WO1998043275A1 - Diode a vide a densite de courant de saturation elevee et temps de reponse rapide pour la detection de rayonnements electromagnetiques - Google Patents
Diode a vide a densite de courant de saturation elevee et temps de reponse rapide pour la detection de rayonnements electromagnetiques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998043275A1 WO1998043275A1 PCT/FR1998/000564 FR9800564W WO9843275A1 WO 1998043275 A1 WO1998043275 A1 WO 1998043275A1 FR 9800564 W FR9800564 W FR 9800564W WO 9843275 A1 WO9843275 A1 WO 9843275A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coaxial cable
- diode
- photocathode
- grid
- current density
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
- H01J40/16—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas having photo- emissive cathode, e.g. alkaline photoelectric cell
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a vacuum diode with high saturation current density and fast response time for the detection of electromagnetic radiation.
- the invention can be used in a broadband spectrometer, which is used to measure the spectrum of X-radiation emitted by a plasma generated by means of a laser.
- temporal response which is worth approximately 150 ps.
- the coaxial cable mentioned above has a diameter of a few millimeters.
- a vacuum diode whose electrodes have small dimensions.
- Known vacuum diodes have electrodes, namely a photocathode and a grid, which are planar, parallel and placed facing one another.
- the surface of the electrodes to be considered is perfectly defined, which simplifies the calculation of the absolute response of these diodes but also fixes the maximum current which can be supplied by them.
- V represents the voltage between the electrodes of the vacuum diode, expressed in V
- d represents the distance between these electrodes, expressed in cm.
- the voltage and the distance between the electrodes are fixed by physical considerations of voltage withstand, due to the dielectric strength of a coaxial cable of the kind mentioned above, and of vacuum level for the distance between the electrodes .
- the voltage is of the order of 1500 V and the distance between the electrodes is of the order of 1 mm, which leads to a limiting current density of the order of 13 A / cm 2 .
- this leads to a maximum current of 0.13 A or alternatively, with a coaxial cable of SMA 50 ⁇ type, to a maximum voltage signal of 6.5 V.
- the maximum useful current should be limited to a measurement, to one tenth of this value or 0.65 V.
- This last value is notably low, which inevitably results in a drop in the measurement dynamics (in this case of the order of 10) because the minimum measurable sensitivity, taking into account the noise of the measurement, is of the order of 50 mV with a fast oscilloscope, for example of the IN 7000 type.
- the present invention aims to solve the above problems and to provide a vacuum diode with high saturation current density and fast response time for the detection of electromagnetic radiation.
- the subject of the present invention is a vacuum diode for the detection of electromagnetic radiation, this diode comprising:
- this diode being characterized in that the grid has the shape of a cylinder and surrounds the photocathode, the latter extending along the axis of the cylinder, in that the photocathode comprises a part of the inner conductor of a coaxial cable, the outer conductor and the electrically insulating material of this cable coaxial being eliminated opposite this part, and in that the grid is electrically connected to the outer conductor of this coaxial cable, the inner and outer conductors being coaxial.
- said part is one end of the inner conductor of the coaxial cable.
- the internal radius of the grid can be approximately equal to the internal radius of the external conductor of the coaxial cable.
- the internal radius of the grid can be chosen so that the impedance of the diode, when placed in a vacuum, is equal to the characteristic impedance of the coaxial cable.
- the coaxial structure of the vacuum diode object of the present invention allows it to have better performance, as regards the maximum current density, than the known vacuum diodes.
- the core (inner conductor) of a coaxial cable is used directly as a photocathode and there is, at the periphery of this coaxial cable, the grid intended to collect the electrons which are generated at the core of the coaxial cable, by interaction with radiation.
- the application of formula (b) to the present invention leads to very high values with regard to the current density per unit surface, the surface considered being that of the photocathode, that is to say of a part of the core of a coaxial cable in the preferred embodiment.
- the limit current density is more than 30 A / cm 2 , ie the limit current density of a diode with a flat structure. For even smaller cables, this density increases considerably.
- a cable of 3.58 mm in diameter leads to a charge current density of 50 A / cm 2 and this reaches, for a cable of 1.19 mm in diameter, a value of the order of 200 A / cm 2 .
- a diode according to the invention makes it possible to "convey" an almost constant current, whatever the diameter of the coaxial cable used, and leads to less limitations, as regards the current density, than the vacuum diodes classics with flat electrodes.
- the vacuum diode according to the invention which is schematically shown in perspective in the single appended figure, is intended to detect electromagnetic radiation 2 which is for example X radiation.
- This diode according to the invention comprises: a photocathode 4 which is intended to receive the radiation 2, and
- the grid 6 surrounds the photocathode 4 and has the shape of a cylinder whose axis has the reference X in the figure.
- the photocathode 4 also has the shape of a cylinder whose axis is also the X axis as seen in the figure.
- the diode is formed at one end 7 of a coaxial cable 8, for example of the SMA type.
- This cable comprises an inner conductor 10 of cylindrical shape and an outer conductor 12 also of cylindrical shape, the conductors 10 and 12 being coaxial.
- the space between the conductors 10 and 12 is filled with a dielectric material 14.
- the coaxial cable also includes a protective sheath which is not shown in the figure.
- the photocathode 4 is formed by a part of the inner conductor 10 which projects beyond the end 7 of the coaxial cable.
- the grid 6 is a thin metal blade, pierced with a large number of openings 16. This initially rectangular blade has been curved to have the shape of a cylinder whose height is equal to the height of the photocathode 4 and whose inner radius is roughly equal to the radius inside of the outside conductor 12 of the coaxial cable 8.
- the base of the grid 6 is electrically connected to this outer conductor 12.
