WO1994016079A2 - Nouvelles toxines de bacillus thuringiensis agissant contre les larves du chrysomele des racines de mais - Google Patents

Nouvelles toxines de bacillus thuringiensis agissant contre les larves du chrysomele des racines de mais Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994016079A2
WO1994016079A2 PCT/US1993/012682 US9312682W WO9416079A2 WO 1994016079 A2 WO1994016079 A2 WO 1994016079A2 US 9312682 W US9312682 W US 9312682W WO 9416079 A2 WO9416079 A2 WO 9416079A2
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nrrl
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bacillus thuringiensis
toxin
asn
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WO1994016079A3 (fr
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Jewel M. Payne
Kenneth E. Narva
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Mycogen Corp
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Mycogen Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/32—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Bacillus (G)
    • C07K14/325—Bacillus thuringiensis crystal peptides, i.e. delta-endotoxins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A01N63/23—B. thuringiensis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins

Definitions

  • the soil microbe Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium characterized by parasporal crystalline protein inclusions. These inclusions often appear microscopically as distinctively shaped crystals.
  • the proteins can be highly toxic to pests and specific in their toxic activity.
  • Certain B.t. toxin genes have been isolated and sequenced, and recombinant DNA-based B.t products have been produced and approved for use.
  • new approaches for delivering these B.t. endo toxins to agricultural environments are under development, including the use of plants genetically engineered with endotoxin genes for insect resistance and the use of stabilized intact microbial cells as B.t. endotoxin delivery vehicles (Gaertner, F.H., L. Kim [1988] TIBTECH 6.S4-S7).
  • isolated B.t. endotoxin genes are becoming commercially valuable.
  • B.t. pesticides have been largely restricted to a narrow range of lepidopteran (caterpillar) pests.
  • Preparations of the spores and crystals of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki have been used for many years as commercial insecticides for lepidopteran pests.
  • B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 produces a crystalline ⁇ 5- endotoxin which is toxic to the larvae of a number of lepidopteran insects.
  • B.t. pesticides with specificities for a much broader range of pests.
  • B.t. namely israelensis and tenebrionis (a.k.a. B.t. M-7, a.k.a. Bx son di go)
  • israelensis and tenebrionis have been used commercially to control insects of the orders Diptera and Coleoptera, respectively
  • tenebrionis a.k.a. B.t. M-7, a.k.a. Bx son di go
  • Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis which is reportedly active against two beetles in the order Coleoptera. These are the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and Agelastica alni. Recently, new subspecies of B.t. have been identified, and genes responsible for active ⁇ - endotoxin proteins have been isolated (HOfte, H., H.R. Whiteley [1989] Microbiological Reviews 52(2):242-255). HOfte and Whiteley classified B.t crystal protein genes into 4 major classes.
  • Cryl Lepidoptera-specific
  • Cryll Lepidoptera- and Diptera-specific
  • Crylll Coldoptera-specific
  • CrylV Diaptera-specific
  • Patent No. 4,918,006 discloses B.t. toxins having activity against Dipterans.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,849,217 discloses B.t isolates which have activity against the alfalfa weevil.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,208,077 discloses coleoiptemn-ac ⁇ ve Bacillus thuringiensis isolates.
  • Patent No. 5,151,363 and U.S. Patent No. 4,948,734 disclose certain isolates of B.t. which have activity against nematodes.
  • Other patents have issued for new B.t isolates and new uses of B.t isolates.
  • the discovery of new B.t. isolates and new uses of known B.t isolates remains an empirical, unpredictable art.
  • com rootworm species complex includes the northern com rootworm, Diabrotica barberi, the southern com rootworm, D. undecimpunctata howardi, and the western com rootworm, D.
  • virgifera virgifera virgifera.
  • the soil-dwelling larvae of these Diabrotica species feed on the root of the com plant, causing lodging. Lodging eventually reduces com yield and often results in death of the plant.
  • the adult beetles reduce pollination and, therefore, detrimentally effect the yield of com per plant.
  • adults and larvae of the genus Diabrotica attack cucurbit crops (cucumbers, melons, squash, etc.) and many vegetable and field crops in commercial production as well as those being grown in home gardens.
  • Control of com rootworm has been partially addressed by cultivation methods, such as crop rotation and the application of high nitrogen levels to stimulate the growth of an adventitious root system.
  • chemical insecticides are relied upon most heavily to guarantee the desired level of control.
  • Insecticides are either banded onto or incorporated into the soil.
  • the major problem associated with the use of chemical insecticides is the development of resistance among the treated insect populations.
  • the subject invention concerns novel materials and methods for controlling com rootworm.
  • the materials and methods of the subject invention result from the unexpected discovery that certain B.t. isolates, as well as toxins from these isolates, have activity against this pest.
  • the methods of the subject invention use B.t microbes, or variants thereof, and/or their toxins, to control com rootworms.
