WO1998055152A1 - Mecanisme secretoire des mastocytes utilise comme cible en vue du developpement de medicaments antiallergiques - Google Patents

Mecanisme secretoire des mastocytes utilise comme cible en vue du developpement de medicaments antiallergiques Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1998055152A1
WO1998055152A1 PCT/US1998/011702 US9811702W WO9855152A1 WO 1998055152 A1 WO1998055152 A1 WO 1998055152A1 US 9811702 W US9811702 W US 9811702W WO 9855152 A1 WO9855152 A1 WO 9855152A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mast cell
protein
cells
mast
assay
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1998/011702
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Burton F. Dickey
Michael Tuvim
Roberto Adachi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baylor College of Medicine
Original Assignee
Baylor College of Medicine
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Baylor College of Medicine filed Critical Baylor College of Medicine
Priority to AU78213/98A priority Critical patent/AU7821398A/en
Publication of WO1998055152A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998055152A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5047—Cells of the immune system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
    • G01N33/5035—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects on sub-cellular localization
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5073—Stem cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the identification of molecules that are useful as drugs to prevent allergic inflammation. More particularly, the process relates to drugs which inhibit secretion from mast cells by impairing function of the exocytic mechanism.
  • Allergic diseases are a major source of morbidity in the United States. Approximately 35% of the American population suffers from allergic rhinitis (also called “hay fever"), 5% from asthma, 15% from urticaria, 15% from eczema, and 1% from anaphylaxis. These disorders can cause lost work and an impaired quality of life, and in the case of asthma and anaphylaxis, can be fatal.
  • Mast cell activation is the central event in allergic inflammation. Mast cells are most commonly activated by the binding of antigens (also called “allergens”) to IgE molecules bound to the mast cell surface. They may also be activated by other stimuli such as physical forces or ligands such as substance P.
  • mast cells Upon activation, mast cells respond through three principal mechanisms: 1) the exocytosis of preformed inflammatory mediators from secretory granules, 2) the de no ⁇ o generation of lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor, and 3) the generation of cytokines that recruit other inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, which then perpetuate the inflammatory reaction.
  • preformed mediators from mast cells are particularly important in the acute phase of allergic reactions.
  • These preformed mediators include biogenic amines such as histamine, a variety of proteases capable of degrading extracellular matrices and of activating other mediators, and proteoglycans such as heparin.
  • Glucocorticosteroids are efficacious anti-inflammatory agents, but have serious side effects such as growth retardation and reduction of bone mineralization.
  • mast cell exocytosis In contrast to previously available therapies, compounds that specifically impair mast cell exocytosis are of low toxicity because regulated exocytosis is not a vital function for mast cells, leaving them available to participate in other aspects of immune function.
  • mast cell exocytosis In human beings, mast cell exocytosis has little or no utility in persons living in developed countries. Mast cell activation appears to have evolved primarily to function in defense against helminthic infestation. Such infestations are rare in Western societies, and mast cell degranulation is now observed almost exclusively as part of dysfunctional allergic reactions. Therefore, blockage of mast cell exocytosis per se is effective in preventing allergic inflammation and has few undesirable consequences.
  • An object of the present invention is a method of identifying the molecular components of the mechanism that mediates mast cell exocytosis.
  • Another object of the invention is to enable the rational design of compounds that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic effects on the mast cell secretory machine.
  • a further object of the invention is to identify compounds that alter interactions of the components of the mast cell secretory machine.
  • a further object of the invention is to measure the extent of the ability of compounds to alter interactions of the components of the mast cell secretory machine.
  • Another object of the invention is to measure the efficacy of compounds in impairing stimulated mast cell exocytosis of preformed granules using mast cell secretion assays.
  • An additional object of the invention is a gene therapy method for altering exocytic protein production in mast cells.
  • a method of identifying the molecular components of the mast cell secretory machine comprising the steps of: quantitatively measuring the gene expression in a mast cell or mast cell line by measuring a protein or mRNA product; locating the subcellular site of the protein product; and determining whether such product is a component of the mast cell secretory machine.
  • Specific embodiments of the invention include an RNAse protection assay, a Northern blot assay, a quantitative reverse- transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, or a quantitative immunoblotting assay to determine quantitative gene expression.
  • Another specific embodiment of the present invention includes the use of immunofluorescence microscopy to determine subcellular localization of the mast cell secretory machine component.
  • a method for identifying compounds exhibiting an agonistic or antagonistic effect on the mast cell secretory machine comprising of: identifying the component of the mast cell secretory machine and screening for compounds that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic effects with said product by testing the compound's activity in the mast cell secretory machine.
  • Specific embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to proteins such as Rab3, Rab3D, Synaptotagmin, Synaptotagmin2, Synaptotagmin3, Syntaxin, Rabphilin, Cellubrevin/VAMP, SECl/Rop/Muncl8, Secl-B, SNAP-25, Cysteine string protein, Complexin, SCAMP, Sec3, Sec5, Sec6, Sec8, SeclO, Secl ⁇ , Exo70, NSF, or ⁇ / ⁇ / ⁇ -SNAP as mast cell secretory machine components.
  • proteins such as Rab3, Rab3D, Synaptotagmin, Synaptotagmin2, Synaptotagmin3, Syntaxin, Rabphilin, Cellubrevin/VAMP, SECl/Rop/Muncl8, Secl-B, SNAP-25, Cysteine string protein, Complexin, SCAMP, Sec3, Sec5, Sec6, Sec8, SeclO, Secl ⁇ , Exo70, NSF, or ⁇ / ⁇ / ⁇ -SNAP as mast cell secretory machine components
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of gene therapy for altering mast cell secretion comprising the step of transducing bone marrow stem cells with a gene construct designed to promote expression of exocytic proteins in mast cells.
  • the stem cells are transduced either ex vivo, or in vivo.
  • Figure 1 shows ⁇ -glucuronidase release from antigen-stimulated RBL cells.
  • Lane 1- Triton X-100 total cell lysate; 2 - control culture supernatant of cells exposed to DNP-BSA alone; 3 - control culture supernatant of cells exposed to DNP-specific IgE alone; 4 - culture supernatant of cells exposed to both IgE and DNP-BSA.
