WO2001069169A1 - Displacement sensor - Google Patents
Displacement sensor Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001069169A1 WO2001069169A1 PCT/JP2001/002038 JP0102038W WO0169169A1 WO 2001069169 A1 WO2001069169 A1 WO 2001069169A1 JP 0102038 W JP0102038 W JP 0102038W WO 0169169 A1 WO0169169 A1 WO 0169169A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- horizontal
- shift register
- transfer
- pixel area
- optical black
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
- G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/002—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring two or more coordinates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/50—Depth or shape recovery
- G06T7/521—Depth or shape recovery from laser ranging, e.g. using interferometry; from the projection of structured light
Definitions
- the present invention measures the displacement of an object using a light section method and clarifies the measured value.
- a displacement sensor that outputs as it is or outputs a comparison result of a measured value and a reference value, etc.
- various measurements can be performed by using a two-dimensional image sensor with a long and narrow field of view as a light receiving element.
- a two-dimensional image sensor with a long and narrow field of view as a light receiving element.
- FIG. 500 is a sensor head
- 501 is a laser diode that emits cutting light in the light cutting method
- 502 is a slit for making the cross section of the cutting light linear
- 503 is a slit.
- Projection lens 504 is a light-receiving lens
- 505 is a light-receiving element composed of SD, one-dimensional CCD, etc.
- 600 is an object to be measured
- 700 is a stage
- SP is an object to be measured 600 This is the irradiation light image (linear bright line) of the cutting light formed at the measurement target position above.
- the light receiving element 505 of the conventional optical displacement sensor an element such as a PSD or a one-dimensional CCD, which can only acquire one-dimensional information, is used. As shown in Fig. 29, a complicated scanning mechanism for performing relative movement between the sensor head 500 and the measurement object 600 is required, which leads to an increase in cost. Problems were pointed out.
- an optical displacement sensor using a two-dimensional image sensor as a light receiving element has also been proposed, but as a two-dimensional image sensor used in such a displacement sensor.
- popular two-dimensional CCDs used for digital cameras and video cameras are used.
- a large number of pixels for example, about several hundred pixels
- a relatively small number of pixels for example, about several tens to one hundred and several tens of pixels
- the pixel array of this type of popular two-dimensional CCD has hundreds to thousands of pixels both vertically and horizontally (aspect ratio is 3 to 4). There is a problem that it takes time to read out the received light charge every time, and as a result, the measurement response becomes poor.
- OB is the optical black area.
- the inventors have proposed that the number of horizontal lines is small (for example, 60 to 70 lines) so as to fit such an elongated rectangular field of view for measurement.
- CCD imaging devices are custom-made, it was found that in addition to the high development costs, the development period was long and that cost increases were unavoidable.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and its purpose is to acquire image data at a required resolution at high speed from a long and narrow field of view and perform various measurement processes with high-speed response.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a displacement sensor which can be manufactured at a low cost. Disclosure of the invention
- the displacement sensor includes an imaging unit configured to capture an image of a surface of a measurement target object having a cutting light irradiation light image from an angle at which an optical image position changes according to the measurement target displacement, and processes an image obtained from the imaging unit. To calculate the displacement to be measured. And an image processing unit for outputting.
- the imaging unit has a group of light-receiving pixels arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of a standard imaging device, a vertical shift register for each column, and horizontal outputs that receive the outputs of the vertical shift registers for each column in order from the top.
- the image processing section includes charge transfer specification command means for giving a charge transfer specification according to the content of the image processing to the drive control section of the imaging section.
- the “standard imaging device” includes at least a general-purpose digital still camera video camera and the like. Looking at current products, there is an example of a two-dimensional image sensor for a digital still camera that has a light-receiving pixel array of 788 pixels in the vertical direction and 10777 pixels in the horizontal direction. Similarly, as an example of a two-dimensional image pickup device for a video camera, there is a two-dimensional image pickup device having a light-receiving pixel array having 500 rows in the vertical direction and 500 columns to 700 columns in the horizontal direction.
- “Sufficiently narrow” is defined in consideration of the elongated rectangular field of view of the displacement sensor in which the element of the present invention is used. Assuming the required field of view for the displacement sensor, the number of lines that make up a specific horizontal line band is often less than about 20% of the total number of horizontal lines. If such an elongated visual field can be photographed at high speed while maintaining the resolution in the longitudinal direction, it becomes extremely suitable as an image sensor of a displacement sensor based on the light-section method as a basic principle.
