WO1992007234A1 - Procede et dispositif de mesure optique des contours d'un objet opaque a la lumiere - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de mesure optique des contours d'un objet opaque a la lumiere Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992007234A1
WO1992007234A1 PCT/EP1991/001929 EP9101929W WO9207234A1 WO 1992007234 A1 WO1992007234 A1 WO 1992007234A1 EP 9101929 W EP9101929 W EP 9101929W WO 9207234 A1 WO9207234 A1 WO 9207234A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
measurement
sensor
camera
rotation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP1991/001929
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Albert Weckenmann
Thomas Czirwitzky
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Iti-Idee Ingenieurbuero Zur Forderung Von Technischen Innovationen und Ideen GmbH
Original Assignee
Iti-Idee Ingenieurbuero Zur Forderung Von Technischen Innovationen und Ideen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Iti-Idee Ingenieurbuero Zur Forderung Von Technischen Innovationen und Ideen GmbH filed Critical Iti-Idee Ingenieurbuero Zur Forderung Von Technischen Innovationen und Ideen GmbH
Publication of WO1992007234A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992007234A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/2433—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures for measuring outlines by shadow casting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for optically measuring the contours of an opaque object, in particular a ring-shaped open or closed or similarly designed workpiece, in which the shadow images produced by means of a cvder of several light sources de.
  • the narrow workpiece is detected by one or more optoelectronic CCD sensors and the contours of the object are determined in two or three dimensions, taking into account the object distance from the camera and the magnification of the optical imaging device.
  • the invention further relates to a device for carrying out said method, consisting of a translucent object holder or carrier arranged in the beam path between a light source and an optoelectronic CCD sensor and a computer connected to the optoelectronic CCD sensor with a signal output.
  • computer-aided coordinate measuring machines are used to check the shape of workpieces made of solid, hard and torsion-resistant materials, which measure the workpiece surface by point-by-point probing or continuous scanning (scanning). capture with a probe ball that scans the surface under the action of force.
  • a probe ball that scans the surface under the action of force.
  • the non-contact measuring methods known from the prior art can provide remedies.
  • pro ljectors are used, which map the measurement object with an adjustable magnification onto an observation screen, on which the image of the measurement object can be measured with pre-made measurement templates.
  • this measuring method fails when the objects to be measured are deformed, ie are not in the defined geometrically ideal shape. In this case, the image of the measurement object does not match the ideal shape of the template, so that the template on It cannot be determined per image if the workpiece corresponds to the requirements in the ideal state without deformation.
  • semiconductor cameras e.g. CCD line cameras, CCD array cameras
  • CCD line cameras CCD array cameras
  • the disadvantage of semiconductor image sensors lies in the fact that, due to the manufacturing process, the areal expansion of the photosensitive elements cannot be made arbitrarily small, so that the previously proposed improvements in the transparency measurement method aimed at increasing the spatial resolution when specifying the To achieve the position of a shadow edge on a photodiode cell. According to the method described in DE-A-34 22 689, this is done by integrating the signal voltage in the area of a shadow edge transition and the relationship between this integration time and the time of integration of another fixed voltage that corresponds to the level of the full Broadcasting of the lines corresponds to the equality of these two voltages.
  • the video signal is digitized on the basis of four threshold values, the pulses are quadrupled in time and counted during the entire readout time of the lines.
  • the line When the line is fully illuminated, there are four times as many pulses as there are photodiodes in the line. Is there a shadow edge in the area If the line shows that the area is previously light and the area behind it is dark or vice versa, the readout of the line results in fewer pulses, the less the bright area on the line shows becomes. Because of the thresholds used, the location statement thus made is refined four times.
  • this method has the disadvantage that only one edge transition per line can be detected.
  • the method described in DE-A-37 31 531 works with digitizing the gray values on a shadow edge and interpolating between the two image points directly involved in this edge transition.
  • an electronic evaluation circuit is used, which consists of at least two parallel shift registers, a hardware arithmetic circuit with memory cells and a clock generator.
  • An interpolation between those two image points of the shadow edge transition, the first of which lies above a defined threshold value and the second of which is below, or vice versa, is intended to expand the resolution of a semiconductor camera. This interpolation makes a statement about the position of a shadow structure or any light-dark distribution in a resolution that lies above the spatial frequency of the image sensor.
  • Measuring methods for measuring lengths, widths and for edge detection both work according to the transmitted light principle as well as on the incident light principle.
