Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
  • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
  • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
  • C25B1/042—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water by electrolysis of steam
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
  • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
  • F24S23/12—Light guides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
  • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
  • F24S23/79—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with spaced and opposed interacting reflective surfaces
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
  • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
  • H02S40/40—Thermal components
  • H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
  • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
  • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
  • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S136/00—Batteries: thermoelectric and photoelectric
  • Y10S136/291—Applications

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the production of hydrogen and in particular for the production of hydrogen in an electrolysis cell using solar radiation as a source of energy for the cell.
• a present invention also relates to an apparatus for separating longer and shorter wavelength solar radiation so that the separated components of the solar radiation spectrum can be used as required in selected end- use applications, such as the production of hydrogen.
• Supply side considerations - hydrogen is inexhaustible, storable, transportable, and has a high energy density compared with other chemical fuels.
• the high cost of electricity is due in large part to the relatively low efficiency of photovoltaic (or thermal) conversion of solar energy into electricity which means that a relatively large number of photovoltaic cells (or, in the case of thermal conversion, a large collection area) is required to generate a unit output of electricity.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a solar radiation based method and apparatus for producing hydrogen in an electrolysis cell which has a significantly higher efficiency and thus lower cost per unit energy produced than the known technology.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for separating longer and shorter wavelength components of the solar radiation spectrum such that the separated components can be used efficiently.
• a method of producing hydrogen comprising, converting solar radiation into thermal energy and electrical energy, and using the thermal energy and the electrical energy for producing hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water.
• the above first aspect of the present invention is based on the realisation that when the electrolysis process is run at high temperature (1000°C) the electrical voltage required to maintain a given output of hydrogen can be reduced provided there is a complementary increase in thermal energy input.
• the above first aspect of the present invention is based on the realisation that a significant improvement in efficiency of energy utilisation over and above a conventional electrolysis cell that is operated solely by electrical energy generated from solar radiation by a photovoltaic cell (or by thermal electrical generation methods) can be achieved by using the thermal energy produced in the generation of electrical energy, which otherwise would be regarded as a waste low temperature heat (with a cost of disposal), with the solar generated electrical energy to operate the electrolysis cell.
• the above first aspect of the present invention is also based on the realisation that such waste thermal energy can only be used to advantage, in terms of efficiency of energy utilisation, if that thermal energy can be transferred to the electrolysis cell and produce the high temperatures necessary to operate the electrolysis cell.
• the method comprises separating the solar radiation into a shorter wavelength component and a longer wavelength component, and converting the shorter wavelength component into electrical energy and converting the longer wavelength component into thermal energy.
• the method comprises, producing hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water by converting water into steam and heating the steam to a temperature of at least 700°C, more preferably 1000°C, and decomposing the steam into hydrogen and oxygen in an electrolysis cell.
• the method comprises using solar radiation generated thermal energy for converting water into steam and/or pre-heating steam and for operating the electrolysis cell and using solar radiation generated electrical energy for operating the electrolysis cell.
• the method comprises extracting thermal energy from hydrogen, oxygen, and exhaust steam produced in the electrolysis cell and using the extracted thermal energy as part of the energy component required for converting water into steam or for pre-heating steam for consumption in the electrolysis cell.
• an apparatus for producing hydrogen by electrolysis comprising, an electrolysis cell having an inlet for steam and outlets for hydrogen, oxygen, and excess steam, a means for separately converting solar radiation into thermal energy -and into electrical energy arranged in series or in parallel relationship for providing the energy required for converting water into steam and/or heating steam for operating the electrolysis cell to decompose the steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures of at least 700°C, more preferably at least 1000°C.
