
  • the values of resistances of the two potentiometers are chosen so that the series resistance of the vario-losser 33 may be manually varied to change the over-all gain of the vario-repeater over a range extending from zero to 25 decibels.
  • the position of the movable arm of the switch S will be such that the 1- megohm resistance 69 is connected to the filter 65 for a purpose which will be described later in connection with the following complete description of operation of the expander control circuit.
  • the resistance 69 is connected directly to the cathode of the tube 45 thus providing zero control grid bias for that tube.
  • the secondary winding of the input transformer 61 is tapped to provide a range of adjustment in expander control and suppressor sensitivity. From the secondary winding of the transformer 61 the speech signals pass through the series resistances I3 and 14 to the control grid of the amplifying vacuum tube 63.
  • the retard coil 15 shunting the input circuit of the latter tube between the resistances 13 and 14 is used to provide a broad tuning with a maximumv point at about 900 cycles, to the sensitivity-frequency characteristic of both the expander control circuit and the suppressor circuit.
  • the output of amplifier 63 divides, with part of the signal energy going through the transformer 68 into the individual portion of the expander control circuit, and part going into the individual portion of the suppressor circuit through condenser 16 and resistance 11 in series, connected across the platecathode circuit of the amplifying tube 63.
  • the part of the signal output of tube 63 that passes through the transformer 68 is rectified by the copper-oxide rectifier bridge 64.
  • the direct current output of rectifier 64 passes through the resistance-condenser filter 65 to the control grid of the amplifying tube 45, provided the expander range switch 66 is not set on the contact.
  • the plate current of the amplifying tube 45 flows through the series rectifier elements. of the variolosser 33, controlling the series resistance in the vario-losser in accordance with its amplitude.
  • the polarity of the rectified ,direct current from rectifier B4 is such that it makes the control grid of the tube 45 more positive. With no signal input, the control grid of tube 45 is almost at cut-off potential so that only a fraction of a milliampere plate current flows through the series rectifier elements of the vario-losser 33. With increasing signal input to the expander control circuit, the rectified direct current in the output of rectifier 64 decreases the negative bias on the control grid of the tube, causing more plate current to flow in the series rectifier elements of vario-losser 33, which in turn increases the over-all gain of the vario-repeater. This characteristic extends for only a limited range, after which further increase of input-makes no change of gain.
  • the latter result is produced because of the effect of the (l-megohm) resistance 69 which is connected in series with the control grid of the tube 45 for all positions except the (0) P sition of the expander range switch S and insures that the control grid-cathode potential of that tube cannot become more than a fraction of a volt positive, and also because of the efiect of the rectifier element 10 in the control grid circuit of tube 45 which insures that the potential applied to the resistance 19 and condenser 80 of the filter 65 will not be more than very slightly positive with respect to the cathode of the tube 45.
  • the rectifier element 10 also serves the useful purpose of preventing excessively fast action of the expander-control on suddenly applied high amplitude signals. Without rectifier 10, sufiicient gain could be built up in the device to get a very brief singing condition resulting in a pop around the circuit before the suppressor circuit completes its operation.
  • the volume limiter portion 35 of the circuit of Fig. operates in a manner similar to that described for the similar volume limiter circuit shown in Fig. 4 to change the current flowing in the series rectifier elements of the vario-losser 33 when the signal level in the output of the amplifier 34 exceeds the predetermined volume 3 except in the case of (0) setting.
  • the volume limiter may make as much as a 25-decibel reduction from maximum gain. It is of interest to note that even though the control grid of tube 45 is driven as far positive as possible by the combined action. of rectifier 64, filter 65, resistance 69 and limiting rectifier 10, the action of the limiter circuit on the suppressor grid 52 may be made to cause the space current of tube 45 to drop to zero if that is necessary.
  • the short-circuiting of the leads 5'6, 51 in response to a receiving suppressor discharges condenser 58, which puts the suppressor grid of the tube 52 at ground potential, or in the order of 50 volts negative with respect to the cathode, effectively disabling the amplifying tube 45 and preventing its subsequent operation by the expander control circuit to increase the over-all gain of the vario-repeater.
  • the receiving suppressor releases, the ungrounded side of the condenser 58 is charged positively to about 50 volts through the 0.1-megohm resistance 59, and tube 45 returns to its normal condition.