- Optical black pixel means that light cannot be received due to the light shielding mask. In other words, it is a light-receiving pixel that has been modified so that it does not accumulate charge even when light is received, or the charge accumulated by light reception cannot be taken out.
- a “photosensitive pixel” is a normal light receiving pixel without such special modification, and its output is a light level corresponding to the amount of received light.
- the light-receiving pixel group belonging to the light-sensitive pixel area generates an electric charge corresponding to the amount of received light in response to the light image from the elongated object area to be photographed.
- the light receiving pixel groups belonging to the front and rear opti- cal black pixel areas are insensitive to light images arriving from areas other than the elongated subject area to be photographed, and therefore generate little or no charge.
- the cutting light for forming the irradiation light image of the cutting light on the surface of the measurement target object is a light beam having a cross-sectional linear shape.
- a linear light image (bright line) extending in a direction perpendicular to the measurement direction (a direction perpendicular to the plane including the light projecting optical axis and the light receiving optical axis) is drawn on the light receiving surface of the image sensor. , Area measurement Required information can be reliably obtained.
- a two-dimensional image sensor in which a specific horizontal line band is arranged close to a horizontal shift register is used.
- all lines can be grouped together, or they can be divided into multiple lines. In any case, all of them must be read into the horizontal shift register. Therefore, the smaller the total number of lines in the preceding optical black pixel area, the shorter the time required to start effective image reading. In addition, since a sufficiently narrow specific horizontal line band is arranged close to the horizontal register, the charge readout time does not occur, and the rear-end optical black pixel area occupies most of the total horizontal lines. In other words, the time required to read the charges for one screen is greatly reduced.
- the total number of lines of a particular horizontal line period 2 0% or less, or 1 0% or less is two-dimensional imaging device of the horizontal line total number is used (in the preferred embodiment, the light receiving pixel group
- the array corresponds to the field of view of a digital still camera or a TV or HDTV camera.
- the optical black pixel has a structure in which the photoelectric conversion element is covered with a light shielding mask, an element structure in which the photoelectric conversion element is inoperable, and / or a charge transfer path from the photoelectric conversion element to the vertical shift register.
- a two-dimensional image pickup device having a structure in which is cut off is used.
- the horizontal line of the two-dimensional image sensor is oriented in a direction in which the position of the optical image on the two-dimensional image sensor changes in accordance with the displacement of the measurement object. Even if the light image position on the two-dimensional image sensor changes according to the target displacement, the light sensitive pixel can receive the light image over a wide range, so the displacement sensor can measure a large range as a measurable displacement range. Gain Can be.
- the horizontal line of the two-dimensional image sensor moves in a direction in which the optical image position on the two-dimensional image sensor changes in accordance with the displacement of the measurement target. It is oriented vertically.
- a long region along the irradiation position having a linear cross section can be included in the field of view, so that the height distribution in this long region can be measured at a glance.
- the overwriting exposure for the charge from the black pixel region is repeated.
- the preceding-stage optical black pixel region correspondence processing may include a process of repeatedly performing an operation of performing a plurality of stages of continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period over one or more horizontal periods. it can. At this time, the operation of performing a plurality of stages of continuous vertical transfer for each horizontal period may be performed while the transfer of the horizontal shift register is stopped during the horizontal period. As a result, unnecessary images obtained from the preceding optical black pixel area can be quickly discharged to the horizontal shift register.
- the photosensitive pixel area processing corresponds to one or two or more stages of continuous vertical transfer operation and one or more stages of continuous horizontal transfer operations corresponding to the number of horizontal line pixels in one horizontal period. It may include a process of shifting the band back and forth. With this, the accumulated electric charge is output to the video signal every time the desired dropping of one or more lines is completed, so that the image processing based on the video signal is simplified.
- the horizontal line of the two-dimensional image sensor is oriented in a direction in which the position of the light image on the two-dimensional image sensor changes according to the displacement to be measured, and the charge transfer specification instructed by the image processing unit Is the signal that captures the signal charge from the light receiving pixel to the vertical shift register of each column at the beginning of each vertical period.