  • Figure 2 shows the alignment of Rab3 isoforms.
  • the inferred amino acid sequences of all known mammalian isoforms of Rab3 are aligned with H-Ras. Accession numbers are listed after each protein's name, conserved G-domains are shaded, the regions corresponding to the Rab3-specific PCR primers used herein are double-underlined, the peptide antigen used for the Rab3D-specific antiserum is shown in outline, and the mapped epitope of pan-Rab3 monoclonal antibody 42.1 is underlined.
  • the rat Rab3B sequence is a composite of a previously cloned fragment and the PCR product reported in this manuscript.
  • the rat Rab3D sequence was originally reported as Rabl ⁇ , but is 98% identical to mouse Rab3D when corrected for two sequencing errors that resulted in a local frame shift encompassing 12 amino acids (a missed guanine in the first position of the codon for alanine 97 and an extra cytosine in the codon for glutamine 110) .
  • Figure 3 is a Northern blot of Rab3 isoforms in RBL cells.
  • a 385 nucleotide Rab3B coding region riboprobe was hybridized with 4 ⁇ g each of poly(A) + RNA from rat brain, rat lung, and RBL cells.
  • An autoradiogram is shown, with size markers on the left side and the reported sizes of Rab3 transcripts on the right side.
  • Figure 4 shows an RNase protection assay of RBL cell transcripts. Autoradiogram of the products of an RNase protection assay following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. First four lanes - 8 ⁇ g each of poly(A) + RNA, fifth lane - 4 ⁇ g, sixth lane - 1.6 ⁇ g. The radiolabeled riboprobes used for hybridization in each lane are listed in the top row. Shown is a representative example of an assay performed four times
  • Figure 5 is an immunoblot of RBL proteins using a pan-Rab3 antibody. Monoclonal antibody 42.1 was used to probe Western-blotted proteins. First lane - 2.5 ng purified Rab3A, second lane - 30 ⁇ g pancreatic homogenate, third lane - 5 ng purified Rab ⁇ A, fourth lane - 3 ⁇ g brain homogenate, fifth lane - 100 ⁇ g RBL cell lysate, sixth lane - 3 ⁇ g Rab3D-expressing E. coli lysate. The migration of molecular weight standards, listed in kDa, is plotted on the left.
  • Figure 6 is an immunoblot of RBL proteins using a Rab3D- specific antiserum. Affinity purified Rab3D antiserum was used to probe Western-blotted proteins. First lane - 5 ng purified Rab3A, second lane - 15 ⁇ g pancreatic homogenate, third lane - 5 ng purified Rab ⁇ A, fourth lane - 100 ⁇ g brain homogenate, fifth lane - 100 ⁇ g RBL cell lysate, sixth lane - 15 ⁇ g Rab3D-expressing E. coli lysate. The migration of molecular weight standards, listed in kDa, is plotted on the left. The migration of Rab3D from RBL cells determined using monoclonal antibody 42.1 is indicated by the arrow on the right.
  • FIG. 7 shows the quantification of Rab3D protein expression in
  • FIG. 7A The immunoreactivity of 25 ⁇ g of RBL cell lysate (open circle) and increasing amounts of GST-Rab3D (filled circles) were compared by Western blot analysis using Rab3D-specific antiserum. The mass of GST-Rab3D is expressed as ng of Rab3D protein. The 50 kDa marker on the right correspond to GST-Rab3D and the 24 kDa marker to Rab3D from RBL cells.
  • Fig. 7B Plot of the results of densitometric scanning of the immunoblot in "A".
  • Figure 8 shows the immunocytochemical localization of Rab3D and RBL cell granule markers.
  • Cells were imaged by indirect immunofluorescence using primary antibodies specific for the proteins indicated and FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies.
  • Fig.8A AD1 Fig. 8B RMCP-II
  • Fig. 8C pan-Rab3 (polyclonal antiserum)
  • Fig. 8D Rab3D Fig. 8D Rab3D.
  • Figure 9 shows the colocalization of Rab3D and RMCP-II in RBL cells.
  • Figure 10 shows the localization of Rab3D in peritoneal mast cells and in activated RBL cells.
  • Rat peritoneal mast cells were allowed to air dry on glass slides, then labeled with antibodies to Rab3D and imaged by phase contrast microscopy Fig. 10A or by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy using Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibodies Fig. 10B.
  • RBL cells cultured on coverslips were activated for secretion by cross-linking bound IgE with specific antigen Fig. IOC, as in Fig. 2. After 15 min they were fixed, labeled with antibodies to Rab3D, then imaged using Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibodies.
  • Figure 11 shows a model of the regulation of mast cell exocytosis by GTPases.
  • the shaded box represents the fusion machine itself, and G E is the target of GTP ⁇ S that promotes exocytosis in patch clamped mast cells.
  • Unbroken lines represent activities that are resistant to washing out by a patch pipette, and broken lines represent activities that are washed out. Arrows represent stimulatory activities, and perpendicular dashes represent inhibitory activities.
  • Figure 12 shows the predicted 365 bp Syt product of nested PCR reactions.
  • FIG. 13 shows Syt isoforms 2, 3, and 5 identified by sequencing subclones from the product of the nested PCR reactions.
  • Figure 14 shows an autoradiogram demonstrating that the Syt2 probe is best protected by RBL cell mRNA in an RNAse protection assay, followed by Syt3.
  • Figure 15 shows colocalization of Rab3D and secretory granule markers in RBL cells and mast cells.
  • RBL cells were labeled with antibodies to RMCP-II Fig. 15B
  • mast cells were labeled with FITC- avidin Fig. 15E
  • both cell types were labeled with antibodies to Rab3D Figs.l ⁇ A and 15D.
  • Antibodies were then imaged by indirect immunofluorescence laser confocal microscopy using secondary antibodies labeled with Texas Red Figs.l ⁇ A and 15D or FITC Fig. l ⁇ B.
  • FITC-avidin Fig. l ⁇ E was imaged directly. In the computer-merged images Figs. l ⁇ C and l ⁇ F, yellow color indicates coincident red and green fluorescence.
  • Figure 16 shows FISH analysis of mapping experiments.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic representation of a gene structure for altering Rab3D expression.
  • Exocytosis refers to the process whereby a membrane- delimited secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the soluble contents of the vesicle into the extracellular space and inserting the membranous components of the vesicle into the plasma membrane.
  • exocytosis generally refers to the process of regulated (or stimulated) exocytosis, whereby vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus fuse with each other to form large granules and then await a signal before undergoing fusion with the plasma membrane. This contrasts with constitutive exocytosis, whereby small secretory vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus travel to the plasma membrane for fusion without waiting for a signal.
  • “Secretory granules” or “granules” refer to the large post-Golgi secretory vesicles of mast cells that contain inflammatory mediators such as histamine, proteases, and proteoglycans.
  • Antagonistic effect refers to the response of mast cells to compounds that inhibit or prevent secretion by mast cells.
  • anti-agonistic compounds inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
  • Agonistic effect refers to the response of mast cells to compounds that stimulate or activate secretion by mast cells.
  • agonistic compounds initiate or increase the amount of secretion from mast cells.
