WO1999036596A2 - Procede d'amelioration de la vie d'especes marines - Google Patents

Procede d'amelioration de la vie d'especes marines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999036596A2
WO1999036596A2 PCT/GB1999/000097 GB9900097W WO9936596A2 WO 1999036596 A2 WO1999036596 A2 WO 1999036596A2 GB 9900097 W GB9900097 W GB 9900097W WO 9936596 A2 WO9936596 A2 WO 9936596A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mesh
accretion
component
enhancing
electrically conductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1999/000097
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English (en)
Other versions
WO1999036596A3 (en
Inventor
Anthony Maxwell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9800743.8A external-priority patent/GB9800743D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9805427.3A external-priority patent/GB9805427D0/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AU20655/99A priority Critical patent/AU2065599A/en
Publication of WO1999036596A2 publication Critical patent/WO1999036596A2/fr
Publication of WO1999036596A3 publication Critical patent/WO1999036596A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/046—Artificial reefs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/70—Artificial fishing banks or reefs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
    • C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
    • C25D9/08—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials by cathodic processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a marine stock enhancement process.
  • the process involves the use of an underwater structure to which young fish and the like can be introduced.
  • the structure has various features, at least some of which are optional, which protect the fingerling fish from predators and which act to attract the fish to the structure.
  • the structure does not of itself physically restrain the fish and its primary intended use is to enhance natural fish stocks rather than act as a fish farm - although it could be used in that capacity with the addition of means in and around the structure to retain the fish.
  • a method of enhancing stocks of marine life or fish including the steps of: providing a two component structure of which one component is electrically conductive and the other is electrically insulating or semi-conducting; locating the two component structure under water; and passing an electric current through the water using the electrically conductive component as an electrode.
  • an accretion enhancing mesh for use in the method of the present invention, comprising two
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic partial cross-section through a structure used in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of a structure used in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is an illustration of growth and time-space constraints for a crevice dwelling organism.
  • the rate of accretion, natural or stimulated is influenced by a wide range of factors including water temperature, salinity, light and the like.
  • the rate of electrically stimulated accretion is influenced by factors such as voltage/current, electrode materials and the like. Factors affecting the rate of accretion are employed in various embodiments of the present invention in order to provide or assist with the formation of the desired non-uniform quantity distribution of accreted material.
  • electric current density is varied spatially and/or temporally with respect to different portions of the copper wire mesh.
  • the material and or quantity of the electrically conductive mesh is varied in a non-uniform manner.
  • gasses released as a result of the electrolysis.
  • gasses such as chlorine and oxygen can be released in significant quantities.
  • the gases are released primarily at the anode.
  • the rise of bubbles of gas can be used to interfere with the accretion of solids at the cathode and thus assist in providing the desired non-uniform quantity distribution of accretion.
  • the gases could be collected above the structure, compressed and stored so as to provide an additional commodity resulting from the accretion process.
  • Embodiments of the invention therefore provide an enhanced structural crevice surface created by mineral electrodeposition in a saltwater environment perforated with circular and irregular niches distributed at random over the surface without overlap.
  • an irregular size frequency of hole radii necessary to complete the life cycle of infaunal organisms with a given mortality and growth schedule and a constant occupancy rate.
  • Figure 3 illustrates growth in length and time-space constraints for a crevice dwelling organism.
  • the time duration of four arbitrary growth stanzas in their appropriate crevice radii is represented by the length of the fish, parallel to the time axis.
  • younger small fish, having relatively rapid growth may occupy together the same crevice in sequence in any one given year, while surviving larger fish could spend even longer than one year in the much fewer large crevices available.
  • an irregular reef having a proportionately higher number of smaller crevices is desirable when providing protective habitats for fingerling and juvenile fish species.
  • Determining a priori crevice size and frequency is achieved by us of conductive and non-conductive physically non-aligned pH or biodegradable polymer and metal mesh of two or more layers prelaminated to form a blanket cathode which is wrapped around the matrix structure such as a steel jacket of a decommissioned oil or gas platform.
  • Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of the structure comprising the electrically conductive and insulating components used in the accretion process.
  • the illustrated arrangement comprises a perforated polymer sheet 10 sandwiched between two copper mesh cloths 12 and 14.
  • Mineral deposits formed by electrically stimulated accretion are shown diagrarnmatically and are indicted by the reference numeral 16.
  • reference numerals 18 a range of irregularly sized and shaped cavities and crevices are formed as a result of accretion on to the structure.