- the photosensitive pixel area corresponding processing for reading out the signal charges on the vertical shift registers of each column to the outside by appropriately connecting the transfer of the vertical shift register and the transfer of the horizontal shift register of each column to the outside is performed in a subsequent stage. This process repeats the subsequent optical black pixel region corresponding process of dropping the signal charges on the vertical shift register of each column taken from the optical black pixel region into the horizontal shift register without intervening.
- the readout cycle for one screen is reduced by the amount that the process for the latter stage optical black pixel area is not performed. It is adapted to shrink.
- the photosensitive pixel area handling process shifts the continuous vertical transfer operation of two or more stages and the continuous horizontal transfer operation of the number of stages corresponding to one horizontal line pixel by shifting the time zone back and forth within one horizontal period. Including the process to be performed.
- averaging processing of optical image position information appearing on a plurality of horizontal lines inside the two-dimensional image sensor can be performed at high speed. If this processing is used to remove the influence of the rough surface of the object to be measured and the effect of noise, highly accurate displacement measurement can be performed stably.
- the photosensitive pixel area processing stops the horizontal transfer operation for one or more horizontal periods, during which the charges of all the horizontal lines in the photosensitive pixel area are transferred collectively to the horizontal shift register. The pixel charges can be overlapped between the same vertical columns. Thereby, the collective averaging process of all lines in the photosensitive pixel area can be performed in the two-dimensional image sensor.
- the contents of the horizontal shift register are output from the two-dimensional image sensor once per image capture, and the peak position of the output signal is the height or displacement of the surface of the object to be measured corresponding to the photosensitive pixel area. Shows the average value.
- a signal charge capturing process for capturing signal charges from the light receiving pixels to the vertical shift registers of each column, and a process for capturing each signal captured from the preceding optical black pixel region is another one of the charge transfer specifications.
- the process of processing the optical black pixel area in the first stage to quickly drop the signal charges on the vertical shift register of the column into the horizontal shift register, and the signal charge on the vertical shift register of each column taken from the photosensitive pixel area The transfer of the vertical shift register of each column and the transfer of the horizontal shift register are appropriately linked to each other to read out the photosensitive pixel area, and the processing of the vertical shift register of each row taken in from the subsequent optical black pixel area.
- the post-stage optical black pixel area corresponding processing to quickly drop the signal charge into the horizontal shift register Ri returns to run.
- the first-stage optical black pixel region corresponding process and / or the second-stage optical black pixel region corresponding process include the operation of performing a plurality of stages of continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period by one or two or more operations. Includes processing that is performed repeatedly over the horizontal period. At this time, the operation of performing a plurality of stages of continuous vertical transfer for each horizontal period can be performed while the transfer of the horizontal shift register is stopped during the horizontal period.
- the effective image processing is a process in which the continuous vertical transfer operation of one or more stages and the continuous horizontal transfer operation of the number of stages corresponding to one horizontal line pixel are performed within one horizontal period. May be shifted back and forth.
- the horizontal line of the two-dimensional image sensor is oriented in a direction in which the optical image position of the two-dimensional image sensor changes in accordance with the displacement of the measurement target, and the charge transfer specification instructed by the image processing unit is used.
- the signal charge is read from the light-receiving pixels to the vertical shift registers of each column, and the vertical charge of each column is read from the preceding optical black pixel area.
- the pre-stage optical black pixel area processing for dropping the signal charge on the shift register into the horizontal shift register, and the signal charge on the vertical shift register for each row taken from the photosensitive pixel area Processing of the light-sensitive pixel area to read the external data by linking the transfer of the vertical shift register and the transfer of the horizontal shift register appropriately, and the subsequent optical black image
- the second-stage optical black pixel area corresponding processing for rapidly dropping the signal charges on the vertical shift register of each column taken from the area into the horizontal shift register is repeatedly executed.
- One-screen reading is shortened by the amount by which the signal charge on the vertical shift register of each column taken in from the optical black pixel area at the subsequent stage is quickly dropped into the horizontal shift register.
- the photosensitive pixel area handling process shifts the continuous vertical transfer operation of two or more stages and the continuous horizontal transfer operation of the number of stages corresponding to one horizontal line pixel by shifting the time zone back and forth within one horizontal period. Including the process to be performed.