  • the sensitivity of the transmitting suppressor circuit is initially determined by the setting of the tapped secondary winding of the transformer 61 of the input circuit 62. In addition, the setting of the potentiometer 8i gives further control of the suppressor sensitivity.
  • the amplified signal output of the amplifying tube 18 normally passes through the transformer 82 to the input of the copper-oxide rectifier bridge 83, the leads 84, 35 being normally connected together when the receiving suppressor (not shown) is in the unoperated condition.
  • This normal operation is indicated in the system of Fig. 2 by the normal closed condition of the contacts 13 in the output of the suppressor E84 within the dot-dash box 6
  • the connection between leads 84, 85 would be open so that the signal output of the tube 18 could not be transmitted to the rectifier bridge 83, and the suppressor control circuit would therefore be disabled.
  • the signal input to the rectifier bridge 83 will be rectified thereby and applied to the winding of the master suppressor relay 86 connected to the output diagonal of rectifier bridge 83, and will cause operation of the latter relay. Operation of the relay 86 will break its armature and back contact to break the normal connection between the leads 88, 89 to disable the receiving suppressor (not shown), which, while the circuit of Fig. 5 is used for the transmitting expanderlimiter TEL inthe system of Fig. 2, would be accomplished by the opening of the normally closed contacts I4 in the output of the receiving suppressor ESa.
  • relay 86 will also close its armature and front contact 90 to cause the energization of the windings of the relays ill and I24.
  • will close its contacts to disable the expander control for the receiving expander device RE3 in the opposite side LW of the four-wire circuit at the point l2, as by shorting and thus discharging a condenser in that control, corresponding to the condenser 58 in the similar expander control of the transmitting expander-limiter shown in Fig. 5.
  • the preferred circuit arrangements for the receiving expander REa and associated controls within the dot-dash box 92 in the unsymmetrical four-wire system of Fig. 2, and for the receiving expanders RE1 and R132 and associated controls shown within the dot-dash boxes I2I and I22 in the two-wire system of Fig. 3, are identical with the circuit arrangement for the transmitting expander-limiter illustrated in Fig. 5 with the following exceptions.
  • the volume limiter portion 35 including the neon-filled tube 44 for controlling the tube 45 through its suppressor grid to limit the gain of the vario-repeater to a predetermined maximum, shown in Fig. 5 and described above, is eliminated in each case, the suppressor grid 52 of tube 44 being still used, however, as shown in Fig. 5 to disable the action of the expander control when the suppressor connected to the transmitting path at the same station operates, by short-circuiting the leads 56, 57 across condenser 58 as in the circuit of Fig. 5.
  • the preferred circuit arrangement for the receiving expanders RE1 and RE2 and associated controls shown within the dot-dash boxes 95 and 96, respectively, in the symmetrical four-wire system of Fig. 1, are the same as described above for the receiving expanders and associated controls within the dot-dash box 92.0f Fig. 2 and within the dot-dash boxes 93 and 94 of Fig. 3, except for the elimination of the expander control disabling feature employing the suppressor grid of tube 45 and the condenser 58, and the elimination of the suppressor disabling feature employing the opening of the back contacts of relay 86 to break a normal connection between leads 8B and 89, these features not being required in the system of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 6 shows schematically the preferred circuit arrangement for the transmitting volume limiter VL1 or VLz and associated controls shown within the dot-dash boxes 91 and 98, respectively, and the associated anti-singing control 2
  • the volume limiter portion of the circuit of Fig. 6, including the vario-losser 33 and the am plifying tube 34 of the vario-repeater, the backward-acting volume limiting branch 35 including the neon-filled tube 44 and the amplifying tube 45 for controlling the losser 33 to give the required volume limiting action, and the disabling circuit controlled from the receiving echo suppressor including the leads 55, 51 and the condenser 58, are identical with the volume limiting circuit shown in Fig. 4 and described above, as indicated by the use of the same characters for identifying the corresponding elements.
  • the circuit of Fig. 6 also includes a transmitting suppressor branch I00, similar to that described in connection with Fig. 5, having its input connected across the signal transmission circuit in front of the vario-losser 33 by input transformer IOI.
  • the transmitting suppressor circuit I00 comprises in order, an amplifier consisting of two pentode vacuum tube amplifying stages I02 and I03 connected in tandem through a condenserresistance coupling 99, a copper-oxide rectifier bridge I04 having its input diagonal connected to the output of the amplifier tube I03 by transformer I05, and the transmitting master relay i116 connected across the output diagonal of the rectifier bridge I04.