  • a method of identifying molecular components of the mast cell secretory machine comprising the steps of: quantitatively measuring the gene expression in a mast cell or mast cell line by measuring a protein or mRNA product; locating the subcellular site of the protein product; and determining whether such product is a component of the mast cell secretory machine.
  • PCR is used, although any process of DNA amplification can be used.
  • Oligonucleotide primers are designed to amplify all members of a particular protein family (e.g. Rab proteins) expressed in mast cells or a mast cell line (e.g. RBL-2H3). Family members are selected on the basis of conserved sequences. A subset of the family is amplified if that subset is known to regulate exocytosis (e.g. the Rab3 subset of proteins; A, B, C, and D). Mast cell mRNA or mRNA from a mast cell line is reverse transcribed into cDNA, then amplified using the specific primers.
  • a particular protein family e.g. Rab proteins
  • RBL-2H3 a mast cell line
  • Family members are selected on the basis of conserved sequences.
  • a subset of the family is amplified if that subset is known to regulate exocytosis (e.g. the Rab3 subset of proteins; A, B, C, and
  • the PCR product is then subcloned, and individual colonies sequenced until it appears that all amplified DNA is represented (i.e. the same ones keep turning up, typically l ⁇ to 30 colonies). Restriction analysis of the pooled PCR product indicates whether certain species are abundantly present or not, as in the Rab3 and Synaptotagmin examples.
  • the amplified DNA now serves as templates for generating riboprobes or DNA probes for quantitative expression analysis, such as by RNase protection assay. This process identifies the major species of a particular family of exocytic genes expressed in mast cells at the RNA level.
  • the relative expression of protein products is quantitated using isoform-specific antipeptide sera and quantitative immunoblotting, Northern blot analysis, or some other comparable immunologic technique.
  • the quantitative gene expression is determined by an RNAse protection assay.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention includes a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.
  • the subcellular localization of the mast cell secretory machine component involves immunofluorescence microscopy. This technique provides further evidence of a particular protein's participation in mast cell exocytosis by localizing the protein to a predicted compartment. For example, SNAP-2 ⁇ and Syntaxin are found in target membranes for fusion (in this case the plasma membrane), whereas in the resting state Synaptotagmins are found in donor membranes (in this case the secretory granule membrane).
  • One embodiment of the present invention includes a method for identifying compounds exhibiting an agonistic or antagonistic effect on the mast cell secretory machine comprising of: identifying the product of the mast cell secretory machine; and screening for compounds that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic effects with said product by testing the compound's activity in the mast cell secretory machine.
  • RNA molecules such as Rab3, Rab3D, Synaptotagmin, Synaptotagmin2, Synaptotagmin3, Syntaxin, Rabphilin, Cellubrevin/VAMP, SECl/Rop/Muncl8, Secl-B, SNAP-2 ⁇ , Cysteine string protein, Complexin, SCAMP, Sec3, Sec ⁇ , Sec6, Sec8, SeclO,
  • proteins such as Rab3, Rab3D, Synaptotagmin, Synaptotagmin2, Synaptotagmin3, Syntaxin, Rabphilin, Cellubrevin/VAMP, SECl/Rop/Muncl8, Secl-B, SNAP-2 ⁇ , Cysteine string protein, Complexin, SCAMP, Sec3, Sec ⁇ , Sec6, Sec8, SeclO,
  • New drugs are identified based upon all of the above data and analogy with the known functions of closely related isoforms in other cell types.
  • the protein components involved in mast cell exocytosis are identified by overexpressing wild-type and/or mutant protein in a mast cell line and measuring changes in secretion.
  • knockout mice are generated in which the gene of interest is deleted, and the secretory function of mast cells harvested from the peritoneum is measured in a high resolution exocytosis assay.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include methods wherein the screening comprises an assay of protein-protein interactions, or comprises an assay measuring the degree of effect on protein-protein interactions.
  • the three dimensional structures obtained by crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or other physical techniques are used to assist in the rational design of compounds that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic effects. Such structures are often available for another member of the family, and a predicted structure of the isoform of interest is obtained by homology modeling. Also, knowledge of the regions of interaction of two components of the exocytic mechanism is used to aid drug design.
  • a higher degree of specificity is provided in designing a drug because even if the mast cell secretory machine shares a component with another exocytic mechanism, they may have different partners.
  • the information accumulated in the literature of protein-protein interactions in vesicle transport mechanisms is used by homology.
  • Direct information is obtained utilizing assays of protein-protein interaction such as plasmon resonance spectroscopy, or scintillation proximity assay. Mutagenesis of single amino acids or small regions in concert with the protein-protein assay is also used to pinpoint the interactions.
  • the above information the identity of the components, their tertiary structures, and their regions of interaction - is available for rational design of inhibitory molecules. All of the above information is derived directly from the method of the invention which supplies the basic sequential and structural information.
  • a further embodiment of the invention includes a method of quantifying the effect of a compound on the mast cell secretory machine comprising an assay determining the amount of degranulation of mast cells.
  • the activities of rationally designed molecules are tested in vitro using a protein-protein assay as above, and/or a cellular exocytic assay as follows. Membrane-permeant small molecules or molecules designed to interact with the extracellular domains of exocytic proteins are introduced directly into cell cultures. Secretion is then triggered by the addition of IgE and specific antigen. The effect of the rationally designed inhibitory molecules is measured in a dose-response assay.
  • mast cells are permeabilized by the addition of a low concentration of a detergent, or similar technique. Molecules that have an effect are rationally modified to increase membrane permeability.
  • Preferred embodiments of this invention include secretion assays that contain permeabilized or intact mast cells, and use primary mast cells or mast cell lines (such as RBL-2H3).
  • secretion-inhibitory molecules are empirically identified by screening libraries of compounds for disruption of the protein-protein interactions in vitro, as above, or for their ability to impair secretion in a cellular assay. The site of action of such compounds is then localized by systematically analyzing interactions of components of the exocytic machine in the presence and absence of the inhibitory molecule.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of gene therapy for altering mast cell secretion comprising the step of transducing bone marrow stem cells with a gene construct designed to promote expression of exocytic proteins in mast cells.
  • the stem cells are transduced either ex vivo, or in vivo.