  • B.t. microbes useful according to the invention are B.t PS80JJ1, B.t. PS158D5, B.t. PS167P, B.t. PS169E, B.t PS177F1, B.t. PS177G, B.t PS204G4, and B.t PS204G6.
  • the subject invention also includes the use of variants of the exemplified B.t. isolates which have substantially the same com rootworm-active properties as the specifically exemplified B.t. isolates. Such variants would include, for example, mutants. Procedures for making mutants are well known in the microbiological an. Ultraviolet light and nitrosoguanidine are used extensively toward this end.
  • the subject invention also includes the use of genes from the B. isolates of the invention which genes encode the com rootworm-active toxins.
  • the invention includes the treatment of substantially intact B.t. cells, and recombinant cells containing the genes of the invention, treated to prolong the corn rootworm activity when the substantially intact cells are applied to the environment of a target pest.
  • Such treatment can be by chemical or physical means, or a combination of chemical and physical means, so long as the chosen means do not deleteriously affect the properties of the pesticide, nor diminish the cell's capability of protecting the pesticide.
  • the treated cell acts as a protective coating for the pesticidal toxin.
  • the toxin becomes active upon ingestion by a target insect.
  • the subject invention concerns plants cells transformed with genes of the subject invention which encode com rootworm-active toxins.
  • SEQ ID NO. 1 - is the N-terminal amino acid sequence for a toxin obtainable from PS204G6.
  • SEQ ID NO. 2 is an oligonucleotide probe used for cloning a gene from PS204G6.
  • SEQ ID NO. 3 - is a forward primer used for PCR amplification of the 80JJ1 and 167P genes.
  • SEQ ID NO. 4 - is a reverse primer used for PCR amplification of the 80JJ1 and 167P genes.
  • SEQ ID NO. 5 is the nucleotide sequence of gene 80JJ1.
  • SEQ ID NO. 6 - is the amino acid sequence of protein 80JJ1.
  • Detailed Disclosure of the Invention Certain Bacillus thuringiensis stains useful according to the subject invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,151,363. The disclosure of the cultures and their taxonomic characteristics are incorporated herein by reference to said patent.
  • the B.t isolates of the subject invention have been deposited in the permanent collection of the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA
  • the culture repository numbers of the B.L strains are as follows:
  • genes and toxins include not only the full length sequences disclosed but also fragments of these sequences, variants, mutants, and fusion proteins which retain the characteristic pesticidal activity of the toxins specifically exemplified herein.
  • variants or variantations refer to nucleotide sequences which encode the same toxins or which encode equivalent toxins having pesticidal activity.
  • the term "equivalent toxins” refers to toxins having the same or essentially the same biological activity against the target pests as the claimed toxins. It should be apparent to a person skilled in this art that genes encoding active toxins can be identified and obtained through several means. The specific genes exemplified herein may be obtained from the isolates deposited at a culture depository as described above. These genes, or portions or variants thereof, may also be constructed synthetically, for example, by use of a gene synthesizer. Variations of genes may be readily constructed using standard techniques for making point mutations. Also, fragments of these genes can be made using commercially available exonucleases or endonucleases according to standard procedures.
  • enzymes such as Ba l or site-directed mutagenesis can be used to systematically cut off nucleotides from the ends of these genes.
  • genes which encode active fragments may be obtained using a variety of restriction enzymes. Proteases may be used to directly obtain active fragments of these toxins.
  • Equivalent toxins and/or genes encoding these equivalent toxins can be derived from B.t. isolates and/or DNA libraries using the teachings provided herein. There are a number of methods for obtaining the pesticidal toxins of the instant invention. For example, antibodies to the pesticidal toxins disclosed and claimed herein can be used to identify and isolate other toxins from a mixture of proteins. Specifically, antibodies may be raised to the portions of the toxins which are most constant and most distinct from other B.t. toxins. These antibodies can then be used to specifically identify equivalent toxins with the characteristic activity by immunoprecipitation, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or western blotting. Antibodies to the toxins disclosed herein, or to equivalent toxins, or fragments of these toxins, can readily be prepared using standard procedures in this art. The genes which encode these toxins can then be obtained from the microorganism.
  • ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
  • Fragments and equivalents which retain the pesticidal activity of the exemplified toxins would be within the scope of the subject invention. Also, because of the redundancy of the genetic code, a variety of different DNA sequences can encode the amino acid sequences disclosed herein. It is well within the skill of a person trained in the art to create these alternative DNA sequences encoding the same, or essentially the same, toxins. These variant DNA sequences are within the scope of the subject invention. As used herein, reference to "essentially the same" sequence refers to sequences which have amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions which do not materially affect pesticidal activity. Fragments retaining pesticidal activity are also included in this definition.
