WO1996022341A1

WO1996022341A1 - Use of alkoxylated alkanolamide together with alkoxylated alcohol as a friction-reducing agent

Info

Publication number: WO1996022341A1
Application number: PCT/EP1996/000155
Authority: WO
Inventors: Martin Hellsten; Ian Harwigsson
Original assignee: Akzo Nobel NV
Current assignee: Akzo Nobel NV
Priority date: 1995-01-19
Filing date: 1996-01-09
Publication date: 1996-07-25
Anticipated expiration: 1997-07-19
Also published as: DE69600479D1; SE9500159D0; CA2206985A1; JPH11500764A; SE9500159L; EP0804516B1; EP0804516A1; US5979479A; ES2120282T3; CA2206985C; SE502764C2; DE69600479T2

Abstract

Use of a mixture of at least one alkanolamide of general formula (I), wherein R is a hydrocarbon group having 7-23 carbon atoms, preferably 11-23 carbons atoms, A is an alkyleneoxy group having 2-4 carbon atoms and n is 2-12, preferably 2-8, and at least one alkoxylated alcohol in a weight ratio between the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol from 10:1 to 1:10, preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:5 for producing a water-base liquid system with reduced flow resistance between the flowing, water-base liquid system and a solid surface.

Description

USE OF ALKOXYLATED ALKANOLAMIDE TOGETHER WITH ALKOXYLATED ALCOHOL AS A FRICTION-REDUCING AGENT

The present invention relates to the use of an alkoxylated alkanolamide together with an alkoxylated alcohol in a water-base system for reducing the flow resistance between a solid surface and the water-base liquid system.

Surfactants with the ability to form extremely long, cylindrical micelles have, in recent years, attracted a great interest as friction-reducing additives to systems with circulating water, especially those destined for heat or cold distribution.

An important reason for this interest is that, al- though one desires to maintain a laminar flow in the con¬ duits, one wishes at the same time to have turbulence in the heat exchangers to achieve therein a high heat transfer per unit area.

As may easily be understood, fibres or chain polymers are unable to provide this double function which, however, can be achieved with rod-shaped micelles, since the flow rate (the Reynold's number) usually is much higher in the heat exchangers than in the conduit.

The rod-shaped micelles are distinguished by operat- ing in a fairly disorderly fashion at low Reynold's numbers (below 10⁴) , having no or only a very slight effect on the flow resistance.

At higher Reynold's numbers (above 10⁴) , the micelles are paralleled and result in a friction reduction very close to that which is theoretically possible.

At even higher Reynold's numbers (e.g. above (10^s) , the shear forces in the liquid become so high that the micelles start to get torn and the friction-reducing effect rapidly decreases as the Reynold's number increases above this value.

The range of Reynold's numbers within which the surface-active agents have a maximum friction-reducing effect is heavily dependent on the concentration, the range increasing with the concentration.

By choosing the right concentration of surface-active agents and suitable flow rates in tubings and heat ex- changers, it is thus possible to establish a laminar flow in the tubes and turbulence in the heat exchangers. Thus, the dimensions of both the tubes and the exchangers can be kept at a low level, or the number of pump stations, and conse¬ quently the pump work, can alternatively be reduced while retaining the same tubular dimensions.

The surface active agents most commonly used as friction-reducing additives to circulating water systems for heat or cold distribution are of the type represented by alkyltri ethyl ammonium salicylate wherein the alkyl group is a long alkyl chain which has 12-22 carbon atoms and which may either be saturated or contain one or more double bonds.

This type of surface-active agent functions satis¬ factorily already at a concentration of 0.5-2 kg/m³, but is degraded very slowly, both aerobically and anaerobically, and further is highly toxic to marine organisms.

Since heat-distribution systems for small houses usually suffer from important leaks (it is estimated that in one year 60-100 per cent of the water leaks out) , it follows that the added chemicals end up in the ground water and in various fresh-water recipients. This combination of low bio- degradability and high toxicity is a fundamental criterion for a product injurious to the environment.