  • exocytic protein alteration may affect inflammation disorders such as those that lead to fibrosis.
  • Mast cell secretion and exocytic protein production can be altered by genetic mutations or by addition of promoters. The increased production of the exocytic proteins appears to ameliorate the disease state.
  • Another specific embodiment is altering the level of expression of native components of the mast cell exocytic machine or of mutant forms of the components.
  • An example of this the use of gene therapy. In certain cases, this is expected to suppress mast cell secretion. This is performed in mice for the purpose of studying alterations in mast cell physiology and/or whole animal physiology to model potential therapies, or it is performed in human beings for therapeutic purposes (i.e. gene therapy).
  • Another specific embodiment is mapping the genes of mast cell exocytic components in mice and human beings.
  • the locations of these genes can be compared to genetic loci mapped through whole genome searches for asthma or allergy genes of mice and Human beings.
  • the structures of the genes encoding components of the mast cell exocytic machine can be analyzed for mutations that account for some of the variable genetic susceptibility to asthma or allergy. This can be used in a diagnostic assay.
  • the identification of specific mutations in individual patients can form the basis of individually tailored therapy either with small molecules or by gene therapy.
  • Another specific embodiment is expressing mammalian mast cell exocytic proteins in model lower organisms, including but not limited to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster or the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in order to screen compounds for their ability to alter mast cell secretion. This can be done either by expressing the mammalian protein on top of the endogenous proteins of the lower organism, or the mammalian protein may be substituted in deletants of the endogenous gene.
  • RBL-2H3 cells Cell culture and measurement of secretion RBL-2H3 cells (hereafter referred to as "RBL cells") were grown in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. They were subcultured every 3-4 days when confluent. Their secretory phenotype was periodically assessed by measurement of antigen-induced ⁇ -glucuronidase release as follows. Forty-eight well plates were coated with fibronectin by the method of
  • Rat peritoneal mast cells were obtained from adult Sprague- Dawley rats that were anaesthetized with ketamine 42.8 mg/ml/xylazine 8.6 mg/ml/acepromazine 1.4mg/ml (3 ml/kg), decapitated, and exsanguinated.
  • HTH HEPES-Tyrode's buffer with heparin
  • the 5' primer was GCACAGTGGGCATCGACTTCAAGGT, and the 3' primer CAGACCTTTGAGCGCTTGGTGGAT.
  • PCR was performed with 1 ⁇ l of AmpliTaq in 100 ⁇ l reaction buffer supplemented with 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 10% (v/v) DMSO, 1 ⁇ M of each primer, 50 ⁇ M of each dNTP, and 1 ⁇ l of the reverse transcription reaction as template.
  • [ 32 P]-labeled riboprobes were generated by transcription of linearized pCR-II plasmid cDNA's for 2-3 h at 37° C in a 20 ⁇ l reaction mixture containing 10 ⁇ g DNA, 1 U/ 1 RNasin, 20 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, ⁇ OO ⁇ M GTP, ATP, and UTP, 12 ⁇ M CTP, 9 ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]CTP (400
  • RNAse-free DNAse I was then added for an additional l ⁇ min, and the probe was purified on a Nick Spin column.
  • cRNA hybridization controls were generated in a ⁇ O ⁇ l reaction containing 4 ⁇ g DNA, 1 U/ ⁇ l RNasin, 20 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, ⁇ OO ⁇ M each NTP, 2.8 ⁇ M [ ⁇ ]UTP (35 Ci/mmol), and either 10 U SP6
  • RNA polymerase or 20 U T7 RNA polymerase in IX RNA polymerase buffer. Reactions were incubated for 4 h at 40° C for SP6 or 37° C for T7 and then purified on a Nick-Spin column. cRNA and mRNA were fractionated in 0.9% agarose/formaldehyde gels, then blotted onto Nytran+ or Zeta-Probe membranes.
  • EXAMPLE 5 Ribonuclease protection assay
  • the pCR-II vectors containing the PCR-cloned 38 ⁇ bp fragments of each Rab3 isoform were linearized either with BamHI for synthesis of anti-sense R ⁇ A using the T7 promoter or with Xbal to generate sense-R ⁇ A using the SP6 promoter.
  • cR ⁇ A controls were synthesized in a 50 ⁇ l reaction containing 6 ⁇ g of D ⁇ A, lU/ ⁇ l R ⁇ Asin, 10 mM DTT, 100 ⁇ g/ml BSA, 500 ⁇ M each ⁇ TP, 2.5 ⁇ M [ ⁇ ]UTP (40 Ci/mmol) and 20 U SP6 R ⁇ A polymerase.
  • Riboprobes were transcribed in a 20 ⁇ l reaction containing 3 ⁇ g DNA, lU/ ⁇ l RNAsin, 10 mM DTT, 100 ⁇ g/ml BSA, 500 ⁇ M each GTP, ATP, UTP, 12.5 ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]CTP (800 Ci/mmol) and 20 U
  • RNA polymerase (Promega) in the manufacturer's buffer. After incubation for 2 h at 37° C, 4 U of DNAse-I was added for l ⁇ min. Full-length transcripts were isolated by gel purification in ⁇ % acrylamide / 8M urea gels. Ribonuclease protection assays were performed using the RPA II kit (Ambion) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cognate cRNA (0.1 pmol) and yeast RNA were used as positive and negative controls. Each experiment contained 1 pmol riboprobe and was supplemented with yeast RNA to complete a total of 40 ⁇ g RNA. Hybridization was carried out overnight at 4 ⁇ °C. Protected probes were electrophoresed through ⁇ % acrylamide / 8M urea gels and visualized by autoradiography.
  • Brains, lungs, and pancreas were excised from freshly sacrificed rats, and placed in a five-fold (w/v) excess of ice-cold lysis buffer (10 mM TRIS-HC1, pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl, ⁇ mM EDTA, and 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride).
  • Tissue was finely ground with an Ultra-Turrax T2 ⁇ rotor/stator homogenizer using successive three second bursts at 13, ⁇ 00 rpm, 20,000 rpm, and 24,000 rpm, then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80° C.
  • RBL cells were lysed by sonication for three l ⁇ sec pulses in lysis buffer.
  • the mass of GST-Rab3 fusion proteins was determined by laser densitometry of Coomassie-stained acrylamide gels using BSA as a standard. Proteins were electrophoresed through 12% acrylamide gels, then electrotransferred at 30 V overnight to Immobilon-P membranes. Western blots were blocked with a solution of ⁇ % BSA in TBST (0.0 ⁇ % Tween-20, 10 mM TRIS-HC1, pH 8, l ⁇ O mM NaCl), then incubated with primary antibodies in blocking buffer for 1 h at room temperature. Pan-Rab3 monoclonal antibody 42.1 raised against Rab3A was used at l: ⁇ ,000 dilution (Fig.
  • affinity- purified antipeptide antibody against the N-terminus of Rab3A was used at l: ⁇ ,000; affinity purified antipeptide antibody against the C- terminus of Rab3A was used at 1:10,000; pan-Rab3 polyclonal antiserum raised against Rab3B was used at l: ⁇ 00.
  • This last antibody was also preadsorbed by diluting 30 ⁇ l serum with PBS to 100 ⁇ l and incubating it with ⁇ O ⁇ l each of glutathione-Sepharose 4B saturated with GST-Rab3A and GST-Rab3D for 12 h at 4°C. The supernatant of a ⁇ min, 12,000 g centrifugation was then used at 1:10,000.
  • Blots with primary antibody bound were washed six times with TBST and developed with a chemiluminescence kit using horseradish peroxidase- conjugated secondary antibodies according to the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham).
  • RBL cells were grown on glass coverslips for eight days in the presence of 100 ⁇ M quercetin to increase granule expression by the method of Trnovsky et al., Biochem. Pharmacol, Vol. 46, pp. 231 ⁇ -2326 (1993).