• the electrolysis cell be at least partially formed from materials that allow oxygen to be separated from hydrogen in and/or adjacent to the electrolysis cell.
• the apparatus further comprises, a means for concentrating solar radiation on the thermal energy conversion means and on the electrical energy conversion means in the appropriate proportions and wavelengths.
• the electrical energy conversion means and the thermal energy conversation means be adapted for separately receiving solar radiation.
• the apparatus further comprises a means for separating solar radiation into a shorter wavelength component and a longer wavelength component, wherein:
• the electrical energy conversion means is adapted for receiving and for converting the shorter wavelength component into electrical energy
• the thermal energy conversion means is adapted for receiving and converting the longer wavelength component into thermal energy.
• the solar radiation separating means comprises a mirror for selectively reflecting either the longer wavelength component or the shorter wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the mirror be positioned between the solar radiation concentrating means and the electrical energy conversion means and that the mirror comprise a spectrally selective filter to make the mirror transparent to the non-reflected component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the mirror be adapted for selectively reflecting the longer wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum and that the spectrally selective filter be an interference or edge filter to make the mirror transparent to the shorter wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the apparatus further comprises a non-imaging concentrator for concentrating the reflected longer wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the apparatus further comprises an optical fibre or a light guide for transferring the reflected longer wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum to the thermal conversion means.
• the apparatus further comprises, a heat exchange means for extracting thermal energy from hydrogen, oxygen, and exhaust steam produced in the electrolysis cell and using the extracted thermal energy as part of the energy component required for converting feed water into steam or for pre-heating steam for consumption in the electrolysis cell.
• an apparatus for separating solar radiation into a longer wavelength component and a shorter wavelength component comprising, a mirror for selectively reflecting either the longer wavelength component or the shorter wavelength components of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the mirror comprise, a spectrally selective filter to make the mirror transparent to the non-reflected component of the solar radiation spectrum. It is preferred that the mirror be appropriately curved so that it can concentrate and direct the reflected longer wavelength component or the shorter wavelength component to a distant point for collection by a receiver.
• the apparatus further comprises, a non-imaging concentrator for concentrating the reflected longer or shorter wavelength component.
• the apparatus further comprises, an optical fibre of light guide for transferring the concentrated reflected longer or shorter wavelength component for use in an end use application.
• the end use application be the generation of hydrogen by electrolysis of water.
• FIG. 1 illustrates schematically one embodiment of an apparatus for producing hydrogen in accordance with the present invention
• FIG. 2 illustrates schematically another embodiment of an apparatus for producing hydrogen in accordance with the present invention
• Figure 3 illustrates schematically a further embodiment of an apparatus for producing hydrogen in accordance with the present invention
• Figure 4 illustrates schematically a further embodiment of an apparatus for producing hydrogen in accordance with the present invention
• Figure 5 is a diagram which shows the major components of an experimental test rig based on the preferred embodiment of the apparatus shown in Figure 1;
• Figure 6 is a detailed view of the electrolysis cell of the experimental test rig shown in Figure 4.
• the basis of the first aspect of the present invention is to use solar energy to provide the total energy requirements, in the form of a thermal energy component and an electrical energy component, to form hydrogen and oxygen by the electrolysis of water.
• solar energy to provide the total energy requirements, in the form of a thermal energy component and an electrical energy component, to form hydrogen and oxygen by the electrolysis of water.
• the applicant has found that the combined effect of solar-generated thermal energy and electrical energy results in a significant improvement in the efficiency of the electrolysis of water in terms of energy utilisation, particularly when the thermal component is provided as a by-product of solar-generated electricity production.
• the apparatus shown schematically in Figure 1 is in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention and comprises, a suitable form of solar concentrator 3 which focuses a part of the incident solar radiation onto an array of solar cells 5 for generating electricity and the remainder of the incident solar radiation onto a suitable form of receiver 7 for generating thermal energy.
• the hydrogen is transferred from the electrolysis cell 9 into a suitable form of storage tank 11.
• the receiver 7 may be any suitable form of apparatus, such as a heat exchanger, which allows solar radiation to be converted into thermal energy.