- averaging processing of optical image position information appearing on a plurality of horizontal lines inside the two-dimensional image sensor can be performed at high speed. If this processing is used to remove the influence of the rough surface of the object to be measured and the effect of noise, highly accurate displacement measurement can be performed stably.
- the photosensitive pixel area processing stops the horizontal transfer operation for one or more horizontal periods, during which the charges of all the horizontal lines in the photosensitive pixel area are transferred collectively to the horizontal shift register.
- the pixel charges can be overlapped between the same vertical columns.
- the collective averaging process of all lines in the photosensitive pixel area can be performed in the two-dimensional image sensor.
- the contents of the horizontal shift register are output from the two-dimensional image sensor once per image capture, and the peak position of the output signal is the height or displacement of the surface of the object to be measured corresponding to the photosensitive pixel area. Shows the average value.
- the basic image processing performed by the image processing unit is to calculate the height of each measurement line.
- the measurement line refers to one horizontal line or a plurality of horizontal lines in which the charge information is added or averaged in the vertical line direction in the photosensitive pixel area of the two-dimensional image sensor.
- the height of the measurement line is the height or displacement of the surface of the object to be measured, which is calculated according to the peak position of the charge amount on the measurement line.
- the content of the image processing performed by the image processing unit may be to calculate the height of each measurement line to obtain the distance between peaks (peak to peak), or to calculate the variance of each measurement line, As a result of the image processing performed by the c image processing unit which enables the measurement of the flaw, the height of each measurement line can be calculated and their peaks can be obtained. Can be measured.
- the content of the image processing performed by the image processing unit can be such that the height of each measurement line is calculated and the bottom thereof is obtained. Can be measured.
- the content of the image processing performed by the image processing unit can be such that the height of each measurement line is calculated and their inclinations are obtained, thereby enabling the measurement of the surface inclination.
- the image processing performed by the image processing unit can calculate the height of each measurement line and take the average value of the heights in the time-series direction, whereby the relative movement between the sensor and the workpiece can be calculated. This allows measurement of coplanarity.
- the charge transfer specification command means of the image processing unit instructs the drive control unit of the imaging unit to specify the charge transfer specification.
- the image processing unit can change the charge transfer specification according to the image processing content, there is an advantage that it is easy to execute image processing of various contents.
- the displacement sensor is configured with fixed charge transfer specifications, the feature that high-speed imaging is possible remains the same. In this case, there is no need for dynamic cooperation between the imaging unit and the image processing unit regarding the charge transfer specification, and if the same charge transfer specification is adopted in advance for the imaging unit and the image processing unit.
- the same charge transfer specification is adopted in advance for the imaging unit and the image processing unit.
- the displacement sensor according to the present invention includes an imaging unit that captures the surface of a measurement target object having a cutting light irradiation light image from an angle at which an optical image position changes according to the measurement target displacement, and an imaging unit. And an image processing unit that calculates a displacement to be measured by processing the image to be measured.
- the image pickup unit has a group of light receiving pixels arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of a standard image pickup device, a vertical shift register for each column, and a vertical shift for each column. It has a horizontal shift register that receives the output of the register in order from the top, and has a front optical black pixel area and a rear optical black pixel area, so that it is sandwiched between them to reduce the total horizontal line width.
- a two-dimensional image sensor with a light-sensitive pixel area formed in a specific horizontal line band, and a light-sensitive pixel group to a vertical shift register in each column, based on predetermined charge transfer specifications.
- a drive control unit for controlling the charge take-in operation, the transfer operation of the vertical shift register, and the transfer operation of the horizontal shift register.
- the image processing unit is employed in the drive control unit of the imaging unit.
- a displacement sensor configured to perform image processing based on the same charge transfer specification as the charge transfer specification, when the image processing unit instructs the imaging unit to perform the charge transfer specification.
- the configuration of the two-dimensional imaging device can be applied to any of the characteristic features also the present invention, such as the content of the charge transfer specifications.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an electrical configuration of the displacement sensor of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an optical system of a sensor head of the displacement sensor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing a pixel array on a light-receiving cotton in the image sensor of the sensor head.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the photosensitive pixel region and the optical black pixel region in the image sensor of the sensor head unit in an actual screen aspect ratio.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram for explaining a charge transfer circuit in the image sensor.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an internal configuration of a transfer pulse generator.