Thus there is a general demand for surface-active agents which are less harmful to the environment but which have the same excellent ability as the quaternary ammonium compounds described above to reduce the flow resistance in circulating water systems.

In the US Patent 5 339 855 it is described that alkoxylated alkanolamides with the general formula RCNH(A)_nH (I)

H O wherein R is a hydrocarbon group having 9-23 carbon atoms, A is an alkyleneoxy group having 2-4 carbon atoms and n is 3- 12, are capable of forming long cylindrical micelles in water and thus reduce the friction in water-based system. These products are easily degradable and function excellently in deionized water especially at low tempera¬ tures. However, the friction-reducing effects are hampered in hard water and by the presence of high amounts of electrolytes. Further the temperature range for their opti¬ mal friction-reducing effect will be rather narrow, some- times as small as 10°C.

In the US patent 3 961 639 it is disclosed that a solution of ethoxylated fatty alcohols may have good friction-reducing properties when it is tested at a tempera¬ ture close to the cloud point of the solution and when the surfactant concentration is at least 5 and preferably 10 kg/m³.

We have now surprisingly found that a combination of alkoxylated fatty acid alkanolamides of formula I and an alkoxylated alcohol of the formula II R₁-(CA_rO)_Ip (II) where R_x is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group containing 8-24 carbon atoms, m is a number from 1 to 12 and r a number from 2 to 4 with the proviso that at least half of the alkyleneoxy units consists of C₂H0 units, will give water solutions with improved friction-reducing properties at low temperatures within a rather wide temperature range both below and above the cloud point of the solution in comparison with the compounds forming the composition. Pre¬ ferably the combination of the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol has a cloud point between the highest and the lowest temperature for which the water-base system is intended. Furthermore, the crystallization temperature for the combination is suitably below the lowest temperature for which the water-base system is intended. The mixtures according to the invention can also tolerate hard water and electrolytes which may be added e.g. as corrosion inhibitors. The weight ratio between the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol may be varied between 10:1 and 1:10, normally between 5:1 and 1:5. Besides the structure of the two surfactant components the weight ratio will also depend significantly on the hardness and salt content of the water and the desired temperature working range for the solution.

The total amount of the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol may vary within wide limits depend- ing on the conditions, but is generally 0.1-10 kg/m³ of the water-base system.

By "water-base" is meant that at least 50 per cent by weight, preferably at least 90 per cent by weight, of the water-base liquid system consists of water. The combination of alkoxylated alkanolamide and alkoxylated alcohol is especially suited for use in water- base systems flowing in long conduits, e.g. circulating water systems for heat or cold distribution.

The alkoxylated alcohols according to the invention preferably contain from 12 to 22 carbon atoms in the hydro¬ carbon group, while m preferably is from 3 to 8 and r is 2. The preferred alkoxylated alkanolamides for this in¬ vention contain 13-23 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group, the alkyleneoxy group has 2 carbon atoms and n is a number from 3 to 6. For cooling water applications when the water temperature is below 30°C it is preferable that at least a part of the hydrocarbon groups R and R_x contain one and/or more double bonds.

The alkoxylated alkanolamide can be produced by amidation of a carboxylie acid of the formula RCOOH, wherein R has the meaning stated above, with an alkanolamine of the formula NH₂AH, wherein A has the meaning stated above, or by aminolysis of a corresponding triglyceride or methyl ester with the abovementioned alkanolamine followed by alkoxyla- tion of the resulting amide. The alkoxylation may be carried out in the presence of an alkaline catalyst at a temperature Of 40-180^βC. It is especially suitable to carry out the alkoxyla¬ tion in the presence of a tertiary amine lacking protons that react with alkylene oxide, or an alkylene-oxide-quater- nised derivative of the tertiary amine at a temperature ranging from room temperature to 120°C, which results in high yields of the desired product. Suitable teritary amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, di¬ methyloctylamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, dimethyl coco¬ nut amine, tristearyl amine, dimethyl piperazine and diaza- bicyclooctane.

