WO1989010845A1

WO1989010845A1 - Thermal transfer ribbon

Info

Publication number: WO1989010845A1
Application number: PCT/US1989/001751
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mary Ann Wehr
Original assignee: NCR Corp
Current assignee: NCR Voyix Corp
Priority date: 1988-05-10
Filing date: 1989-04-26
Publication date: 1989-11-16
Anticipated expiration: 1990-11-10
Also published as: JPH02504128A; EP0378611A1; EP0378611B1; US4894283A

Abstract

A reusable, thermal transfer ribbon includes a substrate (22), a functional coating (34) consisting essentially of a carbon black emulsion, a hydrocarbon wax, and a thermoplastic resin, and a binding layer (24) consisting essentially of a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic resin and a wax compound. The low cohesive level characteristic of the functional coating (34) allows the splitting of the coating (34) during the printing operation in a manner to effect multiple use of the ribbon.

Description

THERMAL TRANSFER RIBBON

Technical Field

The present invention relates to nonimpact printing. More particularly, the invention provides a thermal transfer ribbon for use in imaging or encoding characters on paper or like record media documents which enable machine, human, or reflectance reading of the imaged or encoded characters. The thermal transfer ribbon enables printing in quiet and efficient manner and makes use of the advantages of thermal printing on documents with a signal inducible ink.

Background Art

In the printing field, the impact type printer has been the predominant apparatus for providing increased throughput of printed information. The impact printers have included the dot matrix type wherein individual print wires are driven from a home position to a printing position by individual and separate drivers. The impact printers also have included the full character type wherein individual type elements are caused to be driven against a ribbon and paper or like record media adjacent and in contact with a platen.

The typical and well-known arrangement in a printing operation provides for transfer of a portion of the ink from the ribbon to result in a mark or image on the paper. Another arrangement includes the use of carbonless paper wherein the impact from a print wire or a type element causes rupture of encapsulated material for marking the paper. Also known are printing inks which contain magnetic particles wherein certain of the particles are transferred to the record media for encoding characters in manner and fashion so as to be machine readable in a subsequent operation. One of the known encoding systems is MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) utilizing the manner of operation as just mentioned.

While the impact printing method has dominated the industry, one disadvantage of this type of printing is the noise level which is attained during printing operation. Many efforts have been made to reduce the high noise levels by use of sound absorbing or cushioning materials or by isolating the printing apparatus.

More recently, the advent of thermal printing which effectively and significantly reduces the noise levels has brought about the requirements for heating of extremely precise areas of the record media by use of relatively high currents. The intense heating of the localized areas causes transfer of ink from a ribbon onto the paper. Alternatively, the paper may be of the thermal type which includes materials that are responsive to the generated heat.

The use of thermal printing generally involves a standard thermal transfer ribbon wherein most if not all of the ink is thermally transferred during a single printing operation.

Disclosure of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a tnermal transfer ribbon which allows the same area of the ribbon to be used in subsequent printing operations.

Thus, according to the invention, there is provided a thermal transfer ribbon which has a substrate, a functional coating and a binding layer, characterized in that said functional coating includes 40-60% carbon black, 30-50% hydrocarbon wax, and 2-10% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and said binding layer includes up to 100% thermoplastic resin. In the preferred embodiment, the ribbon comprises a thin, smooth substrate such as tissue-type paper or polyester-type plastic on which is applied a binding layer or coating by well-known or conventional coating techniques. The binding layer bonds substantially equally to the substrate and to a thermal functional coating which provides for and allows the functional coating to have a low binding level. The thermal sensitive layer or coating generally includes a wax mixture dispersed in a binding mix of an ethylene copolymer or a thermoplastic resin to form a wax emulsion. The thermoplastic resin and the solids of the wax emulsion are mixed or dispersed into solution with pigments and/or dyes in an attritor or other conventional dispersing equipment. The thermal functional coating has ingredients that include a pigment, a resin and a binder.

The reusable thermal transfer ribbon comprises the substrate, the binding layer, and the functional coating and provides that part of the ink layer or thermal-sensitive material of the functional coating is thermally transferred during any one printing operation, thus allowing the same portion or area of the ribbon to be used in a subsequent printing operation.