- FIG. 7 is a time chart showing an output mode of the horizontal transfer pulse (TP 2).
- FIG. 8 shows the contents of the transfer specification table (first high-speed image reading method).
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the meaning of L I, L 2, and OE.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the operation of the transfer control unit.
- FIG. 11 is a time chart (first high-speed image reading method) showing an example of driving the image sensor.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining a main part of the time chart of FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a main part of the time chart of FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram (first high-speed image reading method) showing a table showing a data structure for one screen in one driving example of the image sensor.
- FIG. 15 shows the contents of the transfer specification table (second high-speed image reading method).
- FIG. 16 is a time chart (second high-speed image reading method) showing an example of driving the image sensor.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram (a second high-speed image reading method) showing a tabular data configuration of one screen in one driving example of the element of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an all-line collective averaging process performed on the image sensor.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing the contents of the transfer specification table for the all-line batch averaging process.
- FIG. 20 is a timing chart showing one driving example of the image pickup device at the time of all-line collective averaging processing.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an application example of the all-line collective averaging process.
- FIG. 22 is a flowchart showing the entire image processing executed by the sensor main body.
- FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram of image processing for flaw measurement.
- FIG. 24 is an explanatory diagram of image processing for projection measurement.
- FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of image processing for groove measurement.
- FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram of image processing for tilt measurement.
- FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram of image processing for measuring coplanarity.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an optical system of a sensor head of a conventional displacement sensor.
- FIG. 29 is a diagram schematically showing an operation in the case of performing area measurement using a conventional displacement sensor.
- FIG. 30 is a diagram for explaining a light-sensitive region of a conventional two-dimensional CCD.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating an application example of the imaging apparatus.
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the visual measurement device. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an electrical hardware configuration of a displacement sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the displacement sensor 1 captures the surface of a measurement object 300 having a cutting light irradiation light image from an angle at which the position of the optical image changes according to the measurement object displacement.
- a sensor head unit 200 serving as an imaging unit to perform measurement, and an image processing unit that calculates an object displacement by processing an image obtained from the sensor head unit 200 and outputs it as displacement data.
- the sensor main body 100 and are provided as main components.
- the sensor head 200 generates the necessary timing signal based on the oscillator (OSC 201) and the transfer specification setting data stored in the register 109 in the sensor main body 100. This is sent to the CCD drive 203 and the slit light source 206.
- the slit light source 206 is composed of a laser diode 207 and a slit 208, as will be described later.
- the cutting light in the light cutting method is generated and irradiated to the object 300 to be measured. By this measuring light cutting light, an irradiation light image (linear bright line) of the cutting light is formed on the surface of the detection target object 300.
- the surface of the detection target object on which the linear bright lines are formed is photographed by the CCD 205 which is a two-dimensional image sensor.
- the transfer operation of the CCD 205 is controlled by transfer pulses TP1 to TP3 sent from the CCD drive 203 as described later.
- the video signal read from the CCD 205 is smoothly shaped by the sample and hold circuit 204 and sent to the sensor body 100 as a video signal.
- the optical system of the sensor head is shown in FIG.
- 207 is a laser diode
- 208 is a slit
- 209 is a projection lens
- 210 is an irradiation light image of cutting light
- 211 is a light receiving lens
- 205 is a CCD
- 300 is an object to be measured
- 400 is an object to be measured.
- the laser beam emitted from the laser diode 207 passes through the slit 208 to be formed into a light beam having a cross-sectional shape (a so-called line beam), and then is formed on the surface of the measurement object 300 via the light emitting lens 209. Irradiated.
- the irradiation light image 210 of the cutting light generated by this irradiation is photographed by the CCD 205 from the predetermined angle through the light receiving lens 211.
- the imaging angle of the CCD 205 is determined so that the position of the light image 210 formed on the CCD 212 changes depending on the change in the height of the measurement object 300.
- FIG. 31 schematically shows an application example in which the imaging device of the present invention is used for a displacement sensor based on a light-section method as a detection principle.
- A is a schematic perspective view of the displacement sensor head
- (b) is a schematic cross-sectional view of the displacement sensor head.
- 91 is an object to be measured
- 92 is a measurement line.