The alkoxylation may comprise ethoxylation, propoxy- lation, addition of propylene oxide in blocks, simultaneous addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, or a com¬ bination thereof. The ethylene oxide conveniently amounts to at least 50 mole per cent of the added alkylene oxide. To use only ethoxylation is preferred.

The carboxylic acids of the formula RCOOH, wherein R has the meaning stated above, may be aliphatic, aromatic as well as cyclo-aliphatic. Suitable carboxylic acids include the aliphatic carboxylic acids in which the hydrocarbon part may be saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched. To use conventional fatty acids is especially preferred. Suitable alkoxylated alkanolamides include the following specific examples: o O

I II

RCNH(C₂H₄0)₄H, wherein RC is derived from rape seed oil fatty acid,

O o

II II

RCNH{C₂H₄0)₇H, wherein RC is derived from rape seed oil fatty acid,

0 O

II U

RCNHC₃H₆0 (C₂H₄0) ₃H, wherein RC is derived from lauric acid,

0 O

1 RCNH(C₂H₄0) H, wherein RC is derived from lauric acid,

O O n H

RCNHC₂H₄0(A)₄H, wherein RC is derived from stearic acid, and the group A is random added from equal mole parts of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide

0 0

1 II

RCNHC₄H_βO(C₂H₄0)_βH, wherein RC is derived from linolenic acid.

The choice of chain length and degree of unsaturation is determined by the temperature range in which the alkoxy¬ lated alkanolamide is to operate but also by the kind and amount of the alkoxylated alcohol which will be included in the mixture and the hardness and salt content of the water which shall be used for the solution.

The general principle is then that a hydrophobic al¬ koxylated alkanolamide, i.e. with a large hydrocarbon group and a low degree of alkoxylation will need a rather hydro- philic alkolylated alcohol i.e. with a short to moderate hydrocarbon group and a moderate to large alkyleneoxy group which mainly should consist of ethyleneoxy units. The al¬ koxylated alcohol may also contain two or more alkyleneoxy groups. The use of hard or salt water will have the same effect as making the alkoxylated alkanolamide more hydro¬ phobic, i.e. it creates a demand for either a higher amount of the alkoxylated alcohol or a more hydrophilic surfactant of this type. A convenient way to find out the right propor- tion between the alkoxylated alcohol and the alkoxylated alkanolamide is to disperse the latter in the water having the highest temperature in the planned operational tempera¬ ture range and then add successively a solution of the former surfactant until the dispersed alkoxylated alkanol- amide just has been solubilized.

Suitable alkoxylated alcohols according to the in¬ vention are ethoxylated fatty alcohols where the alcohols have been produced from fatty acids or fatty acid esters or by hydroformulation of olefins by a so-called Oxo-process. The hydrocarbon group in the alcohol may be branched or un- branched, saturated or unsaturated and the choice will be determined by the temperature working range for which the final product is intended where branched or unsaturated groups are preferred for low-temperature work i.e. for cooling water.

Apart from the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the al- koxylated alcohol the water-base system may contain a number of conventional components, such as rust-preventing agents, anti-freeze, and bactericides. The system may also include solubilisers, such as diethylene glycol onobutyl ethers, which may affect the cloud-point of the surfactant mixture in the water-base system quite considerably.

The present invention will now be further illustrated with the aid of the following examples.