  • a measurement object is illuminated from behind with a light source and its shadow image is transferred to the image sensor by an optically imaging arrangement. If the object is in the measurement position, the length of the measurement object is determined, for example in the case of a CCD line camera, from the number of shaded photodiodes which are located between the shadow edge transitions from light to dark and the transitions from dark to light, multiplied by the illustration Scale of the optical arrangement.
  • the achievable measurement accuracy is mainly determined by the ratio of the measuring range to the number of existing photodiodes in a row.
  • DE-A-38 34 052 describes a method and a device for measuring and / or checking the outline shapes or edges of workpieces, preferably for detecting and evaluating edge errors and / or edge chipping of cutting plates, with a opto-electroni see test device known, the method consists in that the workpiece to be tested is rotated about a fixed axis and during the rotation at least one peripheral edge of the workpiece is scanned under a predetermined angle with a parallel light beam, whereby the light beam, the diameter of which is so large that it continuously detects at least a portion of the edge during the rotation, images a projected profile of the edge onto a light-sensitive layer of a camera that generates electronic signals and that images into the channel ⁇ tenprofi L corresponding electrical signals as actual values in an electronic computer in which the target W values of the checked edge profile are saved and subjected to a target / actual value comparison.
  • the workpiece is sorted according to the So L I actual value comparison.
  • the device is designed in such a way that a ring rotatably mounted in a frame and driven by a servo motor is provided, which frame-like frame encloses a pane of light-sensitive glass which has light sources which emit parallel light on one side of the pane and on on the other hand, semiconductor cameras with light-sensitive layers consisting of light signals generating electrical signals are arranged, an electronic computing unit being provided which, on the basis of the signals from the semiconductor cameras, carries out the target / actual comparison using suitable algorithms.
  • This known method and its device are constructed and limited to the use of parallel light, which results in inaccuracies in the measurement of large flexible workpieces, because after the method the workpiece to be tested is rotated about a fixed axis and during the Rotation of at least one circumferential edge of the workpiece at a predetermined angle, scanned with a parallel light beam, in which the light beam, the diameter of which is so large that it continuously detects at least a portion of the edge during rotation, is generated on one of electronic signals
  • Existing light-sensitive layer of a camera images a projected profile of the edge, which in the signals corresponding to the edge profile as actual values in an electronic computer, in which the target values of the checked edge profile are stored, a target / actual value -Comparison and that according to the result
  • the workpiece is sorted according to the actual value comparison.
  • This method is also for the contactless measurement of flexible Suitable for workpieces in several directions, but only suitable for measuring small workpieces; however, it has decisive disadvantages for measuring non
  • either the ring is rotated through 360, which can mean an unbearably long measuring time compared to a 180 measurement, given the permissible rotational speed which is only low for flexible workpieces,
  • the object is rotated by at least 180 during the measurement by a fixed, optoelectronic CCD sensor about an axis of rotation orthogonal to the line plane and through the object.
  • the contour of the measurement object can be determined from the shadow images of the measurement object recorded by the camera at specific angles of rotation with the aid of the imaging optics.
  • the image of the measuring object results from the shadow images when the rotary table is rotated from a multiplicity of Cut lines to a complete picture of the measurement object. Whilst a possible wobble movement of a rotatably moving camera results in measurement errors resulting from the training optics, the measurement errors which occur in the event of a wobble movement of the rotating object are negligible.
  • the measurement object can preferably be positioned manually or by a conveyor, for example by means of a pneumatically operated slide, on a turntable. It is only necessary to ensure that the surface enclosed by the measurement object contains the center of rotation, since this ensures that the disruptive "grinding cuts" occurring in the previously described methods do not occur during the measurement; However, eccentric positions of the measurement object on the surface of the turntable do not falsify the measurement.
  • the measurement accuracy can be increased if the measurement range of the camera is expanded in such a way that the camera detects the edges of the measurement object and the object is rotated through 360 °. Here, each measurement point is recorded two times, since the cutting lines of the camera overlap the measurement object on both sides from the rotation point.
  • a sharp-edged helical-dark transition as the boundary of the shadow image is obtained when the object is illuminated by an illumination source whose emitted light beam is divergent.
  • an illumination source whose emitted light beam is divergent.
  • a slit-shaped aperture diaphragm is used, the longitudinal axis of which is mapped to the longitudinal axis of the line of the camera.
  • Rod-shaped or linear lighting devices can thus also be used.