• the apparatus shown in Figure 1 further comprises a heat exchanger means (not shown) for extracting thermal energy from the hydrogen and oxygen (and any exhaust steam) produced in the electrolysis cell 9 and thereafter using the recovered thermal energy in the step of converting the inlet stream of water into steam for consumption in the electrolysis cell 9.
• the recovered thermal energy is at a relatively lower temperature than the thermal energy generated by solar radiation.
• the recovered thermal energy is used to preheat the inlet water, and the solar radiation generated thermal energy is used to provide the balance of the heat component required to convert the feed water or steam to steam at 1000°C and to contribute to the operation of the electrolysis cell 9.
• the apparatus shown in Figure 1 is an example of a parallel arrangement of solar cells 5 and thermal energy receiver 7 in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention.
• the first aspect of the present invention is not restricted to such arrangements and extends to series arrangements of solar cells 5 and thermal energy receiver 7.
• the apparatus shown schematically in Figures 2 to 4 are examples of such series arrangements.
• the apparatus shown schematically in Figures 2 to 4 incorporate examples of apparatus in accordance with the second aspect of the present invention.
• the threshold is in the order of 1.1 micron for silicon solar cells and 0.89 micron for GaAs cells leaving 25% to 35% of the incoming energy of the solar radiation, which is normally wasted, for use as thermal energy.
• the apparatus shown in Figures 2 to 4, in terms of the second aspect of the present invention, in each case, comprises a means which, in use, separates the longer and shorter wavelength components of the solar radiation spectrum so that the components can be used separately for thermal energy and electricity generation, respectively.
• the solar radiation separating means comprises a mirror 27 (not shown in Figure 2 but shown in Figures 3 and 4) positioned in front of or behind the solar cells 15.
• the mirror 27 comprises an interference filter or edge filter (not shown) which makes the mirror 27 transparent to the shorter wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the mirror 27 may be of any suitable shape to reflect and selectively direct the longer wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum.
• the mirror 27 may take the form of a Cassigranian mirror, and in situations where the mirror 27 is positioned behind the focal point of the solar concentrator 3, the mirror may take the form of a Gregorian mirror.
• the longer wavelength radiation reflected by the solar cells 15 may be transferred to the electrolysis cell 17 by any suitable transfer means 21 such as a heat pipe (not shown) or an optical fibre (or light guide) , as shown in Figures 2 and 4, or directly as radiation, as shown in Figure 3.
• suitable transfer means 21 such as a heat pipe (not shown) or an optical fibre (or light guide) , as shown in Figures 2 and 4, or directly as radiation, as shown in Figure 3.
• the electrolysis cell 17 is positioned remote from the solar cells 15, and the apparatus further comprises a non-imaging concentrator 33 for concentrating the reflected longer wavelength component of the solar radiation prior to transferring the concentrated component to the optical fibre or light guide 21.
• the second aspect of the present invention is not limited to use of the reflected longer wavelength component of the solar radiation spectrum to provide thermal energy to an electrolysis cell and may be used to provide thermal energy in any end use application.
• the electrolysis cells 9,17 shown in the figures may be of any suitable configuration.
• the electrolysis cells 9,17 are formed from a material, such as yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ), which is porous to oxygen and impermeable to other gases, and the accessories, such as membranes and electrodes (not shown), are formed from materials, such as alloys and cermets.
• YSZ yttria stabilised zirconia
• the efficiency of generation of thermal energy from solar radiation is significantly higher (in the order of 3 to 4 times) than the efficiency of generation of electricity from solar radiation; and (c) the efficiency of consumption of the thermal energy endothermically in the electrolysis cell approaches 100%.
• a particular advantage of the present invention is that, as a consequence of being able to separate the longer and shorter wavelength components of the solar radiation spectrum, it is possible to recover and convey and use that longer wavelength component in high temperature applications where otherwise that longer wavelength component would have been converted into low temperature heat (typically less than 45°C) and being unusable.
• the efficiency of hydrogen production is greater than any other known method of solar radiation generated hydrogen production.
• the present invention increases the overall efficiency of the system, i.e. the efficiency of producing hydrogen by this method is greater than the efficiency of just producing electricity.
• the present invention provides a medium, namely hydrogen, for the efficient storage of solar energy hitherto not available economically and thus overcomes the major technological restriction to large scale use of solar energy.
• the performance of the present invention is expected to exceed 50% efficiency.
• the theoretical performance is in the order of 60%, whereas the existing technology is not expected to practically exceed 14% efficiency and has a threshold limit of 18%.