Brief Description of the Drawings

One embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:

Fig. 1 illustrates a thermal element operating with a ribbon base having a binding layer and a transfer coating thereon incorporating the ingredients as disclosed in the present invention; and

Fig. 2 shows the receiving paper with a part of the thermal functional coating transferred in the form of a character or other mark onto the receiving paper.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

The transfer ribbon 20, as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, comprises a base or substrate 22 of thin, smooth, tissue-type paper or polyester-type plastic or like material having a layer or coating 24 which includes a resin or a resin-wax composition 26 as an ingredient therein for use in providing a binding layer. A functional coating 34 is thermally activated and includes nonmagnetic pigment or particles 36 as an ingredient therein for use in imaging or encoding operations to enable machine, or human, or reflectance reading of characters or other marks. Each character that is imaged on a receiving paper 28 or like record media produces a unique pattern or image that is recognized and read by the reader. In the case of thermal transfer ribbons relying on the nonmagnetic thermal transfer printing concept, the particles 36 include pigments, fillers and dyes.

As alluded to above, it is noted that the use of a thermal printer having a print head element, as 30, substantially reduces noise levels in the printing operation and provides reliability in imaging or encoding of paper or like documents 28. The thermal transfer ribbon 20 provides the advantages of thermal printing while encoding or imaging the document 28 with a nonmagnetic signal inducible ink. When the heating elements 30 of a thermal print head are activated, the imaging or encoding operation requires that the pigment or particles of material 36 in the thermal functional coating 34 on the coated ribbon 20 be transferred from the ribbon to the document 28 in manner and form to produce precisely defined characters 32 for recognition by the reader. In the case of thermal transfer printing, the imaging or encoding material 36 is transferred to the document 28 to produce precisely defined characters or marks 32 for recognition and machine, or human, or reflectance reading thereof. A portion 38 of the thermal functional coating 34 stays with the binding layer 24 and is not transferred to the paper 28 under normal printing conditions. The portion 38 of the coating 34 is then available for transfer and use in a subsequent printing operation.

While each printing operation should provide precisely defined characters or marks 32 on the paper 28, the ribbon 20 involves the use of the intermediate binding layer 24 in cooperation or association with the thermal functional coating 34 to provide a reusable, thermal sensitive, transfer ribbon. The functional coating 34 essentially consists of high pigment loading which provides a good optical density after transfer of the material 36, an intermediate to high resin loading, and a low binding loading. The low binding loading gives the functional coating 34 a low cohesive level characteristic or parameter. This low cohesion allows the splitting of the functional coating 34 during the printing operation in a manner to effect reusable or multiple use of such coating. The ribbon 20 provides that part of the ink layer or material 36 in the functional coating 34 is thermally transferred during any one printing operation, thereby allowing the same area of the ribbon to be used in a subsequent printing operation.

The thermal transfer ribbon 20 of the present invention is produced with two layers or coatings wherein the first layer 24 is a binding layer and includes a specific resin and wax emulsion or formulation. The second layer 34 is a functional coating and includes a thermal transfer coating or layer of material. The following listing of materials provides a general arrangement of the make-ups of the binding layer 24 and of the functional coating 34.

Binding Layer

Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 0-100%

Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate/Acid Terpolymer 0-100%

Hydrocarbon Resin 10-80%

Polyethylene 0-20%

Paraffin Wax 0-30%

Additive 0-20%

Coating Weight Range 1.5-7.4 grams per square meter.

Preferred Weight 2.3-3.8 grams per square meter.

Functional Coating

Coloring Matter (Pigment or Dye such as Carbon Black) 40-60%

Hydrocarbon Wax 30-50%

Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 2-10%

Oleate 0-5%

Coating Weight Range 7.4-24.0 grams per square meter.

Preferred Weight 7.5-13.0 grams per square meter.

The following examples provide formulations for the binding layer 24 and for the functional coating 34 of a thermal transfer ribbon 20. These examples are placed into three categories dependent upon the specific contents of the binding layer or coating.