  • Peritoneal mast cells were air-dried on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips. Cells were then fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with primary antibodies as described in Moore et al, J. Cell Sc , Vol. 108, pp. 2983-2991 (199 ⁇ ).
  • Monoclonal antibodies against AD1 and RMCP II were diluted 1:200; polyclonal anti-Rab3B and anti-Rab3D antibodies were diluted 1:50.
  • secondary antibodies were diluted 1:200 in the same buffer as the primary antibodies and incubated with the specimens in darkness for 1 h.
  • the coverslips were again washed, then mounted with Mowiol containing 10% l,4-diazobicyclo-[2.2.2]- octane, and allowed to dry overnight in darkness.
  • Epifluorescent images were acquired using a Nikon Optiphot 2 microscope with a photographic camera or a Zeiss Axiophot with a Hamamatsu C5810 CCD camera. To detect simultaneously the distribution of two different markers, stained cells were analyzed in a Molecular Dynamics Multiprobe 2001 CLS confocal imaging system attached to a Zeiss Axiovert 100 microscope.
  • RBL cells are transformed rat mucosal mast cells that have been used as a source of RNA to clone cDNA's of several mast cell-specific proteins. They are a functional model in that they rapidly secrete the contents of their preformed granules in response to cross-linking their surface IgE receptors. The secretory activity of RBL cells declined with time in culture, generally becoming insubstantial by ten cell passages. Since the molecular defect(s) responsible for the loss of secretory phenotype was not known, antigen-stimulated ⁇ -glucuronidase release was periodically assessed to insure that Rab3 expression was evaluated in secretion-competent cells.
  • the representative assay contained one sample and three controls; Triton X-100 total cell lysate; control culture supernatant of cells exposed to DNP-BSA alone; control culture supernatant of cells exposed to IgE alone; and culture supernatant of cells exposed to both IgE and DNP-BSA. As a result, 74% of cell-associated ⁇ -glucuronidase was secreted (Fig. 1). Cells that failed to release more than ⁇ 0% of their ⁇ -glucuronidase activity upon stimulation were no longer used.
  • EXAMPLE 9 PCR amplification of Rab3 isoforms
  • the inferred amino acid sequences of all known mammalian isoforms of Rab3 were aligned with H-Ras (Fig. 2). Accession numbers were listed after the protein's name, conserved G-domains were shaded, the regions corresponding to the Rab3-specific PCR primers used herein were double-underlined, the peptide antigen used for the Rab3D-specific antiserum is shown in outline (Baldini et al, Pro. Natl. Acad. Scl, USA, Vol. 89, pp. ⁇ 049- ⁇ 0 ⁇ 2 (199 ⁇ ); Valentijn et al, Eur. J. Cell Biol, Vol. 70, pp.
  • the rat Rab3B sequence is a composite of a previously cloned fragment (Oberhauser et al, FEBS Lett., Vol. 339, pp. 171-174 (1994)) and the PCR product reported in this manuscript.
  • the rat Rab3D sequence was originally reported as
  • Rabl6 (Elferink et al, J. Biol Chem., Vol. 267, pp. ⁇ 766- ⁇ 77 ⁇ (1992)), but is 98% identical to mouse Rab3D when corrected for two sequencing errors that resulted in a local frame shift encompassing 12 amino acids (a missed guanine in the first position of the codon for alanine 97 and an extra cytosine in the codon for glutamine 110).
  • RT-PCR was performed to generate probes of known or novel mast cell Rab3 isoforms for use in mRNA expression studies.
  • PCR primers were designed that averaged 87% identity with the four known rat Rab3 cDNA's (Rab3A - 92% and 87%, 3B - 88% and unknown, 3C -
  • PCR amplification of RBL cell reverse transcripts yielded the predicted 38 ⁇ bp product (not shown).
  • a restriction digest of the product with the frequent cutter Hinfl produced multiple fragments which did not sum to 38 ⁇ bp (not shown), suggesting that more than one molecular species was present.
  • the PCR product was subcloned and the inserts of twenty-seven colonies sequenced.
  • a Northern blot was performed in which a 38 ⁇ nucleotide Rab3B coding region riboprobe was hybridized with 4 ⁇ g each of poly (A) + RNA from rat brain, rat lung, and RBL cells.
  • the Northern blot using the Rab3B probe revealed three Rab3 transcripts in RBL cells approximately 3.1, 2.0, and 1.1 kb in length (Fig. 3). Two of these correspond in size to transcripts described previously in rat tissues: 1.1 kb for Rab3B in pituitary (Lledo et al, Nature, Vol. 364, pp. ⁇ 40- ⁇ 44 (1993)), and 2.0 kb for Rab3D in brain (Elferink et al, J. Biol Chem., Vol. 267, pp. ⁇ 766- ⁇ 77 ⁇ (1992)). Lung mRNA was included as a control because it is known to be enriched with Rab3D transcripts
  • Monoclonal antibody 42.1 was raised against Rab3A, but is known to recognize Rab3B and Rab3C as well (Baumert et al, Biochem. J., Vol. 293, pp. I ⁇ 7-163 (1993)). Monoclonal antibody 42.1 was used to probe Western-blotted proteins. The first lane contained 2. ⁇ ng purified
  • Rab3A the second lane contained 30 ⁇ g pancreatic homogenate, the third lane contained ⁇ ng purified Rab ⁇ A, the fourth lane contained 3 ⁇ g brain homogenate, the fifth lane contained 100 ⁇ g RBL cell lysate and the sixth lane contained 3 ⁇ g Rab3D-expressing E. coli lysate.
  • This antibody yielded greater immunoreactivity against 3 ⁇ g of rat brain than against 100 ⁇ g of RBL cell lysate or 30 ⁇ g of pancreas, a tissue known to express Rab3D (Ohnishi et al, Am. J. Physiol Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, Vol. 271, pp.
  • Rab3D is the major Rab3 isoform in RBL cells and mast cells (see below) while Rab3A is the major isoform in brain (Sudhof, Nature, Vol. 37 ⁇ , 64 ⁇ -6 ⁇ 3 (1995)), this result suggested that total Rab3 proteins are ⁇ 10-fold more concentrated in brain than in mast cells.
  • Affinity purified Rab3D antiserum was used to probe Western- blotted proteins.
  • the first lane contained 5 ng purified Rab3A
  • the second lane contained l ⁇ ⁇ g pancreatic homogenate
  • the third lane contained ⁇ ng purified Rab ⁇ A
  • the fourth lane contained 100 ⁇ g brain homogenate
  • the fifth lane contained 100 ⁇ g RBL cell lysate
  • the sixth lane contained l ⁇ ⁇ g Rab3D-expressing E. coli lysate.
  • Rab3D-specific antibodies reacted with a 24 kDa band in RBL lysate present in greater abundance than in brain but less than in pancreas (Fig. 6).
  • GST-Rab3D were compared by immunoblot analysis using Rab3D- specific antiserum.
  • the mass of GST-Rab3D was expressed as ng Rab3D protein.
  • the resulting immunoblot was densitometrically scanned and plotted.
  • the titration of Rab3D immunoreactivity in RBL lysate against dilutions of GST-Rab3D yielded a concentration of 30 pg
  • Rab3D per ⁇ g RBL lysate 28 and 32 pg/ ⁇ g in two separate experiments (Fig. 7).
  • they reacted with Western-blotted GST-Rab3D but failed to reacted with 100-fold more GST-Rab3A and GST-Rab3B (not shown).
  • a polyclonal antiserum raised against Rab3B reacted with RBL lysate, but was also found to recognize GST-Rab3D and GST-Rab3A, albeit with ⁇ 10-fold lower reactivity than GST-Rab3B (not shown).
  • the antiserum After adsorbing out Rab3A and Rab3D antibodies, the antiserum recognized GST-Rab3D with -300-fold lower reactivity than GST-Rab3B and failed to generate immunoreactivity greater than O. ⁇ pg Rab3B per ⁇ g lysate (not shown). Below this level, it was not possible to determine whether the weak reactivity was due to Rab3B, cross-reactivity with Rab3D, or non-specific interaction with an unrelated protein. Rab3D was found to be at least 60-fold more abundant than Rab3B in RBL cells.