- the height of the grid 6 (height of the photocathode 4) is denoted h
- the radius of the photocathode 4 is denoted r
- the inner radius and the outer radius of the outer conductor 12 of the coaxial cable 8 are respectively denoted RI and R2.
- a suitable measuring device 20 is connected to the inner conductor 10 and an outer conductor 12 of the coaxial cable 8, at the end 22 thereof, opposite to the one where the diode is located.
- the measuring device 20 is intended to establish an appropriate electrical voltage between these external and internal conductors, and therefore between the photocathode 4 and grid 6 of the diode, and to measure the current supplied by grid 6 when the diode is placed in a vacuum (very low pressure, of the order of 10 ⁇ 5 Pa to 13 ⁇ 3 Pa depending on the experiments to be carried out ) and that the radiation 2 that one wants to study is sent to the diode.
- the internal radius of the grid can be greater than the external radius of the external conductor 12 of the coaxial cable 8 and it is then necessary to provide an adaptation part (not shown) allowing the establishment of a connection. between the grid 6 and the external conductor 12.
- Di represents the internal diameter of this external conductor
- d represents the diameter of the internal conductor of the coaxial cables
- Vm represents the maximum bias voltage of the coaxial cables
- S represents the surface of the part of the coaxial cables which forms the photocathode
- J 2 represents the maximum current per unit of length obtained using the simulation
- ji represents the maximum current density per unit of area, obtained using the formula (b)
- j 2 represents the current density maximum per unit area, obtained using simulation.
- the diodes according to the invention have a low capacity per unit of length (less than 0.1 pF / cm), which leads to RC response time constants of less than ten picoseconds and therefore time resolutions in accordance with the measurement needs.
- diodes according to the invention can be used in fields of current densities and temporal responses which are inaccessible with known vacuum diodes.
- the present invention is capable of very numerous applications in particular in the field of laser metrology.
Landscapes
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98917194A EP0968518B1 (fr) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Diode a vide a densite de courant de saturation elevee et temps de reponse rapide pour la detection de rayonnements electromagnetiques |
| DE69828494T DE69828494D1 (de) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Vakuumdiode mit hoher sättigungsstromdichte und kurze antwortzeit zur erfassung elektromagnetischer strahlung |
| US09/381,271 US6337537B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Vacuum diode with high saturation current density and quick response time for detecting of electromagnetic radiation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9703476A FR2761195B1 (fr) | 1997-03-21 | 1997-03-21 | Diode a vide a densite de courant de saturation elevee et temps de reponse rapide pour la detection de rayonnements electromagnetiques |
| FR97/03476 | 1997-03-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1998043275A1 true WO1998043275A1 (fr) | 1998-10-01 |
Family
ID=9505049
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR1998/000564 Ceased WO1998043275A1 (fr) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Diode a vide a densite de courant de saturation elevee et temps de reponse rapide pour la detection de rayonnements electromagnetiques |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6337537B1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0968518B1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69828494D1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2761195B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1998043275A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105469814A (zh) * | 2008-03-13 | 2016-04-06 | 吉伯生创新比利时有限责任公司 | 用于使得能够从多个项目中选择项目的方法和设备 |
| WO2020079922A1 (fr) * | 2018-10-16 | 2020-04-23 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Tube à vide de circuit amplificateur et circuit amplificateur l'utilisant |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR699787A (fr) * | 1929-05-28 | 1931-02-19 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Perfectionnements apportés aux cellules photographiques |
| US3983437A (en) * | 1968-03-12 | 1976-09-28 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Electromagnetic radiation detector |
| DE3238387A1 (de) * | 1982-10-16 | 1984-04-19 | Rudolf 8100 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Leutenbauer | Verfahren zur verwendung einer geschlossenen hochvakuumfotozelle fuer die ermittlung der planckschen konstante h und hochvakuumfotozelle, die zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens besonders geeignet ist |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4358764A (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1982-11-09 | Southwest Microwave, Inc. | Coupling unit for coaxial cable including means for radiating wave energy |
| US5245183A (en) * | 1992-09-10 | 1993-09-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Vibration resistant coaxial infrared diode and integrated circuit board |
| RU2120706C1 (ru) * | 1997-01-28 | 1998-10-20 | Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН | Устройство для генерации импульсного электронного пучка |
-
1997
- 1997-03-21 FR FR9703476A patent/FR2761195B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-03-20 US US09/381,271 patent/US6337537B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-20 EP EP98917194A patent/EP0968518B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-20 WO PCT/FR1998/000564 patent/WO1998043275A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1998-03-20 DE DE69828494T patent/DE69828494D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR699787A (fr) * | 1929-05-28 | 1931-02-19 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Perfectionnements apportés aux cellules photographiques |
| US3983437A (en) * | 1968-03-12 | 1976-09-28 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Electromagnetic radiation detector |
| DE3238387A1 (de) * | 1982-10-16 | 1984-04-19 | Rudolf 8100 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Leutenbauer | Verfahren zur verwendung einer geschlossenen hochvakuumfotozelle fuer die ermittlung der planckschen konstante h und hochvakuumfotozelle, die zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens besonders geeignet ist |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| ARMENTROUT C J ET AL: "UV TO SOFT-X-RAY SURVEYS USING A COMPACT, BIPLANAR DIODE ARRAY", 1 August 1988, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, VOL. 59, NR. 8 PART 02, PAGE(S) 1843 - 1845, XP000256684 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2761195B1 (fr) | 2006-12-15 |
| DE69828494D1 (de) | 2005-02-10 |
| US6337537B1 (en) | 2002-01-08 |
| EP0968518B1 (fr) | 2005-01-05 |
| EP0968518A1 (fr) | 2000-01-05 |
| FR2761195A1 (fr) | 1998-09-25 |
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