  • Such cavities and crevices afford protection to marine life particularly (a) juvenile pelagic fish and (b) fingerling fish such as cod and halibut which are introduced to the underwater structure.
  • Artificial supplies of food may be provided in order to assist in the stock enhancement process.
  • any desired multiple of layers may be used.
  • An alternative to the use of a polymer sheet or mesh is the use of a spray-on polymer, applied so as to produce the desired irregularity of accretion.
  • the polymers used may be pH and/or biodegradable.
  • the preferred arrangement of copper mesh and polymer sheet can be provided as a pre-formed multiple layer mesh blanket and conveniently secured to a rigid underwater object.
  • Figure 2 illustrates this embodiment of the preferred structure, in which the preformed multiple layer mesh blanket may comprise two or more layers of polymer mesh (20, 22) interleaved with layers of metal, preferably copper, mesh (24, 26).
  • platform jackets are transformed and toppled at remote government approved sheltered loch or fjord locations or even transformed in situ to assist in valuable marine stock enhancement.
  • the oil rig jackets do not simply become so-called “artificial reefs” in the same manner as previous known attempts to dispose of discarded automobile shells or the like.
  • the oil rig jackets can have the copper and polymer blanket secured thereto before or after toppling or sinking. Indeed, such components could even form an integral part of the original manufacture of new structures.
  • cathodic protection of oil and gas platforms is known.
  • the blanket wrapped structure acts as the cathode and one or more anodes are placed in close proximity to the structure.
  • a DC voltage is applied between the electrodes.
  • Particularly suitable materials for the anodes are carbon, aluminium or zinc. Electrode separation and voltage values suitable for accretion are discussed in US Patent 4,246,075. However, although not limiting, it is generally preferred in the present invention that the DC voltage is in the range 6v to 24v and that the electrode separation is of the order of two meters.
  • the anodes can be suspended from the structure itself.
  • the power supply can be suitably sealed and placed underwater or can be placed on-land, on a pontoon or the like.
  • anticipated weather conditions, cable power loss, local shipping and other such factors need to be taken into consideration when determining the most appropriate form and location of the power supply.
  • With appropriate local conditions; wind, wave and/or solar power may well be suitable energy sources.
  • the known accretion processes make use of a simple DC voltage applied between the electrodes.
  • the very low frequencies are preferably compatible in frequency and timing with naturally occurring "teluric" currents and earth electromagnetic variations.
  • the signals can be continuous or pulsed, can take the form of DC amplitude modulation and can be of constant frequency or time frequency.
  • a strong accreted material coating is not required therefore a high current density provides a rapid build-up of brucite, calcite and aragonite on the conductive mesh, resulting in the non-conductive pH degradable polymer mesh, which separates the conductive mesh, breaking down as the laminated mesh surface pH rises above pH 9 and the accreted material replaces the polymer.
  • Drilling of the sea bed is carried out during the operational life of an oil or gas rig. Such drilling produces large deposits of cuttings which are usually left in piles on the sea bed. Such piles may be as high as 15m to 20m.
  • Diesel and low toxicity based oils were used to assist lubrication and drill cuttings removal from the drilling process.
  • many of the older piles of cuttings contain significant quantities of hydrocarbons.
  • wave action and underwater currents act to disperse the piles. This does not occur in deeper water.
  • Environmental groups demand that all cuttings piles be removed, but in many cases there is no practicable and economic method of doing so.
  • the jacket is surrounded by a wire mesh cathode, which may be of a cage-type form.
  • the wire mesh acts as described above so as to form an artificial reef and enhance marine stocks.
  • a plurality of cables can be used to connect the metal jacket to a surface power supply.
  • the power supply may be housed on shore or on a supply vessel moored adjacent the sunken jacket.
  • consideration must be given to the electrical resistance of the various portions of the jacket and, for example, any welded joints between the various portions.
  • the jacket is wrapped or encapsulated with a wire mesh which is subsequently connected to a surface power supply.
  • the mesh can be electrically insulated from the jacket using spacers which may, for example, separate the mesh from the jacket by a distance of the order of 100mm. A mesh size of 2cm square can be effective. An appropriate number of power cables are connected to the mesh.
  • emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases during electrolysis can assist with crevice formation in the materials accreted on the mesh.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à un procédé et à une structure d'amélioration de la vie d'espèces marines. Ledit procédé consiste à utiliser une structure à deux composants, l'un de ces composants étant électriquement conducteur et l'autre étant électriquement isolant ou semi-conducteur ; à disposer la structure à deux composants sous l'eau ; à faire passer un courant électrique dans l'eau et à utiliser le composant électriquement conducteur comme électrode. Des minéraux s'accumulent sur l'électrode et forment un récif. Cette structure à deux composants peut comporter un réseau formé de feuilles de cuivre entrelacées et d'un réseau polymère, et elle peut être enroulée autour d'une enveloppe de tour de forage pétrolier. Cette enveloppe de tour de forage pétrolier peut servir d'électrode sacrificielle.
PCT/GB1999/000097 1998-01-13 1999-01-13 Procede d'amelioration de la vie d'especes marines Ceased WO1999036596A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU20655/99A AU2065599A (en) 1998-01-13 1999-01-13 Marine stock enhancement process