- 93 is reflected light
- 94 is lens system
- 95 is two-dimensional image sensor
- Reference numeral 96 denotes a horizontal scanning direction of the two-dimensional image sensor
- 97 denotes a vertical scanning direction of the two-dimensional image sensor
- 98 denotes a specific horizontal line band on the light receiving surface of the two-dimensional image sensor.
- the line beam 92 has a line width standard of .IX 5 mm.
- the height displacement of the measurement object 91 appears as a displacement of the optical image position of the line beam reflected light in the horizontal scanning direction of the two-dimensional imaging element 97.
- the long and narrow field of view consisting of the specific horizontal line band 98 is directed in the direction along this displacement.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows an example of a pixel array on the light receiving surface of the CCD image sensor. Note that, even in this example, the size of the pixel is considerably exaggerated.
- Ph represents a light receiving pixel group arranged in a matrix of 788 rows vertically and 10 rows horizontally 7 rows corresponding to the field of view of a digital still camera as a standard imaging device.
- Each light-receiving pixel and VR are vertical shift registers that transfer the output of each light-receiving pixel Ph constituting the light-receiving pixel group in the vertical direction for each column
- HR is a charge that is transferred from the vertical shift register VR for each column.
- a out is an output buffer for receiving charges and transferring the signals in the horizontal direction, and A out for outputting the charges transferred from the horizontal shift register HR to the outside.
- the light receiving pixel P h 2 shaded by hatching in the figure is a so-called optical black pixel (OB pixel), and the white light receiving pixel P h 1 which is not shaded by hatching in the figure is It is a photosensitive pixel.
- Each of the light receiving pixels P h1 and P h2 has an element structure based on a photodiode.
- the vertical and horizontal shift registers VR, HR have a device structure based on CCD.
- the optical black pixel P h 2 is A light-receiving pixel that makes it impossible to receive light, prevents charges from being accumulated even when light is received, or prevents charges accumulated by light reception from being taken out. It is fixed at a specified dark level (almost zero charge equivalent).
- the photosensitive pixel P h1 is a normal light receiving pixel that does not employ such a special structure, and its output is a light level corresponding to the amount of received light.
- a photoelectric conversion element for example, a photodiode, a phototransistor, or the like
- a light-shielding mask can be realized by forming a metal mask that does not transmit light on a photodiode constituting a light-receiving pixel.
- a light-shielding mask can also be attached by attaching a light-impermeable mask (for example, aluminum foil) on the light-receiving surface of the device. Can be realized. However, if a light-shielding mask is applied after the semiconductor manufacturing process is completed, errors may occur in pixel alignment, and the optical black pixel area and optical It is preferable to form a light-shielding mask in the semiconductor manufacturing process, because a pixel region that is incompletely shielded from light may occur along the boundary with the sensitive pixel region.
- a light-impermeable mask for example, aluminum foil
- the element structure of the photodiode constituting the target light-receiving element itself is modified to make the element incapable of receiving light or incapable of photoelectric conversion.
- a charge transfer path from a photodiode constituting a target light receiving pixel to a vertical shift register is formed. Cutting.
- the light receiving pixel group arranged in a matrix belongs to the specific horizontal line band HLB with a sufficiently small number of lines (60 lines) compared to the total number of horizontal lines (788 lines). It is divided into a first pixel group and a second pixel group that does not belong to the specific horizontal line band HLB.
- 60 horizontal lines from the 8th horizontal line to the 67th horizontal line from the top of the screen are set as the specific horizontal line band HLB, and are included in the specific horizontal line band HLB.
- the pixel group is the first pixel group.
- the pixel group included in one horizontal line band is the second pixel group.
- All or most of the pixels ph constituting the first pixel group are light-sensitive pixels Ph1, and all or most of the pixels Ph constituting the second pixel group (in this example, , All) are the optical black pixels P h 2, more specifically, among the pixels belonging to the 60 horizontal lines that make up the specific horizontal line band HLB, The pixels belonging to the three vertical lines and the pixels belonging to the 40 vertical lines near the right edge of the screen are all optical black pixels Ph2. The pixels belonging to the four vertical lines located at the center between the three vertical lines on the left edge and the right edge of the 40 vertical lines are all photosensitive pixels P h 1 Have been. as a result, The photosensitive pixel area (60 rows x 1034 columns) is surrounded by an optical black pixel area, and the outline of the effective image area is clarified.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the size of the photosensitive pixel region and the size of the optical black pixel region in the CCD image sensor in terms of the actual screen aspect ratio.