Examples

The friction-reducing properties of the compositions and products according to the prior art have been tested according to two different methods, one rather simple proce¬ dure, which will be called the screening test, and one more elaborated streaming test, which will be called the loop test. Screening test

A serie of 50 ml glass beakers of the same dimensions (65x35 mm) each containing a Teflon-covered cylindrical magnet (20x6 mm) were each filled with 40 ml test solution and then kept in a refrigerator at least 4 h at 3°C. The beakers were then taken out one by one, immediately placed on a magnetic stirrer, a thermometer immersed to a depth of 15 mm, the stirrer started at full speed, 1400 rpm, and the depth of the vortex formed in the solution was recorded at various temperatures while the solution temperature increas- ed to room temperature during 15 mins.

When no vortex could be detected (recorded as 0 mm) , it is known by experience that this indicates good friction reducing properties.

If on the other hand no efficient additive was present, e.g. for pure water the vortex reached down to the stirring magnet and the result was recorded as 35 mm. Loop test

Measurements were carried out in a 6 m tube loop con¬ sisting of two straight and stainless tubes (3 m each) , one tube having an inner diameter of 8 mm and the other having an inner diameter of 10 mm. Water was pumped through the tube loop by a centrifugal pump, which was driven by a frequency-controlled motor for continuous adjustment of the flow rate, which was determined by a rotameter.

The straight parts of the tube loop had outlets which, with the aid of valves, could in turn be connected to a differential pressure gauge whose other side was all the time connected to a reference point in the tube loop. Further, the tube loop was heat-insulated, and the suction side of the pump was connected to a thermostatically con- trolled container with a volume of 20 1, to which the return flow from the tube loop was directed.

After the test compound had been added and the aqueous solution had been thermostatically controlled, mea¬ surements began at low flow rates, and the pressure differ- ence from two points on the 10 mm tube and three points on the 8 mm tube were measured for each flow rate. The pressure differences thus measured were then converted into Moody's friction factory Y and are shown in the examples as a func¬ tion of the Reynold's number Re. Y - 2D.P_di„/V².L.d

Re - D.V.d/u

D -* tube diameter

V = flow rate

L « tube length over which the pressure difference P_di_ff ^was measured d = density of the liquid u = viscosity of the liquid

The examples also state the corresponding Prandtl number and Virk number. The former corresponds to the fric- tion factor of water only, i.e. with turbulence, and the latter corresponds to flow without turbulence, i.e. a laminar flow. Examples 1-3

These examples were carried out according to the screening test described previously.

The alkoxylated alkanolamides used in these examples were monoethanolamides of technical oleic acid to which had been added 3; 4; 5; and 6 moles of ethylene oxide. These products will in the following be called OMA-3; OMA-4 etc. The technical oleic acid consists of 60 per cent oleic acid, 20 per cent linoleic acid and 10 per cent linolenic acid, the rest being mainly palmitic and stearic acids.

As alkoxylated alcohol in these examples has been used the reaction product of 1 mol technical oleyl alcohol with an iodine number of 85 and 6 moles of ethylene oxide with KOH as a catalyst. This product is hereafter called OLA-6.

The water used in these examples was a hard water containing 2.2 moles Ca^2* and 1.4 moles Mg²⁺ per m³ and as a corrosion inhibitor 1.3 kg NaN0₂, 0.35 kg NaN0₃ and 0.35 kg NaB0₂.4 H₂0 per ³.

The composition of the test solutions are given in the table below:

^*}a.s. » active substance

The test results are given as the depth of the vortex formed in mm at the stirrer speed of 1400 rpm. Test solution Temperature, °C

3 5 8 12 14 18 20

I 2* 2* 3* 3* 4* 4* 4*

II 0 0 2 3* 5* 10* 10*

III 0 0 0 1 2* 4* 5*

Comparison I 20 20 20 13 2 2 2

Comparison II 15 5 0 1 3 10 10

The asterisk * means that the solution was turbid.

The results of these tests indicate that the composi¬ tions according to the invention have a significant stabi¬ lizing effect on the water in immediate vicinity of a tur¬ bulent zone and have thus a good friction-reducing ability on water flowing in a tube, especially at low temperatures. The comparison tests show that the ethoxylated alcohol has only a limited friction-reducing effect at temperatures below 14^βC, while the ethoxylated ethanolamides in Compari¬ son II show an excellent friction-reducing effect only with¬ in a narrow temperature interval (8-14°C) .