  • Measurements of the shadow positions can be carried out continuously at a constant rotational speed of the object.
  • the object can be rotated step by step by a predetermined angle from one measuring point to the next.
  • the current position of the turntable can be determined via an angle measurement and, when the positions determined before the measurement are reached, the camera can be controlled to record the silhouette.
  • the measured values are stored in a data memory by the camera in association with the angular positions of the turntable and from there are transferred asynchronously to the image acquisition into the computer memory and evaluated in the computer.
  • the entire contour of the silhouette is then obtained from these sections with interpolation in sections between the measuring points assembled and thus completely determined.
  • the target contour (ideal shape) of an object is used as a reference for the Determination of the manufacturing accuracy of the actual object used.
  • measurements of the ring diameter, the cord diameter (cross-sectional diameter) are carried out, and, for example, other burrs and a manufacturing-related offset of the upper and lower half of the ring are determined.
  • other burrs and a manufacturing-related offset of the upper and lower half of the ring are determined.
  • discrepancies in the shape of the object can be seen from the shadow picture on this level.
  • a further embodiment of the invention can be used the object is simultaneously illuminated by two beams of light from a lighting device running perpendicular to one another, the shadow images produced thereby being measured by an optoelectronic CCD sensor arranged in each beam.
  • the second beam is preferably generated by 90 deflecting a portion of the light rays originating from a single light source.
  • divergent light is also used for lighting.
  • the use of divergent light is particularly advantageous since the width of the shadow cast changes depending on the position of the measurement object. The closer the measurement object is to the center of the turntable, the greater the shadow width of the object.
  • the location is of the measurement object on the turntable is known on the basis of the data recorded by the first measurement camera at the same time, so that a local assignment of the measurement data from both cameras is ensured, that is to say a quasi three-dimensional image is generated via which the imaging scale resulting from the selected lighting arrangement can be used without greater effort, the real width or extent of the measurement object can be calculated.
  • the second beam bundle can be deflected again after the object to be illuminated so that the shadow images produced thereby are recorded by the same CCD sensor which also serves to register the first beam bundle.
  • the above-mentioned object is achieved by the device described in claim 12. Further developments of the device are described in claims 13 to 19, the advantages of which result in a corresponding manner as discussed above.
  • the object table has radial grooves in its surface, in which the light rays can be guided to the outside. Since the measurement object does not lie on the surface of the turntable in the area of the grooves, it can be measured in this area without being influenced.
  • 1 a, b is a plan view and a sectional side view of a round ring, 2 a to e examples of objects to be measured, the geometry of which deviates from the circular shape,
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 each show perspective views of a device according to FIGS. 3 and
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic view of another measuring device with two lines len cameras.
  • FIG. 1 a and b and FIG. 2 show whether ects that can be measured with the method according to the invention.
  • such objects can be O-rings 10 (FIGS. 1 a, b), their outer diameter D and their cord diameter d and the resulting inner diameter of the O-ring 10, as far as possible from the predetermined target shape must not deviate.
  • the method can also be used to determine any burrs or other shape deviations. The method works without contact, so that the measurement objects can be checked with regard to their geometry in the unloaded state.
  • the measurement objects do not necessarily have to be round as long as the axis of rotation lies in the area enclosed by the measurement object. Examples of further measurement objects are shown in FIGS. 2a to e.
  • FIG. 3 A first embodiment of the device according to the invention is shown schematically in FIG. 3.
  • the essential parts are the CCD line camera 13 with objective 13a, which is arranged above an object (O-ring 10) illuminated by a light source 14.
  • the object 10 rests on a rotatably mounted object carrier 16 which is driven by a motor 15 and is designed as a transparent object table with a glass surface 35.
  • a diaphragm 30 with a diaphragm gap 31 is arranged below the slide 16.
  • the optoelectronic CCD sensor 13 is connected to a computer 17, which receives measurement data from the CCD sensor 13 and transmits control commands to it.
  • the motor 15 is also connected to the computer 17 and is designed, for example, as a stepping motor or as a direct current motor with a rotary encoder. Via the connection in question, the angular positions of the object table 16 are fed to the computer in correlation with the shadow images recorded in this position, as a result of which the computer draws conclusions, for example in the form of spherical coordinates, about the respective position of the O-ring on the object table can.
  • the computer 17 has a data evaluation, data storage, measurement monitoring and a menu-guided user interface which is known in principle from the prior art and can be programmed by a control part 17a such that relevant control commands are sent both to the optoelectronic CCD sensor 13 and can be delivered to the engine 15.