  • the transmitting circuit TC is blocked by a short-circuiting connection I09 at a point in the output of the vario-repeater, and the receiving circuit RC is normally operative at a point in front of the receiving expander, corresponding respectively to the points 2i and 23 at station Aor the points 22 and at station B in the system of Fig. 3.
  • voice signals are applied to the input terminals I01, I08 of the circuit of Fig. 6.
  • a portion of these signals will be transmitted through the vario-losser 33 in which they will be attenuated by the fixed shunt resistances in combination with the series rectifier elements of the vario-losser, and the attenuated voice signals will then be amplified by the amplifier 34.
  • the amplified signals will be divided by the transformer 42 between the outgoing .portion 45 of the transmitting circuit and the input of the control circuit 35.
  • the portion diverted into the control circuit when the amplitude level thereof is above the predetermined volume limiting level will operate that circuit to adjust the loss value of the vario-losser 33 in the manher which has been described in connection with the similar circuit of Fig. 4, to limit the signal output of amplifier 34 to a level within the overload lilnits of the circuit TC.
  • the amplified signal output of the amplifying tube I03, the leads III, II2 being normally connected together when the receiving suppressor (not shown) is in the operated condition, will pass through a transformer I05 to the rectifier bridge 1'04.
  • the rectified signal output of the latter will energize the winding of the master suppressor relay I06, causing its operation.
  • Relay I06 operated will open its back contacts II'3 to open the circuit II4 to disable the receiving suppressor (not shown).
  • Relay I06 operated through its front contact also completes an energizing circuit from battery II5 for the windings of relays H5, H1 and II8 causing their operation.
  • Relay IIB will operate to break the normal short-circuiting connection I09 across the transmitting circuit TC allowing the transmission of the amplified signals from the output of amplifier 3 thereover to the distant station.
  • Relay ill will simultaneously operate to open the cross-connection H9 to change the loss network I23 located in front of the receiving expander device (REi or REz in the system of Fig.
  • Relay III will simultaneously operate to close a circuit I20 to insert a loss in the circuitof the receiviiigexpander device, as by shorting -"-out the condenser 58 in the circuit of Fig. 5, for' exampla-or in any other suitable manner.
  • a two-way signaling system comprising at least ''over a portion of 'itslength oppositely directed one-way transmissi'on'paths for repeating the signals for the opposite directions of transmission, the comhination of a limitedwolume range expander in each path with an associated signal-controlled echo suppressor-opera ⁇ ing "at an inter-mediate point in the expansion range of said expander, to provide a predetermined amount of over-all'gain between terminalsof the system while preventing singing and suppressing echoes *and noise.
  • a two-way telephone signaling system including'at leastat theterminals of the system oppositely directed one-way transmission paths for repeating the telephone signals in opposite directions, means *for producing an appreciable over-all gain between terminals c'fthe system v while preventing singing "and suppressing objectionable echoes and noise, comprising'a volume limiter in the transmitting path at each terminal for maintaining the transmitted signal energy within *the overload and cross-talk limits of the system, a limited volume range expander in 'the receiving path at each terminal, and
  • switching means'c'onnecte'd to the receiving path ateach terminal front ⁇ of "the *expander there in, responsive to'received'sig'nals of a level within the expansion range of the expander to insert a large disabling lossinthe transmitting path at the terminal.
  • a signal expander in each path "operating eifectively'to increase the gain at the pathin proportion to the increase in *the volume level o'if applied signals within a limited ivolume range, means for limiting the amplitude of the signals transmitted over each path to a given maximum value determined-by the overload and cross-talk limits of the path, and a switching device connected to-each path at a-point adjacent the expander thereinjoperating-in response'to applied signals to disablethe other path infront of the expander "therein and to disable the switching device connected to the other path, the sensitivity ofeach "switching device being adjustedv so that it will only-operate in response to applied signals of a minimum level part way up the expansio range-of the-adjacent expander.
  • a variable gain amplifier in each path near a terminal of said system; means for" automatically increasing the gain of the amplifier in each path in proportion tothe increase in the amplitude level of applied telephone signals within alimited volume range, up to a certain maximum gain determined by the'overload limits of the -path,"and a switching device connected to each path at a point adjacent th'e'amp'lifier therein, responsive to applied signalso'f a minimum level part way up the amplifying range of that amplifier, to insert a large disabling loss at a point in the other path infront of theamplifier therein, and to disable the switching device connected to said other pa -Q" 3' f 7.
