WO1999047568A1 - Catalyst system for use in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization and process for preparing the same - Google Patents
Catalyst system for use in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization and process for preparing the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999047568A1 WO1999047568A1 PCT/CN1999/000037 CN9900037W WO9947568A1 WO 1999047568 A1 WO1999047568 A1 WO 1999047568A1 CN 9900037 W CN9900037 W CN 9900037W WO 9947568 A1 WO9947568 A1 WO 9947568A1
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- catalyst
- titanium
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- polymerization
- ethylene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
Definitions
- the invention relates to a catalyst for the polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene, a preparation method thereof and application in the polymerization and copolymerization of ethylene.
- the specific preparation method of the catalyst is: reacting the pulverized magnesium dichloride and ethanol in a lamp oil medium to produce The MgCl 2 ⁇ 6C 2 H 5 OH alcoholate slurry was subjected to an esterification reaction with monochlorodiethylaluminum to remove most of the ethanol. Finally, a titanium-supported reaction was carried out with titanium tetrachloride to obtain a Ti / Mg highly efficient supported catalyst.
- the preparation process of the catalyst is simple, the reaction conditions are not harsh, and the operation is easy.
- the catalyst has several obvious shortcomings that are gradually exposed in the subsequent practice: first, the catalyst uses alcohols and alkanes with large polar differences It is a very difficult process to dissolve magnesium ions like solvents, because in this case, even if heated to a relatively high temperature (for example, above 100), magnesium halides cannot be completely dissolved to form a homogeneous solution, only A fine-grained colloidal suspension or a swollen magnesia slurry is formed. This brings some disadvantages related to the layered crystalline characteristics of the magnesium catalyst to the prepared catalyst, such as: the apparent density of the prepared polymer is low, and the particle morphology and particle size distribution are not good.
- Chinese patent 8510097.2 discloses a catalyst system for the polymerization and copolymerization of olefins.
- the catalyst system includes: (a) a solid catalyst component containing Ti, (b) an aluminum alkyl compound, and (c) a silicone, wherein ( A) The component is a homogeneous solution formed by dissolving magnesium oxide in an organic epoxy compound and an organic phosphorus compound. The derivatives are mixed, and a solid is precipitated in the presence of a compounding agent such as an organic acid anhydride, an organic acid, an acid, a ketone and the like; this solid is treated with a polycarboxylic acid ester to be supported on the solid, and then used for four times.
- a compounding agent such as an organic acid anhydride, an organic acid, an acid, a ketone and the like
- the catalyst uses chlorine-containing epoxide and organophosphorus compound and toluene to form a mixed solvent system instead of alcohol-alkane solvent system to dissolve magnesium. Because these components have similar polarities. Therefore, the magnesium halide can be completely dissolved at a lower temperature (for example, 50 O to form a homogeneous solution. This improves the disadvantages related to the layered crystalline characteristics of the magnesium halide in the catalyst. Especially in the appearance Improvements in density, regularity, and particle morphology are obvious.
- the catalyst activity is higher, the isotacticity of the obtained polymer is higher, and the apparent density is higher.
- the catalyst activity is relatively low.
- the polymerization of ethylene for 2 hours has a polymerization activity of 537 kg of polyethylene gTi (10. 7 kg polyethylene / g catalyst), and the hydrogen regulation is not sensitive enough. Due to the above-mentioned shortcomings, the catalyst has certain difficulties in industrial application.
- the present invention provides a catalyst for ethylene polymerization or copolymerization and a method for preparing the catalyst, wherein the catalyst is dissolved in an organic epoxy compound and an organic phosphorus compound through magnesium chloride, and then Add an electron donating activator to form a homogeneous solution, and then interact with at least one precipitating agent and a transition metal titanium halide or its derivative to obtain a titanium-containing solid catalyst component, which is then combined with an organoaluminum compound component during polymerization and get.
- the catalyst has a simple preparation process, and shows high activity for the polymerization of ethylene. At the same time, the obtained polymer has a good particle form, a high apparent density, and a low amount of low-molecular substances.