Examples 4-6

These examples were carried out according to the loop test. The water used had the same composition as the water in Examples 1-3. The surfactants added were 3.00 kg/m³ of OMA-5 and 3.00 kg/m³ of OLA-6 where the acronyms OMA-5 and OLA-6 has the same meaning as in Examples 1-3.

Example 4

Water temp. 6.4^βC, pH 9.5, cloud point 12^βC.

1 Moody's friction factor x 10³

Reynolds 3X10³ 5X10³ 10⁴ 2X10⁴ 3X10⁴ 4X10⁴ 6X10⁴ number

Prandtl 45 38 32 27 24 22 20 number

10 mm tube 50 30 19 18 14 16 20

8 mm tube 47 23 10 11 12 15 18

Virk number 25 18 11 7 6 5 4.5 Example 5

Water temp. 11°C, pH 9.5, cloud point 12°C

Moody's friction factor x 10³

Reynolds 3X10³ 5X10³ 10⁴ 2X10⁴ 3X10⁴ 4X10⁴ 6xl0⁴ number

Prandtl 45 38 32 27 24 22 20 number

10 mm tube 43 32 17 11 7 7 12

8 mm tube 42 25 12 10 7 5 11

Virk number 25 18 11 7 6 5 4.5

Example 6

Water temp. 20.5°C, pH 9.5, cloud point 12°C.

From these three loop tests with a composition according to the invention it can clearly be seen that a substantial friction-reducing effect can be achieved in the temperature range 6-21°C in a hard water containing added salts and with a dosage of 6.0 kg per m³.

Claims

C A I M S

1. Use of a combination of at least one alkoxylated alkanolamide of the general formula RCNH(A)_nH (I)

O wherein R is a hydrocarbon group having 7-23 carbon atoms, preferably 11-23 carbon atoms, A is an alkyleneoxy group having 2-4 carbon atoms and n is 2-12, preferably 2-8, and at least one alkoxylated alcohol of the formula

R₁-(C_rH_a«0)_«H (H) where R_x is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group containing 8-24 carbon atoms, m is a number from 1 to 12 and r a number from 2 to 4 with the proviso that at least half of the alkyleneoxy units consists of C₂H₄0 units, in a weight ratio between the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol from 10:1 to 1:10 preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:5 for producing a water-base liquid system with reduced flow resistance between the flowing, water-base liquid system and a solid surface.

2. Use as claimed in claim 1, characterized in, that the combination of the alkoxylated alkanolamide and the alkoxylated alcohol has a cloud point between the highest and the lowest temperature for which the water-base system is intended.

3. Use as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in, that the crystallization temperature for the mixture is below the lowest temperature for which the water-base system is intended.

4. Use as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in, that the water-base system is a cooling medium with a temperature below 30°C.

5. Use as claimed in any one of claims 1-4, charac¬ terised in, that the mixture of alkoxylated alkanolamide and alkoxylated alcohol is added in an amount of 0.1-10 kg/m³ of the water-base system.

6. Use as claimed in any one of claims 1-5, charac¬ terized in, that at least half of the alkyleneoxy groups in the alkoxylated alkanolamide are ethyleneoxy groups.

7. Use as claimed in claim 6, characterized in, that A is an ethyleneoxy group.

8. Use as claimed in any one of claims 1-7, charac¬ terized in, that at least half of the groups C-Ji^O in the alkoxylated alcohol are ethyleneoxy groups.

9. Use as claimed in claim 8, characterized in, that all alkyleneoxy groups are ethyleneoxy groups.

10. Use as claimed in any one of claims 1-9, charac¬ terized in, that at least a part of the hydrocarbon groups R and Rj. contain one and/or more double bonds.