  • the computer also has an output unit 17b, which optically or acoustically indicates whether " the ' measurement object with regard to its Geometry is in the tolerance range or not.
  • non-circular measurement objects 18 located on the object table 16 can also be measured.
  • the object table 16 is set in rotation in the direction of the arrow 19, the optoelectronic CCD element of the camera 13, designated 13b, registering the respective shadow images along the radial cutting lines 20 which can be seen in FIG. 4b.
  • the CCD camera registers respectively light-dark or dark-light-light transitions represented by points 21 as the limit point of the shadow image along the radially running cutting lines.
  • the overall contour of the object in the drawing plane (X-Y plane) and thus deviations from the predeterminable ideal contour can be measured from the grid of all points 21 by interpolation.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show perspective representations of the device schematically depicted in FIG. 3.
  • the measuring object 10 positioned on the transparent object table embedded in the rotating device is viewed from below through an illuminating device (the linear aperture diaphragm is visible in FIG. 5). illuminated.
  • the light beams are focused via the lens 13a (see FIG. 6) and in the direction of the CCD camera, which is arranged in the upper part of the device.
  • FIG. 7 shows gears 24, 25.
  • the light which is emitted from the single light source 14 and is as parallel as possible is partially deflected by 90 to the beam 24 via a deflection p ⁇ ' sma 26 (or a semi-transparent mirror).
  • the undeflected part of the beam, which is indicated at 25, reaches the camera 13 as described. While the camera 13 detects the geometry in the XY plane, the CCD camera 23 is used to measure the object 10 in Z- Direction.
  • the device according to the invention works as follows:
  • the test object 10 is placed either manually or automatically, for example by means of a pneumatically operated slide, on the stage 16, which is then set in rotation, the axis of rotation 27 running through the surface formed by the object (FIGS. 3 and 7).
  • the constant rotation angles are passed as signal sequences to the computer, which at the same time receives the measurement signals from the CCD camera 13 and possibly the camera 23.
  • the support table 10 rotates at least 180, preferably 360.
  • the cutting lines are assigned in a location-dependent manner.
  • the measurement data from camera 13 or cameras 13 and 23 are stored in an image memory and from there are transferred asynchronously into the memory of computer 17.
  • the computer 17 evaluates the measurement data obtained, from which it calculates the arc length of the actual shape (actual shape) of the measurement object and, if appropriate, the diameter of the geometrically ideal measurement object, that is to say the dimension that is specified in the design drawing. Alike the cord thickness d, any burrs and an offset of the measurement object 10 can be determined from the measurement data. Likewise, when using a further camera 23, the shadows can be determined in the horizontal direction and from this any ripple in the measurement object and the cord diameter in the vertical direction.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

Un procédé et un dispositif permettent de mesurer optiquement les contours d'un objet (10) opaque à la lumière. A cet effet, l'ombre de l'objet éclairé par une ou plusieurs sources de lumière (14) est captée par un ou plusieurs capteurs (13, 23) optoélectroniques à couplage de charge et les contours de l'objet sont déterminés en tenant compte de la distance qui sépare l'objet des capteurs ainsi que du degré d'amplification du dispositif de reproduction optique. Les capteurs (13, 23) sont fixes, alors que l'objet est mis en rotation sur au moins 180° autour d'un axe de rotation (27) de préférence perpendiculaire à un premier plan des capteurs, parallèle à un deuxième plan des capteurs et situé à l'intérieur du contour interne de l'objet. Les contours de l'objet (10) sont déterminés à partir des angles de rotation et des silhouettes représentées par les ombres correspondantes captées par le ou les capteurs (13, 23) de préférence dans le sens axial et/ou radial par rapport à l'axe de rotation.