- the catalyst for ethylene polymerization or copolymerization of the present invention comprises the following components: A. A titanium-containing solid catalyst component, which is dissolved in an organic epoxy compound and an organic phosphorus compound by adding magnesium ions to an electron activator to form a uniform catalyst. Hook solution, and then interact with at least one precipitation aid and transition metal titanium compounds or their derivatives To, wherein the electron-donating activator is at least one of an organic alcohol, an organic ether, and / or a mixture thereof; the precipitation aid is one of an organic acid anhydride, an organic acid, an ether, and a ketone,
- the ratio between component B and component A is 5 to 1000 in terms of the molar ratio of aluminum to titanium.
- the present invention also provides a method for preparing such a catalyst, especially the component (A) therein.
- the invention also provides a method for using the catalyst system in ethylene polymerization.
- the catalyst system for the polymerization of acetamidine according to the present invention is composed of components (A), (B) and a metallizing agent component which may or may not be added.
- (A) Component is a solid prepared by:
- Component is an organoaluminum compound.
- the component (A) may be prepared with or without a metal halide modifier, and is one or a mixture of halides selected from the group consisting of bismuth, zinc, lead, calcium, mercury, vanadium, iron, cobalt, and strontium. .
- Magnesium halide solution is a homogeneous solution obtained by dissolving magnesium halide in a solvent system composed of an organic epoxy compound and an organic phosphorus compound and adding an electron activator to the magnesium halide solution.
- the solvent system referred to here includes the use or inertness Thinner.
- the magnesium compound described in the catalyst component A of the present invention includes magnesium dioxide, water of magnesium disulfide, complexes such as alcohols, and derivatives in which one atom in the molecular formula of magnesium dioxide is replaced by a hydrocarbyloxy group or a halohydrocarbyloxy group.
- the above magnesium dichloride is specifically magnesium dichloride and dibromide Magnesium, magnesium diiodide. Among them, magnesium dichloride is the best.
- the particle size of magnesium used should be easy to dissolve under stirring, and the dissolution temperature is 0.
- Organic epoxy compounds include aliphatic olefins having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, dioxane, halogenated aliphatic olefins or oxides of diolefins, glycidyl ethers, and lactones.
- Specific compounds such as: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, butadiene oxide, butadiene double oxide, epichlorohydrin, methyl glycidic acid, diglycidyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, etc. .
- ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and epichlorohydrin are preferred, and epichlorohydrin is most preferred.
- the organophosphorus compound includes a hydrocarbyl ester or a hydrocarbyl ester of orthophosphoric acid or phosphorous acid.
- a hydrocarbyl ester or a hydrocarbyl ester of orthophosphoric acid or phosphorous acid include a hydrocarbyl ester or a hydrocarbyl ester of orthophosphoric acid or phosphorous acid.
- trimethyl orthophosphate triethyl orthophosphate, tributyl orthophosphate, triphenyl orthophosphate, trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tributyl orthophosphate, tribenzylate , Benzyl phosphite and so on.
- trimethyl orthophosphate, triethyl orthoenoate and tributyl orthophosphate are preferred, and tributyl orthophosphate is most preferred.
- the electron donor activator described in the catalyst component A of the present invention such as organic alcohols including Ci-C 8 linear alcohols or iso-alcohols, such as: methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol
- the alcohol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-octanol, and glycerol are most preferably ethanol, butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and glycerol.
- the electron donor activator may also be an organic ether including a lower fatty ether, such as methyl ether, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyl ether, and pentyl ether.
- a metal compound regulator may be added.
- the metal compounds bismuth, zinc, lead, calcium, mercury, vanadium, iron, cobalt, and strontium One or a mixture of halides.
- the effect of adding metal compounds is to make the effect of using hydrogen to adjust the molecular weight of the polymer in the process of ethylene polymerization more obvious.
- the molar ratio between the components of the catalyst component A of the present invention is In terms of magnesium, 0.01 to 10 moles of organic epoxy compounds, preferably 0.02 to 4 moles; 0.01 to 10 moles of organic phosphorus compounds, preferably 0.02 to 4 moles; 0.005 to 15 moles of electron donating activators, 0.05 to 10 moles Molar is better; 0 ⁇ 0.2 mole of metal halide, preferably 0.02 ⁇ 0.08 mole; precipitating agent 0.02 ⁇ 0.8 mole, preferably 0.03 ⁇ 0.5 mole; transition metal Ti halide 0.2 ⁇ 20 mole, 1 ⁇ 15 moles is better;
- the magnesium solution obtained in the above step is mixed with a titanium compound, and the solid is precipitated by stirring for a certain period of time in the presence of a precipitating agent and under elevated temperature conditions.