  • a further method for identifying the toxins and genes of the subject invention is through the use of oligonucleotide probes. These probes are detectable nucleotide sequences. These sequences may be detectable by virtue of an appropriate label or may be made inherently fluorescent as described in International Application No. WO93/16094. As is well known in the art, if the probe molecule and nucleic acid sample hybridize by forming a strong bond between the two molecules, it can be reasonably assumed that the probe and sample have substantial homology. Preferably, hybridization is conducted under stringent conditions by techniques well- known in the art, as described, for example, in Keller, G.H., M.M. Manak (1987) DNA Probes, Stockton Press, New York, NY., pp.
  • Detection of the probe provides a means for determining in a known manner whether hybridization has occurred. Such a probe analysis provides a rapid method for identifying toxin-encoding genes of the subject invention.
  • the nucleotide segments which are used as probes according to the invention can be synthesized using
  • DNA synthesizer and standard procedures. These nucleotide sequences can also be used as PCR primers to amplify genes of the subject invention.
  • toxins of the subject invention have been specifically exemplified herein. Since these toxins are merely exemplary of the toxins of the subject invention, it should be readily apparent that the subject invention comprises variant or equivalent toxins (and nucleotide sequences coding for equivalent toxins) having the same or similar pesticidal activity of the exemplified toxin.
  • Equivalent toxins will have amino acid homology with an exemplified toxin. This amino acid homology will typically be greater than 75%, preferably be greater than 90%, and most preferably be greater than 95%. The amino acid homology will be highest in critical regions of the toxin which account for biological activity or are involved in the determination of three- dimensional configuration which ultimately is responsible for the biological activity.
  • amino acids may be placed in the following classes: non-polar, uncharged polar, basic, and acidic. Conservative substitutions whereby an amino acid of one class is replaced with another amino acid of the same type fall within the scope of the subject invention so long as the substitution does not materially alter the biological activity of the compound.
  • Table 1 provides a listing of examples of amino acids belonging to each class.
  • the toxins of the subject invention can also be characterized in terms of the shape and location of toxin inclusions, which are described above.
  • Recombinant Hosts The toxin-encoding genes harbored by the isolates of the subject invention can be introduced into a wide variety of microbial or plant hosts. Expression of the toxin gene results, directly or indirectly, in the intracellular production and maintenance of the pesticide.
  • the microbes can be applied to the situs of the pest, where they will proliferate and be ingested. The result is a control of the pest.
  • the microbe hosting the toxin gene can be treated under conditions that prolong the activity of the toxin and stabilize the cell. The treated cell, which retains the toxic activity, then can be applied to the environment of the target pest.
  • B.t toxin gene is introduced via a suitable vector into a microbial host, and said host is applied to the environment in a living state, it is essential that certain host microbes be used.
  • Microorganism hosts are selected which are known to occupy the "phytosphere"
  • microorganisms are selected so as to be capable of successfully competing in the particular environment (crop and other insect habitats) with the wild-type microorganisms, provide for stable maintenance and expression of the gene expressing the polypeptide pesticide, and, desirably, provide for improved protection of the pesticide from environmental degradation and inactivation.
  • microorganisms are known to inhabit the phylloplane (the surface of the plant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots) of a wide variety of important crops. These microorganisms include bacteria, algae, and fungi. Of particular interest are microorganisms, such as bacteria, e.g., genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Serratia, KJebsiella, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylophilius, Agrobacterium,
  • Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Leuconostoc, and Alcaligenes fungi, particularly yeast, e.g., genera Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula, and Aureobasidium.
  • phytosphere bacterial species as Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, Xanthomonas campestris, Rhizobium melioti, Alcaligenes entrophus, and Azotobacter vinlandii; and phytosphere yeast species such as Rhodotorula rubra, R glutinis, R marina, R aurantiaca, Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C.
  • B.t or recombinant cells expressing a B.t toxin can be treated to prolong the toxin activity and stabilize the cell.
  • the pesticide microcapsule that is formed comprises the B.t toxin within a cellular structure that has been stabilized and will protect the toxin when the microcapsule is applied to the environment of the target pest.
  • Suitable host cells may include either prokaryotes or eukaryotes, normally being limited to those cells which do not produce substances toxic to higher organisms, such as mammals. However, organisms which produce substances toxic to higher organisms could be used, where the toxic substances are unstable or the level of application sufficiently low as to avoid any possibility of toxicity to a mammalian host.
  • hosts of particular interest will be the prokaryotes and the lower eukaryotes, such as fungi.
  • the cell will usually be intact and be substantially in the proliferative form when treated, rather than in a spore form, although in some instances spores may be employed.
  • Treatment of the microbial cell can be by chemical or physical means, or by a combination of chemical and/or physical means, so long as the technique does not deleteriously affect the properties of the toxin, nor diminish the cellular capability of protecting the toxin.
  • chemical reagents are halogenating agents, particularly halogens of atomic no. 17-80. More particularly, iodine can be used under mild conditions and for sufficient time to achieve the desired results.
  • aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde
  • anti-infectives such as zephiran chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride
  • alcohols such as isopropyl and ethanol
  • histologic fixatives such as Lugol iodine, Bouin's fixative, various acids and Helly's fixative (See: Humason, Gretchen L., Animal Tissue Techniques, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1967); or a combination of physical
  • the cells generally will have enhanced structural stability which will enhance resistance to environmental conditions.
  • the method of cell treatment should be selected so as not to inhibit processing of the proform to the mature form of the pesticide by the target pest pathogen.
  • formaldehyde will crosslink proteins and could inhibit processing of the proform of a polypeptide pesticide.
  • the method of treatment should retain at least a substantial portion of the bio-availability or bioactivity of the toxin. Characteristics of particular interest in selecting a host cell for purposes of production include ease of introducing the B.t. gene into the host, availability of expression systems, efficiency of expression, stability of the pesticide in the host, and the presence of auxiliary genetic capabilities.
  • Characteristics of interest for use as a pesticide microcapsule include protective qualities for the pesticide, such as thick cell walls, pigmentation, and intracellular packaging or formation of inclusion bodies; survival in aqueous environments; lack of mammalian toxicity; attractiveness to pests for ingestion; ease of killing and fixing without damage to the toxin; and the like. Other considerations include ease of formulation and handling, economics, storage stability, and the like.
  • the cellular host containing the B.t. insecticidal gene may be grown in any convenient nutrient medium, where the DNA construct provides a selective advantage, providing for a selective medium so that substantially all or all of the cells retain the B.t. gene. These cells may then be harvested in accordance with conventional ways. Alternatively, the cells can be treated prior to harvesting.
  • the Bx cells of the invention can be cultured using standard art media and fermentation techniques. Upon completion of the fermentation cycle the bacteria can be harvested by first separating the B.t. spores and crystals from the fermentation broth by means well known in the art. The recovered B.t. spores and crystals can be formulated into a wettable powder, liquid concentrate, granules or other formulations by the addition of surfactants, dispersants, inert carriers, and other components to facilitate handling and application for particular target pests. These formulations and application procedures are all well known in the art.
  • Formulated bait granules containing an attractant and spores and crystals of the B.t. isolates, or recombinant microbes comprising the genes obtainable from the At. isolates disclosed herein can be applied to the soil.
  • Formulated product can also be applied as a seed- coating or root treatment or total plant treatment at later stages of the crop cycle.
  • Plant and soil treatments of B.t. cells may be employed as wettable powders, granules or dusts, by mixing with various inert materials, such as inorganic minerals (phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and the like) or botanical materials (powdered corncobs, rice hulls, walnut shells, and the like).
  • the formulations may include spreader-sticker adjuvants, stabilizing agents, other pesticidal- additives, or surfactants.
  • Liquid formulations may be aqueous-based or non-aqueous and employed as foams, gels, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, or the like.
  • the ingredients may include Theological agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, or polymers.
  • the pesticidal concentration will vary widely depending upon the nature of the particular formulation, particularly whether it is a concentrate or to be used directly.
  • the pesticide will be present in at least 1% by weight and may be 100% by weight.
  • the dry formulations will have from about 1-95% by weight of the pesticide while the liquid formulations will generally be from about 1-60% by weight of the solids in the liquid phase.
  • the formulations will generally have from about 10 2 to about 10 4 cells/mg. These formulations will be administered at about 50 mg (liquid or dry) to 1 kg or more per hectare.
  • the formulations can be applied to the environment of the pest, e.g., soil and foliage, by spraying, dusting, sprinkling, or the like.
  • Mutants of the isolates of the invention can be made by procedures well known in the art.
  • an asporogenous mutant can be obtained through ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of an isolate.
  • the mutants can be made using ultraviolet light and nitrosoguanidine by procedures well known in the art.
  • a smaller percentage of the asporogenous mutants will remain intact and not lyse for extended fermentation periods; these strains are designated lysis minus (-). Lysis minus strains can be identified by screening asporogenous mutants in shake flask media and selecting those mutants that are still intact and contain toxin crystals at the end of the fermentation.
  • Lysis minus strains are suitable for a cell treatment process that will yield a protected, encapsulated toxin protein.
  • To prepare a phage resistant variant of said asporogenous mutant an aliquot of the phage lysate is spread onto nutrient agar and allowed to dry. An aliquot of the phage sensitive bacterial strain is then plated directly over the dried lysate and allowed to dry. The plates are incubated at 30° C. The plates are incubated for 2 days and, at that time, numerous colonies could be seen growing on the agar. Some of these colonies are picked and subcultured onto nutrient agar plates. These apparent resistant cultures are tested for resistance by cross streaking with the phage lysate.
  • a line of the phage lysate is streaked on the plate and allowed to dry.
  • the presumptive resistant cultures are then streaked across the phage line.
  • Resistant bacterial cultures show no lysis anywhere in the streak across the phage line after overnight incubation at 30° C.