PCT/EP1991/001929 1990-10-13 1991-10-10 Procede et dispositif de mesure optique des contours d'un objet opaque a la lumiere Ceased WO1992007234A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4032585.7 1990-10-13
DE4032585 1990-10-13

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WO1992007234A1 true WO1992007234A1 (fr) 1992-04-30

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PCT/EP1991/001929 Ceased WO1992007234A1 (fr) 1990-10-13 1991-10-10 Procede et dispositif de mesure optique des contours d'un objet opaque a la lumiere

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7206449B2 (en) * 2003-03-19 2007-04-17 Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. Detecting silhouette edges in images
WO2010041036A1 (fr) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Renishaw Plc Machine de visualisation rétroéclairée
DE10341666B4 (de) * 2003-09-08 2011-01-13 Werth Messtechnik Gmbh Verfahren zum Messen von Geometrien von im Wesentlichen zweidimensionalen Objekten
DE102010013594A1 (de) * 2010-03-31 2011-10-06 Aktiebolaget Skf Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Lagerbauteilen
ITUB20153346A1 (it) * 2015-09-02 2017-03-02 Salva Daniel Oscar Apparecchiatura ottica per misurazioni senza contatto di elementi circolari, particolarmente per la misura di anelli di rinforzo per talloni di pneumatici o simili
WO2017139541A1 (fr) * 2016-02-12 2017-08-17 Bartell Machinery Systems, L.L.C. Système de mesure de talon
CN109343037A (zh) * 2018-11-27 2019-02-15 森思泰克河北科技有限公司 光探测器安装误差检测装置、方法和终端设备
IT202200009881A1 (it) * 2022-05-12 2023-11-12 Sacmi Tech S P A Metodo e sistema di rilevamento di articoli ceramici

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH610655A5 (en) * 1976-09-02 1979-04-30 Secretary Industry Brit Apparatus for the automatic inspection of the periphery of an article having an axis of symmetry
GB2166236A (en) * 1984-10-29 1986-04-30 Thaelmann Schwermaschbau Veb A method and apparatus for contactlessly determining the diameter of material to be measured
EP0338446A2 (fr) * 1988-04-20 1989-10-25 Ball Corporation Appareil optique pour profiler et mesurer des surfaces convexes et méthode pour l'utiliser
BE1001439A3 (fr) * 1988-02-12 1989-10-31 Nationale Herstal Fn Sa Fab Procede de mesure dimensionnelle a haute vitesse et haute precision par camera a reseau photosensible.

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH610655A5 (en) * 1976-09-02 1979-04-30 Secretary Industry Brit Apparatus for the automatic inspection of the periphery of an article having an axis of symmetry
GB2166236A (en) * 1984-10-29 1986-04-30 Thaelmann Schwermaschbau Veb A method and apparatus for contactlessly determining the diameter of material to be measured
BE1001439A3 (fr) * 1988-02-12 1989-10-31 Nationale Herstal Fn Sa Fab Procede de mesure dimensionnelle a haute vitesse et haute precision par camera a reseau photosensible.
EP0338446A2 (fr) * 1988-04-20 1989-10-25 Ball Corporation Appareil optique pour profiler et mesurer des surfaces convexes et méthode pour l'utiliser

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7206449B2 (en) * 2003-03-19 2007-04-17 Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. Detecting silhouette edges in images
DE10341666B4 (de) * 2003-09-08 2011-01-13 Werth Messtechnik Gmbh Verfahren zum Messen von Geometrien von im Wesentlichen zweidimensionalen Objekten
WO2010041036A1 (fr) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Renishaw Plc Machine de visualisation rétroéclairée
CN102177410B (zh) * 2008-10-10 2013-07-17 瑞尼斯豪公司 背光视觉机器
US9188431B2 (en) 2008-10-10 2015-11-17 Renishaw Plc Backlit vision machine
DE102010013594A1 (de) * 2010-03-31 2011-10-06 Aktiebolaget Skf Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Lagerbauteilen
ITUB20153346A1 (it) * 2015-09-02 2017-03-02 Salva Daniel Oscar Apparecchiatura ottica per misurazioni senza contatto di elementi circolari, particolarmente per la misura di anelli di rinforzo per talloni di pneumatici o simili
WO2017139541A1 (fr) * 2016-02-12 2017-08-17 Bartell Machinery Systems, L.L.C. Système de mesure de talon
CN109416243A (zh) * 2016-02-12 2019-03-01 巴特尔机械系统有限公司 胎圈测量系统
US10365084B2 (en) 2016-02-12 2019-07-30 Bartell Machinery Systems, L.L.C. Bead measurement system
CN109343037A (zh) * 2018-11-27 2019-02-15 森思泰克河北科技有限公司 光探测器安装误差检测装置、方法和终端设备
IT202200009881A1 (it) * 2022-05-12 2023-11-12 Sacmi Tech S P A Metodo e sistema di rilevamento di articoli ceramici
WO2023218387A1 (fr) * 2022-05-12 2023-11-16 Sacmi Tech S.P.A. Système et procédé de détection pour détecter des articles en céramique

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