- the precipitation aid described in the catalyst component A of the present invention is selected from one of organic acids, organic acids, organic acids, organic ketones, or a mixture thereof.
- organic acids organic acids, organic acids, organic acids, organic ketones, or a mixture thereof.
- organic acid anhydrides are the best.
- it is a phthalic acid stalk in an organic anhydride.
- One method is to add the titanium compound dropwise to the magnesium oxide solution at a temperature of -35 ⁇ , and then solidify out during the process of slowly increasing the temperature.
- the temperature can rise to 30 ⁇ 120 V, preferably 60 ⁇ 100 ° C.
- the other is to add a magnesium hydroxide homogeneous solution dropwise to a titanium compound under the same conditions to precipitate a solid.
- a precipitation aid must be present in the reaction system.
- the precipitation aid can be added to the system after preparing the homogeneous magnesium hydroxide solution, or it can be added together with chemical hydrazone in step 1. It is also possible to add two or more precipitation aids at the same time.
- the precipitation process In order to obtain solids with uniform particle size, the precipitation process must be carried out slowly.
- the dropping time is preferably 10 minutes to 6 hours.
- the heating rate is preferably 4 to 100 ⁇ per hour.
- the liquid titanium compound or its derivative may be a liquid pure substance or a solution containing an inert diluent.
- Its general formula is TiX n (OR) 4_ n , where X is a halogen, R is a variety of the same or different hydrocarbon groups, and n is an integer from 0 to 4.
- Specific compounds are: titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide, titanium tetraiodide, titanium tetrabutoxide, tetraethyl Titanium oxytitanium, monochlorotriethoxy titanium, dichlorodiethoxy titanium, trichloromonoethoxy titanium, and the like. Among them, titanium tetrachloride is the best.
- the solid precipitate is separated from the solution system, and the treated solid is further washed with an inert diluent to remove ineffective titanium compounds and other impurities.
- the inert diluents used may be hexane, heptane, octane, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, toluene and other hydrocarbon compounds.
- component (A) of the catalyst system of the present invention is prepared, and this component can be used in the form of a solid or a suspension.
- the solid component (A) obtained in the present invention is powdery solid particles, and the average particle diameter is about 2 to 25 microns, and the particle size is controlled by changing the preparation conditions.
- Its chemical composition mainly contains 1.5 to 7.0% by weight of titanium, 10 to 30% by weight of magnesium, and 30 to 75% by weight of halogen.
- Component (B) is an organoaluminum compound, and its general formula is AlR n , X 3 _ n , where R is hydrogen and a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, especially an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, and an aryl group. Etc .; X is halogen, especially chlorine and bromine; n 'is an integer of 0 ⁇ 3.
- trialkylaluminum such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, and trioctylaluminum
- alkylaluminum hydride such as monohydrodiethylaluminum and monohydrodiisobutylaluminum
- Alkyl chlorides such as monochlorodiethylaluminum, monochlorodiisobutylaluminum, sesquiethylaluminum chloride, and dichloroethylaluminum, among which triethylaluminum and triisobutylaluminum are preferred.
- the molar ratio of aluminum in component (B) to titanium in component (A) is 5 to 1000, preferably 100 to 800.
- the method for preparing component A of the catalyst of the present invention is as follows: dissolving magnesium oxide in an organic epoxy and an organic phosphorus compound under stirring and then adding an electron donating activator, or a metal halide regulator may be added to form a uniform transparent solution.
- a precipitating agent at a temperature of -35 to 60 ° C, preferably -30 to 5 V, the titanium compound is dropped into the uniform solution of magnesium halide or the magnesium solution is dropped into the titanium compound, and the reaction mixture is warmed to 60-110 ° C, the suspension is stirred at this temperature for 10 minutes and 10 hours. After the stirring is stopped, the solids are precipitated from the mixture solution, filtered, the mother liquor is filtered, the solids are washed with toluene and hexane to obtain a titanium-containing solid catalyst.
- Component Component.
- the components A and B of the catalyst of the present invention can be directly applied to the polymerization system, or can be applied to the polymerization system after being pre-complexed.
- the catalyst of the present invention is used for the homopolymerization of ethylene and also for the copolymerization of ethylene and other olefins.
- the comonomers can be propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, and 4-methylpentene-1.