  • Rab3A-specific antiserum similarly failed to react with RBL cell lysate (not shown), and Rab3C-specific antiserum was not tested because no Rab3C transcripts were detected by RT-PCR, Northern blot, or RNase protection assay (see above).
  • Cells were imaged by indirect immunofluorescence using primary antibodies specific for the proteins indicated and FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies.
  • the proteins screened were: AD1; RMCP-II; pan-Rab3 (polyclonal antiserum); and Rab3D.
  • RBL cell secretory granules were visualized using monoclonal antibodies specific for the granule membrane protein AD1 (Fig. 8A) and the secretory protease RMCP-II (Fig. 8B). Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated punctate structures in elongated cytoplasmic processes and in the perinuclear region. The largest granules were approximately l ⁇ m in diameter, typical of the size of mature mast cell granules, but most were substantially smaller than this. Control antibodies, including non-immune primary sera, irrelevant primary antibodies, or secondary antibodies alone, all failed to generate punctate immunofluorescence (not shown).
  • the morphology of the RBL cells ranging from polygonal or rounded, to elongated with lengthy dendritic processes, varied with cell density and time in culture. Inclusion of quercetin in the culture medium substantially increased the number of cells containing immunocytochemically apparent granules and increased the number of granules per cell.
  • Cells were labeled with antibodies to RMCP-II or Rab3D, then imaged by indirect immunofluorescence laser confocal microscopy using Texas Red and FITC labeled secondary antibodies. In the computer- merged images, yellow color indicated coincident red and green fluorescence. Arrows pointed to punctate structures visualized with both fluorochromes, arrowheads pointed to punctate structures visualized with only one fluorochrome.
  • Mature mast cells obtained by peritoneal lavage and gradient centrifugation were more than 9 ⁇ % pure as judged by phase contrast microscopy showing abundant large, refractile cytoplasmic granules in freshly isolated cells (not shown). This purity was confirmed by Alcian blue staining of the secretory granules (not shown). Immunocytochemistry revealed extensive colocalization of punctate
  • Rab3D and imaged by phase contrast microscopy or by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy using Texas Red-conjugated secondary antibodies.
  • RBL cells cultured on coverslips were activated for secretion by cross-linking bound IgE with specific antigen. After l ⁇ min they were fixed, labeled with antibodies to Rab3D, then imaged using
  • a genomic clone encoding the Rab3D gene was fluorescently labelled and hybridized to several mouse chromosomes (FISH analysis - flourescent in situ hybridization see Figure l ⁇ ).
  • the Rab3D gene mapped to 13A2-3, which is syntenic with a human asthma locus (6p23- p21.3).
  • EXAMPLE 17 Altering Expression of Rab3D in Cells and Whole Animals
  • the mouse Rab3D gene is ablated by homologous recombination using standard genetic methods.
  • two genomic clones (4 and ⁇ in Figure 16) that cover the structural gene were isolated. These were digested to provide long flanking arms for homologous recombination; the strucural gene was replaced by the LacZ reporter gene and neomycin gene; and the thymidine kinase gene was added outside the targeting construct (see “Construct" in Figure 16).
  • the product of homologous recombination is shown on the bottom of Figure 16.
  • Embryonic stem cells are electroporated with this construct, then negatively and positively selected with G418 and FIAU.
  • Clones are screened for homologous recombination by Southern blot analysis, then microinjected into blastocoels to generate chimeric mice. These are then bred to generate mice homozygous for the Rab3D deletion.
  • Mast cells harvested from the peritoneal cavity of "knockout" are studied by capacitance measurement through a patch pipette. The whole animal is studied in models of asthma, anaphylaxis and peritonitis.
  • Rab3D wild- type and mutant protein is overexpressed in RBL cells using G418 selection and in mice using the FceRI- ⁇ promoter. Cellular and whole animal physiology is studied.
  • this method provides a model of therapeutically disrupting the function of this protein to assess its value.
  • mast cells can be differentiated from embryonic stem cells by addition of IL-3 and SCF (stem cell factor), making this an ideal system for study of secretory function.
  • Secl-B has been cloned in a eukaryotic expression vector. It is transfected in cultured mast cell lines, and overexpressing clones selected. In Drosophila, Seel overexpression leads to a severe defect in neurotransmitter release. By analogy, overexpression of the major mast cell isoform results in a secretory defect in mast cells. In this case, Secl-B is overexpressed in mast cells using the FceRI- ⁇ promoter. Peritoneal mast cell secretory function is studied as for Rab3D, and whole animals are studied in pathophysiologic models as for Rab3D. In further experiments, the phosphorylation sites of Secl-B are analyzed. When these are identified, they are mutated.
  • Synaptotagmin 1, Synaptotagmin2, and Synaptotagmin3 were expressed in Drosophila under control of neural-specific promotors. These are crossed onto Drosophila in which the endogenous gene was deleted. The ability of mammalian Synaptotagmins to rescue the null Drosophila phenotype is analyzed eleetrophysiologieally. This provides information about the properties of mammalian Synaptotagmins as exocytic calcium sensors, and provides a model system for analysis of pharmacologic strategies targeted at Synaptotagmin function.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un procédé utile pour le développement de médicaments qui entravent la sécrétion stimulée produite par des mastocytes en bloquant la fonction d'un ou de plusieurs composants du mécanisme d'exocytose. Le procédé repose sur l'identification des composants moléculaires du mécanisme d'exocytose des mastocytes. Ces connaissances sont ensuite utilisées pour concevoir rationnellement des molécules destinées à bloquer des interactions productives de ces composants, et tester ensuite l'efficacité de ces molécules conçues rationnellement dans un test in vitro d'interaction protéine-protéine et/ou dans un essai cellulaire de sécrétion de mastocytes. Dans un autre mode de réalisation, on utilise un test in vitro d'interactions entre des composants du mécanisme d'exocytose pour identifier de manière empirique des molécules qui interrompent ces interactions; ce test peut être suivi d'un test d'efficacité effectué dans des mastocytes intacts. Les procédés en question constituent un moyen permettant d'identifier des molécules qui entravent la sécrétion de mastocytes. De telles molécules peuvent constituer des médicaments utiles en vue de la prévention et/ou du traitement de réactions allergiques, comprenant mais non limitées à l'asthme, l'eczéma, l'urticaire, l'anaphylaxie et le rhume des foins.
PCT/US1998/011702 1997-06-06 1998-06-05 Mecanisme secretoire des mastocytes utilise comme cible en vue du developpement de medicaments antiallergiques Ceased WO1998055152A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU78213/98A AU7821398A (en) 1997-06-06 1998-06-05 The mast cell secretory machine as a target for anti-allergy drug development