The first category covers those examples wherein the binding layer is essentially 100% thermoplastic resin materials. Resins which are suitable or acceptable and which may be included are ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer resins, hydrocarbon resins, ethylene/vinyl acetate/acid terpolymers, and polyethylene. Other resins which should be suitable or acceptable include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer, polypropylene, polyacetal, polystyrene, polyacrylic ester, polyamide, ethyl cellulose, epoxy resin, polyurethane, and synthetic rubbers such as styrene- butadiene rubber or the like.

A second category covers those examples wherein the binding layer comprises a resin material and a wax compound. The resins include those mentioned above in the first category. The wax compounds which are suitable include paraffin wax, carnauba wax, montan wax, microcrystalline wax, and bees wax, or the like. The wax compound improves the handling characteristics of the binding materials.

A third category covers those examples wherein the binding layer contains an additive which is effective for improved slip, is resistant to marring, or is effective as an extender. The additives include pigments such as clays, carbonates, oxides, silicas, stearates or the like.

Examples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 14 are in the first category. Examples 7-12 are in the second category, and Examples 3 and 13 are in the third category. Ex . 1 Ex . 2 Ex . 3 Ex . 4 Ex .

Binding Layer % % % % %

Ethylene/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymer 100 100 80 50 25

Silica 20

Hydrocarbon Resin 50 75

Coating Weight

(g/sq. .) 3.9 2.2 3 6.7 5

Functional Coat

Carbon Black 55 55 55 55 59

Hydrocarbon Wax 35 35 35 35 39

Ethylene/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymer 10 10 10 10 2

Coating Weight 12.9 9.3 12 18.3 7.4

(g/sq. m. )

Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10

Binding Layer % % % % %

Ethylene/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymer 95 90 85 80

Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate/Acid Terpolymer 100

Paraffin Wax 5 10 15 20

Coating Weight (g/sq. . ) 2.6 3.1 3.6 3.0 1.7

Functional Coat

Carbon Black 59 59 59 59 59

Hydrocarbon Wax 39 39 39 39 39

Ethylene/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymer 2 2 2 2 2

Coating Weight (g/sq. m. ) 12.5 9.7 7.7 9.3 11.6 Ex . 11 Ex . 12 Ex . 13 Ex . 14

Binding Layer % % % %

Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 80 80 72 90

Paraffin Wax 20 20 18

Zinc Stearate 10

Polyethylene 10

Coating Weight

(g/sq. .) 2.3 2.5 3.1 7.6

Functional Coat

Carbon Black 59 57 59 59

Hydrocarbon Wax 39 38 39 39

Ethylene/Vinyl

Acetate Copolymer 2 3 2 2

Oleate 2

Coating Weight (g/sq. m.) 11.6 10.5 9.7 24

The paraffin wax is a mixture of solid hydrocarbons chiefly of the methane series derived from the paraffin distillate portion of crude petroleum and is soluble in benzene, ligroine, alcohol, chloroform, turpentine, carbon disulfide and olive oil. The hydrocarbon wax is an oxidized, isocyanated wax identified as WB-17. The ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer of high vinyl acetate content that is used as binding material is identified as Elvax 210. The hydrocarbon resin is a hard, color stable, substituted styrene copolymer resin and is identified as Piccotex-120.

Silica is silicon dioxide in white tasteless powder form, is insoluble in water and certain acids, and is soluble in molten alkali when finely divided and amorphous. Silica is used as a filler and as a plasticizer. The terpolymer is polymerized from ethylene, vinyl acetate, and acid, is used as a binding material, and is identified as Elvax 4310. Zinc stearate is a white agglutinating powder, soluble in acids and in common solvents when hot, and insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Zinc stearate is used as a filler, antifoamer, water repellent, a lubricant, or an emulsifier. Polyethylene is a polymerized ethylene and is an important low cost polymer used as an additive.

The carbon black is a black amorphous powder of relatively coarse particles, insoluble in solvents, is used as a pigment, and is identified as Permablak LS-60. The oleate is used as a filler and also as a coloring agent. Other color dyes or pigments can be mixed into the formulation to provide proper color or toning.