  • the resistance to phage is then reconfirmed by plating a lawn of the resistant culture onto a nutrient agar plate.
  • the sensitive strain is also plated in the same manner to serve as the positive control. After drying, a drop of the phage lysate is placed in the center of the plate and allowed to dry. Resistant cultures showed no lysis in the area where the phage lysate has been placed after incubation at 30° C for 24 hours.
  • Example 1 Culturing of B.t. Isolates of the Invention
  • a subculture of the B.t. isolates, or mutants thereof, can be used to inoculate the following medium, a peptone, glucose, salts medium.
  • the salts solution and CaCl 2 solution are filter-sterilized and added to the autoclaved and cooked broth at the time of inoculation. Flasks are incubated at 30° C on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for 64 hr.
  • the B.t. spores and/or crystals, obtained in the above fermentation can be isolated by procedures well known in the art.
  • a frequently-used procedure is to subject the harvested fermentation broth to separation techniques, e.g., centrifugation.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) isolates were cultured as described in Example 1 or can be cultured using other standard media and fermentation techniques well-known in the art.
  • Delta- endotoxins were isolated and purified by harvesting toxin protein inclusions by standard sedimentation centrifugation. Recovered parasporal inclusion bodies of some of the isolates were partially purified by sodium bromide (26-40%) isopycnic gradient centrifugation (Pfannenstiel, M.A, E.J. Ross, V.C. Kramer, K.W. Nickerson [1984] FEMS MicrobioL Lett 21:39). Thereafter the individual toxin proteins were resolved by solubilizing the crystalline protein complex in alkali buffer and fractionating the individual proteins by DEAE-sepharose CL-6B (Sigma Chem. Co.,
  • sequence obtained from the PS204G6 20-25 kDa polypeptide was: G N F N X E K D Y D (SEQ ID NO. 1) where X represents an amino acid residue with an undetermined identity.
  • oligonucleotide probes were designed by utilizing a codon frequency table assembled from available sequence data of other B.t toxin genes. The probes can be synthesized on an Applied Biosystems, Inc. DNA synthesis machine.
  • Total cellular DNA was prepared from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) cells grown to an optical density, at 600 nm, of 1.0. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in protoplast buffer (20 mg/ml lysozyme in 0.3M sucrose, 25mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0), 25mM EDTA). After incubation at 37° C for 1 hour, protoplasts were lysed by two cycles of freezing and thawing.
  • protoplast buffer (20 mg/ml lysozyme in 0.3M sucrose, 25mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0), 25mM EDTA).
  • oligonucleotide probe with the following sequence was synthesized based on the PS204G6 20-25 kDa toxin peptide sequence:
  • This oligonucleotide contains a 5' BamKl cloning site and is mixed at three positions as shown.
  • This probe was radiolabeled with 32 P and used in standard hybridizations of Southern blots of PS204G6 total cellular DNA Hybridizing bands included an approximately 2.4 kbp H ⁇ ndlll fragment. This DNA fragment contains all or a fragment of this PS204G6 toxin gene.
  • a gene library was constructed from PS204G6 DNA partially digested with Sau3A. Partial restriction digests were fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments 9.3 to 23 kbp in size were excised from the gel, electroeluted from the gel slice, purified on an Elutip-
  • the ligation mix was used to transform frozen, competent E. coli NM522 cells (ATCC 47000). J-galactosidase " transformants were screened by restriction digestion of alkaline lysate plasmid minipreps.
  • the desired plasmid construct, pMYC2365 contains a toxin gene that is novel compared to other ⁇ - endotoxin genes.
  • pMYC2365 was introduced into the acrystalliferous (Cry-) B.t host, CryB (A Aronson, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), by electroporation.
  • Total cellular DNA was prepared from B.t. cells as described in Example 3.
  • An approximately 700-800 bp DNA fragment from a novel PS80JJ1 130 kDa toxin gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using PS80JJ1 cellular DNA and the following primers: "Forward": 5' GGACCAGGATTTACAGG(TA)GG(AG)(AG)A 3'
  • the 700-800 bp DNA fragment was radiolabelled with 32 P and used in standard hybridizations of Southern blots of PS80JJ1 total cellular DNA Hybridizing bands included an approximately 1.8 kbp EcoRI fragment and an approximately 9.5 kbp ffindlll fragment. These hybridizing DNA bands contain toxin genes or restriction fragments of toxin genes from PS80JJ1.
  • a gene library was constructed from PS80JJ1 DNA partially digested with Ndell. Partial restriction digests were fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments 9.3 to 23 kbp in size were excised from the gel, electroeluted from the gel slice, purified on an Elutip-D ion exchange column (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, NH), and recovered by ethanol precipitation.
  • the Ndell inserts were ligated into J3fl»_HI-digested LambdaGem-11 (Promega, Madison, WI). Recombinant phage were packaged and plated on E. coli KW251 cells. Plaques were screened by hybridization with the probe described above. Hybridizing phage were plaque-purified and used to infect liquid cultures of E. coli KW251 cells for isolation of DNA by standard procedures (Maniatis et aL, supra).