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4889097P 1997-06-06 1997-06-06
US60/048,890 1997-06-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998055152A1 true WO1998055152A1 (fr) 1998-12-10

Family

ID=21956995

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1998/011702 Ceased WO1998055152A1 (fr) 1997-06-06 1998-06-05 Mecanisme secretoire des mastocytes utilise comme cible en vue du developpement de medicaments antiallergiques

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU7821398A (fr)
WO (1) WO1998055152A1 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000043419A3 (fr) * 1999-01-20 2001-02-15 Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc Proteine de voies d'exocytose et leurs procedes d'utilisation
WO2003003006A3 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2004-04-29 Ab Science Nouveaux inhibiteurs selectifs puissants et non toxiques de c-kit
WO2003003004A3 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2004-04-29 Ab Science Technique d'identification de composes ayant un effet de depletion specifiquement sur des mastocytes
WO2004015389A3 (fr) * 2002-08-09 2004-07-01 Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc Procedes d'identification de composes modulant l'activation des mastocytes regules par igg
US7678805B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-03-16 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
US7700610B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-04-20 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating allergic diseases
US7741335B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-06-22 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating inflammatory diseases
US8124611B2 (en) 2003-11-18 2012-02-28 Novartis Ag Inhibitors of the mutant form of kit
US8673930B2 (en) 2005-05-02 2014-03-18 Novartis Ag Pyrimidylaminobenzamide derivatives for systemic mastocytosis
WO2016044839A3 (fr) * 2014-09-19 2016-09-01 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas System Compositions et méthodes pour traiter des infections virales par le biais de l'immunité innée stimulée en combinaison avec des composés antiviraux

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5637463A (en) * 1995-05-04 1997-06-10 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Method to detect protein-protein interactions

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5637463A (en) * 1995-05-04 1997-06-10 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Method to detect protein-protein interactions