The nonvolatile materials of the functional coating 34 are controlled at 25-55% for proper viscosity. It should be noted that all ingredients are carefully weighed and solubilized in mineral spirits or the like using appropriate heat and agitation. After the solution is complete, it is slowly cooled to form a viscous wax dispersion to prepare a thermally active, transfer coating.

The nonvolatile materials of the binding layer 24 are controlled at or kept within the range of 15-25% for proper viscosity. All ingredients are carefully weighed and solubilized in mineral spirits or the like using appropriate heat and agitation. After the solution is complete, it is slowly cooled to form a viscous dispersion.

The substrate or base 22, which may be 30-40 gauge capacitor tissue, manufactured by Glatz, or 14- 35 gauge polyester film as manufactured by E. I. duPont under the trademark Mylar, should have a high tensile strength to provide for ease in handling and coating of the substrate. Additionally, the substrate should have properties of minimum thickness and low heat resistance to prolong the life of the heating elements 30 of the thermal print head by reason of reduced print head actuating voltage and the resultant reduction in burn time.

The binding layer 24 is applied to the substrate 22 by means of conventional coating techniques such as a Meyer rod or like wire-wound doctor bar set up on a typical solvent coating machine to provide a coating weight of between 1.5-7.4 grams per square meter. A preferred weight of the binding layer 24 is about 3.6 grams per square meter. The thermal functional coating 34 is applied at a weight of between 7.4-24.0 grams per square meter. A preferred weight of the functional coating 34 is about 11.6 grams per square meter.

The coating 34 is made up of approximately 25-55% nonvolatile material and is maintained at a desired temperature and viscosity throughout the coating process. A temperature of approximately 40- 45°C is maintained during the entire coating process. After the binding layer 24 is applied to the substrate 22 and the thermal functional coating 34 is applied to the layer 24, the web of ribbon 20 is passed through a dryer at an elevated temperature in the range between 80 and 120°C for approximately 5-10 seconds to ensure good drying and adherence of the binding layer 24 onto the substrate 22 and of the thermal functional coating 34 on the layer 24 in making the transfer ribbon 20. The above-mentioned coating weight, as applied by the Meyer rod onto a preferred 4-10 microns thick substrate 22, overall translates to a total thickness of 7-15 microns. The portion 38 and subsequent portions of the area of the thermal functional coating 34 can be transferred onto the receiving substrate 28 in the range of 50-120°C by changing the ranges of the waxes used in the functional coating 34. The availability of the various ingredients used in the present invention is provided by the following list of companies.

Material Supplier

Ethylene/Vinyl E. I. duPont

Acetate Copolymer

Silica Davison

Hydrocarbon Resin Hercules Inc.

Ethylene/Vinyl E. I. duPont

Acetate/Acid Terpolymer

Paraffin Wax Boler

Zinc Stearate Witco Chemical

Polyethylene Bareco

Carbon Black Emulsion Mono-Chem

Mineral Spirits Ashland Chemical Co.

Hydrocarbon Wax Bareco

Oleate BASF

Claims

CLAIMS ;

1. A thermal transfer ribbon which has a substrate (22), a functional coating (34) and a binding layer (24), characterized in that said functional coating includes 40-60% carbon black, 30- 50% hydrocarbon wax, and 2-10% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and said binding layer (24) includes up to 100% thermoplastic resin.

2. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said thermoplastic resin has up to 20% wax added thereto.

3. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the weight of the functional coating (34) is from 7.4-24 grams per square meter.

4. Thermal transfer ribbon according to either claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the weight of the binding layer (24) is from 1.5-7.4 grams per square meter.

5. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said binding layer (24) essentially consists of 100% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, or 100% ethylene vinyl acetate acid terpolymer.

6. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said binding layer (24) consists of a combination of 25-50% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and 50-75% hydrocarbon resin.

7. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said binding layer (24) contains up to 10% polyethylene.

8. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said binding layer (24) contains up to 20% silica or up to 20% zinc sterate.

9. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim 1, characterized in that said functional coating (34) contains 55% carbon black, 35% hydrocarbon wax and 10% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, or 59% carbon black, 3.9% hydrocarbon wax and 2% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.

10. Thermal transfer ribbon according to claim I, characterized in that said functional coating has up to 5% oleate added thereto.