  • the ligation mix was used to transform frozen, competent E. coli NM522 cells (ATCC 47000). -galactosidase- transformants were screened by restriction digestion of alkaline lysate plasmid minipreps as above.
  • the desired plasmid construct, pMYC2379 contains a toxin gene that is novel compared to other toxin genes containing insecticidal proteins.
  • Total cellular DNA was prepared from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) cells as described in Example 3.
  • the 700-800 bp DNA fragment was radiolabeled with 32 P and used in standard hybridizations of Southern blots of PS167P total cellular DNA Hybridizing bands included approximately 1.8 kbp and 2.3 kbp EcoRl fragments and approximately 5.5 kbp and 8.0 kbp radlll fragments. These DNA fragments contain toxin genes or restriction fragments of toxin genes unique to PS167P.
  • One aspect of the subject invention is the transformation of plants with genes encoding the insecticidal toxin.
  • the transformed plants are resistant to attack by the target pest.
  • Genes encoding pesticidal toxins can be inserted into plant cells using a variety of techniques which are well known in the art. For example, a large number of cloning vectors comprising a replication system in E. coli and a marker that permits selection of the transformed cells are available for preparation for the insertion of foreign genes into higher plants.
  • the vectors comprise, for example, pBR322, pUC series, M13mp series, pACYC184, etc. Accordingly, the sequence encoding the B.t. toxin can be inserted into the vector at a suitable restriction site. The resulting plasmid is used for transformation into E. coli.
  • coli cells are cultivated in a suitable nutrient medium, then harvested and lysed. The plasmid is recovered. Sequence analysis, restriction analysis, electrophoresis, and other biochemical-molecular biological methods are generally carried out as methods of analysis. After each manipulation, the DNA sequence used can be cleaved and joined to the next DNA sequence. Each plasmid sequence can be cloned in the same or other plasmids. Depending on the method of inserting desired genes into the plant, other DNA sequences may be necessary.
  • the Ti or Ri plasmid is used for the transformation of the plant cell, then at least the right border, but often the right and the left border of the Ti or Ri plasmid T-DNA has to be joined as the flanking region of the genes to be inserted.
  • T-DNA for the transformation of plant cells has been intensively researched and sufficiently described in EP 120 516; Hoekema (1985) In: The Binary Plant Vector System, Oflset-durkkerij Kanters B.V., Alblasserdam, Chapter 5; Fraley et aL, Cri Rev. Plant ScL 4:1-46; and An et aL (1985) EMBO J. 4:277-287.
  • the inserted DNA Once the inserted DNA has been integrated in the genome, it is relatively stable there and, as a rale, does not come out again. It normally contains a selection marker that confers on the transformed plant cells resistance to a biocide or an antibiotic, such as kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin, or chloramphenicol, inter alia.
  • the individually employed marker should accordingly permit the selection of transformed cells rather than cells that do not contain the inserted DNA
  • a large number of techniques are available for inserting DNA into a plant host cell. Those techniques include transformation with T-DNA using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes as transformation agent, fusion, injection, or electroporation as well as other possible methods. If agrobacteria are used for the transformation, the DNA to be inserted has to be cloned into special plasmids, namely either into an intermediate vector or into a binary vector.
  • the intermediate vectors can be integrated into the Ti or Ri plasmid by homologous recombination owing to sequences that are homologous to sequences in the T-DNA
  • the Ti or Ri plasmid also comprises the vir region necessary for the transfer of the T-DNA Intermediate vectors cannot replicate themselves in agrobacteria.
  • the intermediate vector can be transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens by means of a helper plasmid (conjugation).
  • Binary vectors can replicate themselves both in E. coli and in agrobacteria. They comprise a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker which are framed by the right and left T-DNA border regions. They can be transformed directly into agrobacteria (Holsters et aL [1978] MoL Gen. Genet 163:181-187).
  • the agrobacterium used as host cell is to comprise a plasmid carrying a vir region.
  • the vir region is necessary for the transfer of the T-DNA into the plant cell. Additional T-DNA may be contained.
  • the bacterium so transformed is used for the transformation of plant cells.
  • Plant explants can advantageously be cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes for the transfer of the DNA into the plant cell.
  • Whole plants can then be regenerated from the infected plant material (for example, pieces of leaf, segments of stalk, roots, but also protoplasts or suspension-cultivated cells) in a suitable medium, which may contain antibiotics or biocides for selection.
  • the plants so obtained can then be tested for the presence of the inserted DNA No special demands are made of the plasmids in the case of injection and electroporation. It is possible to use ordinary plasmids, such as, for example, pUC derivatives.