• the experimental test rig comprised a 1.5m diameter paraboloidal solar concentrating dish 29 arranged to track in two axes and capable of producing a solar radiation flux of approximately 1160 suns and a maximum temperature of approximately 2600°C. It is noted that less than the full capacity of power and concentration of the concentrating dish 29 was necessary for the experimental work and thus the receiving components (not shown) were appropriately positioned in relation to the focal plane and/or shielded to produce the desired temperatures and power densities.
• the experimental rig further comprised, at the focal zone of the solar concentrating dish 29, an assembly of an electrolysis cell 31, a tubular heat shield/distributor 45 enclosing the electrolysis cell 31, a solar cell 51, and a length of tubing 41 coiled around the heat shield/distributor 45 with one end extending into the electrolysis cell 31 and the other end connected to a source of water.
• the solar cell 51 comprised a GaAs photovoltaic (19.6mm active area) concentrator cell for converting solar radiation deflected from the concentrator dish 31 into electrical energy.
• the GaAs photovoltaic cell was selected because of a high conversion efficiency (up to 29% at present) and a capacity to handle high flux density (1160 suns) at elevated temperatures (100°C) .
• the output voltage of approximately 1 to 1.1 volts at maximum power point made an ideal match for direct connection to the electrolysis cell 33 for operation at 1000°C.
• the electrolysis cell 31 was in the form of a 5.8cm long by 0.68cm diameter YSZ closed end tube 33 coated inside and outside with platinum electrodes 35, 37 that formed cathodes and anodes, respectively, of the electrolysis cell 31 having an external surface area of 8.3cm 2 and an internal surface area of 7.6cm 2 .
• the metal tube 45 was positioned around the electrolysis cell 31 to reduce, average and transfer the solar flux over the surface of the exterior surface of the electrolysis cell 31.
• the experimental text rig further comprised, thermocouples 47 ( Figure 5) connected to the cathode 35 and the anode 37 to continually measure the temperatures inside and outside, respectively, the electrolysis cell 31, a 1mm 2 platinum wire 32 connecting the cathode 35 to the solar cell 51, a voltage drop resistor (O.Ol ⁇ ) (not shown) in the circuit connecting the cathode 35 and the solar cell 51 to measure the current in the circuit, and a Yokogawa HR-1300 Data Logger (not shown) .
• the experimental test rig was operated with the electrolysis cell 31 above 1000°C for approximately two and a half hours with an excess of steam applied to the electrolysis cell 31.
• the output stream of unreacted steam and the hydrogen generated in the electrolysis cell 31 was bubbled through water and the hydrogen was collected and measured in a gas jar.
• the present invention is not so limited and extends to operating the methods in reverse to consume hydrogen and oxygen to produce thermal energy and electricity, in this regard, it has been found by the applicant that under certain conditions the electrical input required to produce a unit of hydrogen in accordance with the preferred embodiments of the method is less than the electrical output produced when the hydrogen is used in the methods arranged to operate in reverse and thus as well as the system producing hydrogen the overall electrical efficiency of the plant can also be enhanced.
• the second aspect of the present invention separates the longer and shorter wavelength components of the solar radiation spectrum by reflecting the longer wavelength component
• the second aspect of the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement and extends to arrangements in which the shorter wavelength component is reflected.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
• Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
• Optical Filters (AREA)
• Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
• Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Priority Applications (8)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=3776556

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (10)

Cited By (3)

Families Citing this family (120)

Citations (12)

Family Cites Families (30)

• 1993
  • 1993-11-25 KR KR1019950702114A patent/KR100312023B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1993-11-25 DE DE69325817T patent/DE69325817T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 US US08/446,582 patent/US5658448A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 AT AT98204488T patent/ATE249019T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1993-11-25 DE DE69333191T patent/DE69333191T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 AT AT94900635T patent/ATE182635T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1993-11-25 EP EP98204488A patent/EP0927857B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 ES ES94900635T patent/ES2137349T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 JP JP6512578A patent/JPH08503738A/ja active Pending
  • 1993-11-25 WO PCT/AU1993/000600 patent/WO1994012690A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1993-11-25 ES ES98204488T patent/ES2206832T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 EP EP94900635A patent/EP0670915B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-11-25 AU AU55539/94A patent/AU691792B2/en not_active Expired
• 1997
  • 1997-05-13 US US08/854,942 patent/US5973825A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1999
  • 1999-10-27 GR GR990402754T patent/GR3031665T3/el unknown

Patent Citations (12)

Non-Patent Citations (3)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events