Non-Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DVORAK A. M., ET AL.: "PIECEMEAL DEGRANULATION OF MAST CELLS IN THE INFLAMMATORY EYELID LESIONS OF INTERLEUKIN-4 TRANSGENIC MICE. EVIDENCE OF MAST CELL HISTAMINE RELEASE IN VIVO BY DIAMINE OXIDASE-GOLD ENZYME-AFFINITY ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY.", BLOOD, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY, US, vol. 83., no. 12., 1 January 1994 (1994-01-01), US, pages 3600/3601 + 3604 - 3612., XP002914122, ISSN: 0006-4971 *
DVORAK A. M.: "NEW ASPECTS OF MAST CELL BIOLOGY.", INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY., KARGER AG, CH, vol. 114., no. 01., 1 January 1977 (1977-01-01), CH, pages 01 - 09., XP002914120, ISSN: 1018-2438 *
JAFFE J. S., ET AL.: "HUMAN LUNG MAST CELL IL-5 GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION: TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF UPREGULATION FOLLOWING IGE-MEDIATED ACTIVATION.", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY., AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 13., no. 06., 1 January 1995 (1995-01-01), NEW YORK, NY, US, pages 665 - 675., XP002914118, ISSN: 1044-1549 *
KRUEGER-KRASAGAKES S., ET AL.: "PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN-6 BY HUMAN MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILIC CELLS.", JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, US, vol. 106., no. 01., 1 January 1996 (1996-01-01), US, pages 75 - 79., XP002914117, ISSN: 0022-202X, DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12327815 *
MELGESON Z. A., ET AL.: "EFFECTS OF GLUCAN ON MAST CELL SECRETION IN VIVO.", FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY.ANNUAL MEETING. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS., XX, XX, vol. 44., no. 04., 21 April 1985 (1985-04-21), XX, pages 1323., XP002914123 *
NAIR A. P. K., ET AL.: "A V-H-RAS-DEPENDENT HEMOPOIETIC TUMOR MODEL INVOLVING PROGRESSION FROM A CLONAL STAGE OF TRANSFORMATION COMPETENCE TO AUTOCRINE INTERLEUKIN 3 PRODUCTION.", MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY., AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON., US, vol. 09., no. 03., 1 March 1989 (1989-03-01), US, pages 1183 - 1190., XP002914119, ISSN: 0270-7306 *
NOLTA J. A., ET AL.: "RETROVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER INTO PRIMITIVE HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS: EFFECTS OF MAST CELL GROWTH FACTOR (MGF) COMBINED WITH OTHER CYTOKINES.", EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY, ELSEVIER INC., US, vol. 20., no. 09., 1 October 1992 (1992-10-01), US, pages 1065 - 1071., XP002914121, ISSN: 0301-472X *
OBERHAUSER A. F., ET AL.: "RT-PCR CLONING OF RAB3 ISOFORMS EXPRESSED IN PERITONEAL MAST CELLS.", FEBS LETTERS., ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM., NL, vol. 339., no. 01/02., 1 January 1994 (1994-01-01), NL, pages 171 - 174., XP002914116, ISSN: 0014-5793, DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80409-5 *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000043419A3 (fr) * 1999-01-20 2001-02-15 Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc Proteine de voies d'exocytose et leurs procedes d'utilisation
WO2003003006A3 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2004-04-29 Ab Science Nouveaux inhibiteurs selectifs puissants et non toxiques de c-kit
WO2003003004A3 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2004-04-29 Ab Science Technique d'identification de composes ayant un effet de depletion specifiquement sur des mastocytes
US7678805B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-03-16 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
US7700610B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-04-20 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating allergic diseases
US7727731B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-06-01 Ab Science Potent, selective and non toxic c-kit inhibitors
US7741335B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2010-06-22 Ab Science Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating inflammatory diseases
WO2004015389A3 (fr) * 2002-08-09 2004-07-01 Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc Procedes d'identification de composes modulant l'activation des mastocytes regules par igg
US8124611B2 (en) 2003-11-18 2012-02-28 Novartis Ag Inhibitors of the mutant form of kit
US8673930B2 (en) 2005-05-02 2014-03-18 Novartis Ag Pyrimidylaminobenzamide derivatives for systemic mastocytosis
WO2016044839A3 (fr) * 2014-09-19 2016-09-01 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas System Compositions et méthodes pour traiter des infections virales par le biais de l'immunité innée stimulée en combinaison avec des composés antiviraux
US10286065B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2019-05-14 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions and methods for treating viral infections through stimulated innate immunity in combination with antiviral compounds

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU7821398A (en) 1998-12-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Berry et al. Phosphorylation status of the SCR homeodomain determines its functional activity: essential role for protein phosphatase 2A, B′
EP1246905B1 (fr) Proteines histone deacetylase-8, acides nucleiques et technique d'utilisation
US6875598B1 (en) Histone deacetylase-8 proteins, nuclei acids, and methods for use
WO1998055152A1 (fr) Mecanisme secretoire des mastocytes utilise comme cible en vue du developpement de medicaments antiallergiques
JP2002510490A (ja) Ｌｙｓｔタンパク質複合体およびｌｙｓｔ相互作用タンパク質
US6218144B1 (en) Costal2 genes and their uses
US6579701B1 (en) Drosophila homologues of genes and proteins implicated in cancer and methods of use
WO2001096371A2 (fr) Gene lie a l'adipose
US7018617B1 (en) Methods and compositions associated with nociceptive pain
AU2470801A (en) Tankyrase h, compositions involved in the cell cycle and methods of use
WO2001038359A2 (fr) Acides nucleiques et polypeptides de recepteurs provenant d'invertebres et methodes d'utilisation
US6630323B1 (en) Naked cuticle genes and their uses
WO2000043419A2 (fr) Proteine de voies d'exocytose et leurs procedes d'utilisation
JP2003519778A (ja) 必須遺伝子及びこれに関連する分析法
WO2001021799A1 (fr) Proteines du cycle cellulaire associees a la traf4, compositions et modalites d'utilisation
AU766809B2 (en) Novel compositions and methods of screening for T-cell and B-cell activation modulators
US5770432A (en) Obesity associated genes
CA2389430A1 (fr) Nouvelles proteines de cycle cellulaire associees au rip3, compositions et procedes d'utilisation
EP1386965A1 (fr) Proteine du canal cation dependant du potentiel
WO2001029072A9 (fr) Proteines du cycle cellulaire p15paf associees a l'antigene pcna, compositions et methodes d'utilisation
WO2000049048A1 (fr) Ndae1 - nouveau transporteur de bicarbonate
WO2002086170A1 (fr) Tankyrase h, compositions impliquees dans le cycle cellulaire et methodes d'utilisation
EP1218520A1 (fr) Proteines du cycle cellulaire associees a des genes points de controle, compositions et modes de mise en oeuvre
WO2002077276A2 (fr) Nouveau polypeptide de signalisation

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AM AT AU AZ BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CZ DE DK EE ES FI GB GE HU IL IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LK LR LS LT LU LV MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK TJ TM TR TT UA UG US UZ VN

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW SD SZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

Ref document number: 1999502971

Format of ref document f/p: F

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: CA