  • a two-way signaling system including oppositely directed one-way transmission paths at the terminals thereof for repeating the signals transmitted in opposite directions, the combination of a limited volume range xpander in a repeating path at one terminal and a vodas switching device operated from one of the repeating paths at the other terminal, for providing the desired amount of transmission gain between terminals while suppressing echoes and preventing singing.
  • a two-way signaling system including at least near the terminals thereof oppositely directed one-way transmission paths for repeating the signals transmitted in opposite directions, an expander type singing suppressor in a repeating path for each direction.
  • a limited volume range expander in each side of said circuit in combination with a voice-operated switching device, operating to increase the transmission efficiency of the side of said circuit transmitting signals and "to efiectively disable the other side of said circuit.
  • a two-way signaling system comprising oppositely directed one-way repeating paths for the signals transmitted in opposite directions, an expander type singing suppressor controlled by the signals transmitted over one of said paths, and a vodas type singing suppressor controlled by the signals transmitted over the other repeating path.
  • a two-way telephone transmission system including a four-wire circuit consisting of two normally operative, one-way telephone transmission paths for repeating telephone signals in opposite directions, a limited volume range expander in each of said paths-near its output, responsive to applied telephone signals to increase the transmitting efilciency of that path and independent voice-operated switching devices respectively connected to each path at a point adjacent the input of the expander therein, responsive to telephone signals received from that path to decrease the transmitting efliciency ofthe other path at a point near its -input.
  • a two-way signaling system including oppositely directed one-way transmission paths at the terminals thereof for repeating the signals transmitted in opposite directions, and a limited volume range expander in at least one of said paths near one terminaL'said expander including a variable lossdevice of a normal loss value tending to prevent the setting up of a singing condition in said paths during periods of no signal transmission.
  • a two-way communication system com-- prising two normally operative telephone trans-- mission channels each having an input transmitter and output loud speaking telephone receiver, the transmitter of each channel being located closely adjacent the receiver of the other channel, a vario-repeater in each channel, comprising an amplifier, a variable attenuation network and a control circuit therefor, the normal loss value of the variable attenuation networks in the twochannels being selected such as to prevent the setting up of a singing condition in said channels due to electrical and acoustic couplings therebetween, in the absence of telephonic signal transmission in said channels, the control circuit for each vario-repeater being responsive to the signals applied thereto to apply to its attenuation network a control potential which will decrease the loss value thereof and thereby effectively increase the gain of the vario-repeater in accordance with the amplitude level of the signals up to a predetermined limiting value, and means for disabling each channel at a point in front of the vario-repeater therein when the gain of
  • a two-way communication system comprising two normally operative telephone signal transmission channels each having an input telephone transmitter and an output loud speaking telephone receiver, the transmitter of each channel being located closelyadjacent the loud speaking receiver of the other channel, a variorepeater in each channel, comprising an amplifier, a variable loss pad and a control circuit therefor, the normal loss values of the variable loss pads in said channels being selected to limit the gain thereof during periods of no signal transmission to values which will prevent the setting up of a singing condition by noise in said channels due to'the acoustic couplings therebetween, the control circuit for each vario-repeater being responsive to the application of signa s thereto to vary the loss value of the loss pad in that vario-repeater to effectively increase the gain of the latter proportional to the signal amplitude level up to a predetermined limiting value, and independent voice-operated switching devices respectively responsive to the telephone signals applied to the input of the vario-repeater in a different channel to increase the attenuation of the other channel

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)
US21835D 1940-03-12 D mitchell Expired USRE21835E (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB4603/40A GB535286A (en) 1940-03-12 1940-03-12 Control of transmission in two-way telephone systems

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USRE21835E true USRE21835E (en) 1941-06-17

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2702319A (en) * 1951-05-29 1955-02-15 Telephone Mfg Co Ltd Two-way telecommunication system
US2720556A (en) * 1951-05-22 1955-10-11 Jr Robert A Clark Loud speaking communication system

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2720556A (en) * 1951-05-22 1955-10-11 Jr Robert A Clark Loud speaking communication system
US2702319A (en) * 1951-05-29 1955-02-15 Telephone Mfg Co Ltd Two-way telecommunication system

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GB535286A (en) 1941-04-03
CH235152A (de) 1944-11-15

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