- liquid phase polymerization or gas phase polymerization can be used.
- inert solvents such as saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, naphtha, raffinate, hydrogenated gasoline, kerosene, benzyl, toluene, and dimethylbenzyl can be used.
- pre-polymerization may be performed before polymerization.
- the polymerization method can be batch, semi-continuous or continuous.
- the polymerization temperature is from room temperature to 150 to 50 ⁇ to 100. C is better.
- hydrogen is used as a molecular weight regulator.
- Catalyst synthesis In a reactor fully replaced with high-purity N 2 , 0.042 mol of anhydrous MgCl 2 , 60 ml of methylbenzyl, 0.032 mol of epichlorohydrin, 0.022 mol of tributyl phosphate, and 0.017 mol of ethanol were sequentially added, The temperature was increased to 80 ° C under stirring, and the solid was completely dissolved for 15 minutes to form a uniform solution. Then, 0.0074 mol of phthalic anhydride was added, and the solution was maintained for 1 hour. The solution was cooled to -25 ° C, and 0.5 mol was added. Titanium chloride was dripped into it, and then slowly heated to 80 * C, and reacted for 3 hours. After filtration, it was washed 6 times with methylbenzyl and hexane, and dried under vacuum to obtain a solid catalyst.
- Example 1 Only the ethanol in Example 1 was changed to a mixed alcohol, in which 0.054 mol of ethanol and 0.03 mol of butanol were used, and the remaining conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Catalyst synthesis Prepared according to the method described in Example 1 of Chinese Patent 85100997.2. Specifically: In a reactor fully substituted with high-purity nitrogen, 0.05 mol of anhydrous magnesium chloride, 75 ml of toluene, 0.1 mol of epichlorohydrin, and 0.03 mol of tributyl phosphate were sequentially added, and the temperature was increased to 50 C under stirring and maintained at 2 After 1 hour, the solid was completely dissolved, then 0.008 mole of phthalic anhydride was added, and it was maintained for 1 hour. The solution was cooled to -25, and 55 ml of titanium tetrachloride was added dropwise within 1 hour, and the temperature was gradually raised to 80 within 3 hours.
- Catalyst synthesis Prepared according to the method disclosed in the specification of Japanese Patent JP49-51378, specifically: Suspend 10mol of commercially available anhydrous magnesium chloride in 10L of hexane, drop in 60mol ethanol at room temperature, and stir In 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature of the system not more than 40, 31 mol of AlEt 2 Cl was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and 5 mol of TiCl 4 was added. The system was maintained at 60, and the reaction was performed for 6 hours under stirring. The catalyst was obtained after filtration and hexane washing.
- Example 2 From Example 2, Example 3, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 listed in Table 1 It can be seen from the comparison of the data that the catalyst of the present invention has higher activity for ethylene polymerization.
- Example 1 Only ethanol in Example 1 was changed to butanol, and the added amount was 0.07 mol, and other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Only ethanol in Example 1 was changed to methanol, and the addition amount was 0.16 mol, and other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Example 8 (1) Catalyst synthesis: Only the amount of ethanol added was changed from 0.017 mol (1 ml) to 0.204 (12 ml), and other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Embodiment 12 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 12
- Embodiment 14 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 14:
- Embodiment 15 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 15:
- the catalyst described in 85100997.2 is more sensitive to hydrogen regulation when used in the polymerization of ethylene.
- the catalyst of the present invention is used for the polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene.
- the titanium-containing solid catalyst component (A) of the catalyst of the present invention is compared with the titanium-containing solid catalyst component disclosed in Chinese patent 85100997.2, an electron donation activating regulator is added, for example: organic alcohol, organic ether, etc. Therefore, the catalyst of the present invention shows high activity for the polymerization of ethylene, which can be seen from the comparison of the following data:
- the catalyst of the present invention is used in the polymerization of acetamidine under the conditions of 80 ", hydrogen pressure of 0.25 MPa, and ethylene pressure of 0.75 MPa for 2 hours, and the activity reaches 39.6 kgPE / gcat. It is disclosed in Example 24 that under the conditions of 85 ° C; hydrogen pressure of 0.25 MPa and ethylene pressure of 0.75 MPa, ethylene was polymerized for 2 hours, and the polymerization activity was 537 KgPE / gTi ( ⁇ 10.7 KgPE) gcat. 85100997.2
- the catalyst prepared by the method described in Example 1 was polymerized for 2 hours under conditions of 80 ", hydrogen pressure of 0.25 MPa, and ethylene pressure of 0.75 MPa. The activity obtained was 7.1 KgPE / gcat.