  • the transformed cells grow inside the plants in the usual manner. They can form germ cells and transmit the transformed trait(s) to progeny plants. Such plants can be grown in the normal manner and crossed with plants that have the same transformed hereditary factors or other hereditary factors. The resulting hybrid individuals have the corresponding phenotypic properties.
  • plants will be transformed with genes wherein the codon usage has been optimized for plants.
  • plants encoding a truncated toxin will be used. The truncated toxin typically will encode about 55% to about 80% of the full length toxin.
  • Example 7 Cloning of B.t. Genes Into Insect Viruses
  • viruses include, for example, baculoviruses and entomopoxviruses.
  • genes encoding the insecticidal toxins, as described herein can be placed within the genome of the insect virus, thus enhancing the pathogenicity of the virus.
  • Methods for constructing insect viruses which comprise B.t. toxin genes are well known and readily practiced by those skilled in the art. These procedures are described, for example, in Merryweather et aL (Merryweather, AT., U. Weyer,
  • ADDRESSEE SALIWANCHIK, DAVID R.
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (synthetic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: AGACGTGGAT CCGGAAATTT TAATTTTGAA AARGAYTAYG A 41
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (synthetic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: TAACGTGTAT WCGSTTTTAA TTTWGAYTC 29
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • Ala lie Pro Val Ser Asn Val Asn Ala Leu Val Asp Thr Ala Gly Asp 20 25 30
  • Ser Ala Thr Val Ser Asn Ala lie lie Asp Ala Gin Trp Ser Gly Thr 145 150 155 160
  • Asn Glu Asn Gin lie Met Asn Gly Asn Phe Asp Val Ala Ala Ala Pro 195 200 205
  • Tyr Phe Val lie Gly Ala Thr Leu Arg Leu Ser Leu Tyr Gin Ser Tyr 210 215 220 lie Lys Phe Cys Asn Ser Trp lie Asp Ala Val Gly Phe Ser Thr Asn 225 230 235 240
  • Val Ala lie Trp Ser Ser Leu Tyr Pro Asn Asp Tyr Thr Ser Gin Thr 305 310 315 320

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Abstract

Des gènes et des toxines provenant des souches de Bacillus thuringiensis désignées PS80JJ1, PS158D5, PS167P, PS169E, PS177F1, PS177G, PS204G4, PS204G6, et pouvant être utilisés pour lutter contre le chrysomèle des racines de maïs sont décrits et revendiqués. Des mutants qui conservent l'activité de la souche parente peuvent être utilisés pour lutter contre ces insectes nuisibles. En outre, des spores isolés ou des toxines purifiées à partir de ces isolats peuvent être utilisés pour lutter contre le chrysomèle. Des gènes codant des delta-endotoxines peuvent être extraits de ces souches selon des techniques standard connues, et transférés à d'autres hôtes. L'expression de la delta-endotoxine chez de tels hôtes permet de lutter contre les larves du chrysomèle.
PCT/US1993/012682 1992-12-31 1993-12-30 Nouvelles toxines de bacillus thuringiensis agissant contre les larves du chrysomele des racines de mais Ceased WO1994016079A2 (fr)

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US5670365A (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-09-23 Mycogen Corporation Identification of, and uses for, nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis genes, toxins, and isolates
WO1997034926A3 (fr) * 1996-03-21 1998-01-15 Genes de bacillus thuringiensis codant des toxines agissant contre les nematodes
WO1997040162A3 (fr) * 1996-04-19 1998-03-26 Mycogen Corp Toxines pesticides
WO1998050578A1 (fr) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Kocagoez Zuehtue Tanil Test de sensibilite antibacterien
US6063756A (en) * 1996-09-24 2000-05-16 Monsanto Company Bacillus thuringiensis cryET33 and cryET34 compositions and uses therefor
US6093695A (en) * 1996-09-26 2000-07-25 Monsanto Company Bacillus thuringiensis CryET29 compositions toxic to coleopteran insects and ctenocephalides SPP
WO2000024903A3 (fr) * 1998-10-23 2000-08-31 Mycogen Corp Polynucleotides optimises par les vegetaux codant des proteines pesticides de type 43f- et 80jj1/130 proteines
US6372480B1 (en) 1996-04-19 2002-04-16 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
AU2003203829B2 (en) * 1996-04-19 2006-09-07 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal Toxins
US7247613B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2007-07-24 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
CN103154248A (zh) * 2010-08-20 2013-06-12 先锋国际良种公司 对鞘翅目昆虫具有活性的新苏云金杆菌基因
US9139843B2 (en) 2011-05-24 2015-09-22 Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc Endotoxins having nematocidal activity and methods of use thereof
WO2018119336A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Athenix Corp. Utilisation de cry14 dans la lutte contre les nématodes parasites

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EP0309145A1 (fr) * 1987-09-22 1989-03-29 Mycogen Corporation Souche de Bacillus Thuringiensis var. San Diego résistante aux bactériophages