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9800743.8A GB9800743D0 (en) 1998-01-13 1998-01-13 Marine stock enhancement process
GB9800743.8 1998-01-13
GB9805427.3 1998-03-13
GBGB9805427.3A GB9805427D0 (en) 1998-03-13 1998-03-13 Marine stock enhancement process

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999036596A2 true WO1999036596A2 (fr) 1999-07-22
WO1999036596A3 WO1999036596A3 (en) 1999-09-16

Family

ID=26312942

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1999/000097 Ceased WO1999036596A2 (fr) 1998-01-13 1999-01-13 Procede d'amelioration de la vie d'especes marines

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2065599A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999036596A2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9113634B1 (en) 2012-04-01 2015-08-25 Modular Services Company Panel assembly with interstitial copper
WO2015157834A1 (fr) * 2014-04-14 2015-10-22 Mitsuo Oliveira Ogawa Diogo Système d'émission de courant électrique modulé pour l'induction, le contrôle et la supression de dépôts biologiques sous forme de biosalissures et de cellules planctoniques
AU2013287151B2 (en) * 2012-07-04 2017-08-10 Kabiling Jr., Alejandro A. Artificial reef system
US20220400656A1 (en) * 2021-06-22 2022-12-22 John Ferguson Coral Reef Float
ES2933971A1 (es) * 2021-08-11 2023-02-15 Biomarine Projects S L Arrecifes de vino, bodega submarina, de maduracion de vinos, incluida en el interior de un arrecife artificial

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115646991B (zh) * 2022-11-02 2023-04-28 中国海洋大学 一种退役石油平台的鱼礁单体拆分方法

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59157297A (ja) * 1983-02-25 1984-09-06 Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd 構造材料の製造方法
FR2559178B1 (fr) * 1984-02-03 1986-05-30 Streichenberger Antonius Procede pour orienter et accelerer la formation de concretions en milieu marin et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre
JPS63214124A (ja) * 1987-03-03 1988-09-06 四国電力株式会社 コンクリ−ト魚礁
US5543034A (en) * 1995-01-19 1996-08-06 Hilbertz; Wolf H. Method of enhancing the growth of aquatic organisms, and structures created thereby

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9113634B1 (en) 2012-04-01 2015-08-25 Modular Services Company Panel assembly with interstitial copper
AU2013287151B2 (en) * 2012-07-04 2017-08-10 Kabiling Jr., Alejandro A. Artificial reef system
US9832979B2 (en) 2012-07-04 2017-12-05 Richard E. Lim Artificial reef system
WO2015157834A1 (fr) * 2014-04-14 2015-10-22 Mitsuo Oliveira Ogawa Diogo Système d'émission de courant électrique modulé pour l'induction, le contrôle et la supression de dépôts biologiques sous forme de biosalissures et de cellules planctoniques
US20220400656A1 (en) * 2021-06-22 2022-12-22 John Ferguson Coral Reef Float
ES2933971A1 (es) * 2021-08-11 2023-02-15 Biomarine Projects S L Arrecifes de vino, bodega submarina, de maduracion de vinos, incluida en el interior de un arrecife artificial

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1999036596A3 (en) 1999-09-16
AU2065599A (en) 1999-08-02

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