- the titanium content per gram of the catalyst of the present invention is 4 to 7%, while the titanium content of the catalyst described in Chinese patent 85100997.2 is only ⁇ 2%. Therefore, the catalyst of the present invention improves the utilization rate of active ingredients and reduces The cost of the catalyst.
- the catalyst particles are a process of dissolving and then precipitating.
- the thickness of the finally obtained catalyst particles is relatively uniform. Therefore, the shape of the polymer particles obtained after the polymerization of ethylene is better.
- the apparent density is relatively high, generally 0.33 to 0.39 g / ml, which can be increased by more than 15% compared with Japanese JP 49-51378, and the polymer particle distribution is narrow.
- the particle ratio of 180-450 ⁇ is compared with JP 49-51378. 30.7wt% increased to 84wt%.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRPI9908977-7A BR9908977B1 (pt) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-16 | sistema de catalisador para uso na polimerização ou copolimerização de etileno, processo para preparar uma composição de catalisador e uso do sistema de catalisador. |
| EP99908737A EP1083187B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-16 | Catalyst system for use in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization and process for preparing the same |
| JP2000536759A JP4394280B2 (ja) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-16 | エチレン重合又は共重合での使用に適した触媒系、及び該触媒系を調整するための工程 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN98101108A CN1086191C (zh) | 1998-03-17 | 1998-03-17 | 用于乙烯聚合或共聚合的催化剂及其制法 |
| CN98101108.X | 1998-03-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1999047568A1 true WO1999047568A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN1999/000037 Ceased WO1999047568A1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-16 | Catalyst system for use in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization and process for preparing the same |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6617278B1 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1083187B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP4394280B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100512605B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1086191C (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9908977B1 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO1999047568A1 (zh) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1138701A1 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-04 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Process for producing catalyst for ethylene polymerization and process for producing ethylene polymer |
| JP2003516436A (ja) * | 1999-12-06 | 2003-05-13 | 中国石油化工集団公司 | オレフィンの(共)重合のための触媒系 |
| CN111234069A (zh) * | 2018-11-29 | 2020-06-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 含镁/钛的固体催化剂组分及其制备方法和烯烃聚合催化剂及其应用 |
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| IL158912A0 (en) * | 2001-05-22 | 2004-05-12 | Firmenich & Cie | Catalytic system for aldol reactions |
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| ZA974798B (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1998-11-30 | Sastech Pty Ltd | Termpolymerization |
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- 1999-03-16 WO PCT/CN1999/000037 patent/WO1999047568A1/zh not_active Ceased
- 1999-03-16 JP JP2000536759A patent/JP4394280B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-16 KR KR10-2000-7010248A patent/KR100512605B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-16 BR BRPI9908977-7A patent/BR9908977B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2003516436A (ja) * | 1999-12-06 | 2003-05-13 | 中国石油化工集団公司 | オレフィンの(共)重合のための触媒系 |
| EP1138701A1 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-04 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Process for producing catalyst for ethylene polymerization and process for producing ethylene polymer |
| US6538079B2 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2003-03-25 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Process for producing catalyst for ethylene polymerization and process for producing ethylene polymer |
| CN111234069A (zh) * | 2018-11-29 | 2020-06-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 含镁/钛的固体催化剂组分及其制备方法和烯烃聚合催化剂及其应用 |
| CN111234069B (zh) * | 2018-11-29 | 2022-10-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 含镁/钛的固体催化剂组分及其制备方法和烯烃聚合催化剂及其应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1083187B1 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
| JP4394280B2 (ja) | 2010-01-06 |
| BR9908977B1 (pt) | 2009-05-05 |
| CN1229092A (zh) | 1999-09-22 |
| EP1083187A1 (en) | 2001-03-14 |
| KR100512605B1 (ko) | 2005-09-05 |
| KR20010041937A (ko) | 2001-05-25 |
| JP2002506893A (ja) | 2002-03-05 |
| BR9908977A (pt) | 2000-11-14 |
| EP1083187A4 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
| CN1086191C (zh) | 2002-06-12 |
| US6617278B1 (en) | 2003-09-09 |
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