US5187091A (en) * 1990-03-20 1993-02-16 Ecogen Inc. Bacillus thuringiensis cryiiic gene encoding toxic to coleopteran insects
CA2042868A1 (fr) * 1990-06-11 1991-12-12 Kenneth E. Narva Microbes de bacillus thuringiensis efficaces contre les nematodes, et genes codant pour de nouvelles toxines efficaces contre les nematodes, clones a partir d'isolats de bacillus thuringiensis

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US5670365A (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-09-23 Mycogen Corporation Identification of, and uses for, nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis genes, toxins, and isolates
WO1997034926A3 (fr) * 1996-03-21 1998-01-15 Genes de bacillus thuringiensis codant des toxines agissant contre les nematodes
US6624145B1 (en) 1996-04-19 2003-09-23 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal toxins
US6548291B1 (en) 1996-04-19 2003-04-15 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal toxins
US7790961B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2010-09-07 Hycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
US6083499A (en) * 1996-04-19 2000-07-04 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal toxins
US7355003B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2008-04-08 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
US7247613B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2007-07-24 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
US6127180A (en) * 1996-04-19 2000-10-03 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal toxins
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US6893872B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2005-05-17 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal toxins
US6900371B2 (en) 1996-04-19 2005-05-31 Mycogen Corp. Pesticidal proteins
US6372480B1 (en) 1996-04-19 2002-04-16 Mycogen Corporation Pesticidal proteins
WO1997040162A3 (fr) * 1996-04-19 1998-03-26 Mycogen Corp Toxines pesticides
US6326351B1 (en) 1996-09-24 2001-12-04 Monsanto Technology Llc Bacillus thuringiensis CryET33 and CryET34 compositions and uses therefor
US7504229B2 (en) 1996-09-24 2009-03-17 Monsanto Technology Llc Methods for detecting Bacillus thuringiensis cryET33 and cryET34 polypeptides
US6399330B1 (en) 1996-09-24 2002-06-04 Monsanto Technology Llc Bacillus thuringiensis cryet33 and cryet34 compositions and uses thereof
US6063756A (en) * 1996-09-24 2000-05-16 Monsanto Company Bacillus thuringiensis cryET33 and cryET34 compositions and uses therefor
US6949626B2 (en) 1996-09-24 2005-09-27 Monsanto Technology Llc Bacillus thuringiensis cryET33 and cryET34 compositions and uses therefor
US6248536B1 (en) 1996-09-24 2001-06-19 Monsanto Company Bacillus thuringiensis CryET33 and CryET34 compositions and uses thereof
US7385107B2 (en) 1996-09-24 2008-06-10 Monsanto Technologies Llc Insect-resistant transgenic plants transformed with CryET33 and CryET34-encoding nucleic acids
US6686452B2 (en) 1996-09-26 2004-02-03 Monsanto Technology Llc Bacillus thuringiensis CryET29 compositions toxic to coleopteran insects and ctenocephalides SPP
US6537756B1 (en) 1996-09-26 2003-03-25 Monsanto Technology, Llc Bacillus thuringiensis CryET29 compositions toxic to coleopteran insects and Ctenocephalides SPP
US7186893B2 (en) 1996-09-26 2007-03-06 Monsanto Technology Llc Plants transformed with CryET29-encoding nucleic acids
US7572587B2 (en) 1996-09-26 2009-08-11 Monsanto Technology Llc Bacillus thuringiensis CryET29 compositions toxic to coleopteran insects and Ctenocephalides spp
US6093695A (en) * 1996-09-26 2000-07-25 Monsanto Company Bacillus thuringiensis CryET29 compositions toxic to coleopteran insects and ctenocephalides SPP
US6265182B1 (en) 1997-05-02 2001-07-24 Zuhtu T. Kocagoz Antibacterial susceptibility test
WO1998050578A1 (fr) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Kocagoez Zuehtue Tanil Test de sensibilite antibacterien
WO2000024903A3 (fr) * 1998-10-23 2000-08-31 Mycogen Corp Polynucleotides optimises par les vegetaux codant des proteines pesticides de type 43f- et 80jj1/130 proteines
CN103154248A (zh) * 2010-08-20 2013-06-12 先锋国际良种公司 对鞘翅目昆虫具有活性的新苏云金杆菌基因
US9139843B2 (en) 2011-05-24 2015-09-22 Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc Endotoxins having nematocidal activity and methods of use thereof
WO2018119336A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Athenix Corp. Utilisation de cry14 dans la lutte contre les nématodes parasites
CN110225974A (zh) * 2016-12-22 2019-09-10 巴斯夫农业种子解决方案美国有限责任公司 使用cry14来控制线虫害虫
CN110225974B (zh) * 2016-12-22 2024-03-29 巴斯夫农业种子解决方案美国有限责任公司 使用cry14来控制线虫害虫
US12054729B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2024-08-06 BASF Agricultural Solutions Seed US LLC Use of CRY14 for the control of nematode pests

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