- the photosensitive pixel area 60 rows X I 034 columns) covers the entire light receiving surface (7
- the specific horizontal line band HLB that constitutes the photosensitive pixel area is located at the top of the screen where the horizontal shift register HR exists. It is also understood that they are arranged in close proximity. Further, it is understood that most of the entire light receiving surface (788 rows ⁇ 1077 columns) is occupied by the optical black pixel area.
- This drive control section includes a timing signal generation section 202 and a CCD drive 203 as shown in FIG.
- the timing signal generator 202 includes a transfer pulse generator and a transfer controller (not shown).
- the transfer control unit determines the number of lines of image data to be transferred within one horizontal period, and outputs the third transfer pulse TP3 corresponding to one horizontal line pixel in each horizontal period to output image data to the outside.
- the number of transfer lines set is converted to 2-bit configuration transfer line number signals L1 and L2, and the presence or absence of external output is converted to output presence / absence control signal OE. Output to transfer pulse generator 2.
- Figs. 9 (a) and 9 (b) The data structures of the transfer line number signals L 1 and L 2 and the external output presence / absence control signal OE are shown in Figs. 9 (a) and 9 (b), respectively. As shown in the figure, codes of “00”, “10”, “01”, and “11” are assigned to the numbers of transfer lines 1, 2, 4, and 7, respectively. The upper bit is set as L1 and the lower bit is set as L2. As for the output presence / absence control signal OE, “0” is set for no TP 3 output, and “1” is set for the TP 3 output availability S.
- FIG. 6 shows the internal configuration of the generation unit of the first, second, and third transfer pulses TP1, TP2, and TP3 in the transfer pulse generation unit 2.
- the first transfer pulse generator includes a timing generator 21 that generates and outputs a first transfer pulse TP1 for pixel charge conversion in response to an externally applied vertical period start command XVD. .
- the second transfer pulse generator includes four timing generators 22a, 22b22c, 22d, and a multiplexer 23 for selectively outputting pulse trains from the respective timing generators 22a to 22d. It is included.
- Each of the timing generators 22a to 22d is used for transfer of 1, 2, 4, and 7 lines, respectively, and the corresponding transfer line is provided within a period equal to the horizontal period of a normal video standard. Outputs the second transfer pulse TP2 for several minutes.
- FIG. 7 shows the output state of the transfer pulse TP2 from each of the timing generators 22a to 22d. As shown in the drawing, the one-line transfer timing generator 22 a outputs one pulse during the horizontal blanking period.
- the two-line transfer timing generator 22b outputs two pulses during the horizontal blanking period.
- the timing generator 22c for four-line transfer outputs two pulses during the horizontal blanking period ⁇ and outputs two pulses outside the horizontal blanking period.
- the timing generator 22d for 7-line transfer outputs two pulses during the horizontal blanking period and five pulses outside the horizontal blanking period.
- the multiplexer 23 selects a timing generator for the number of transfer lines indicated by the transfer line number signals L1 and L2 from the timing generators 22a to 22d, and changes the input path of the signal to the CCD. Connect to output path to image sensor 205. As a result, the output pulse of the selected timing generator is adopted as the transfer pulse T P2, and is supplied to the CCD image sensor 205.
- the generation unit of the first transfer pulse TP1 is also composed of four timing generation units for each transfer line number and a multiplexer, as described above.
- the timing generator for one-line transfer outputs one pulse signal at the timing based on the normal video standard, while the timing generator for two- to seven-line transfer uses the number of transfer lines.
- One pulse signal is output for each determined output period of one screen charge.
- the multiplexer selects the timing generator corresponding to the transfer line number signals L 1 and L 2 in the same manner as described above, the output pulse of the timing generator is output as the transfer pulse TP 1 and the CCD image sensor 2 0 is given to 5.
- the third transfer pulse generator includes a timing generator 24 that generates and outputs third transfer pulses TP3 for a number of pixels corresponding to one line, and an output presence / absence signal OE.
- a gate circuit 25 for controlling whether or not the third transfer pulse TP3 can be externally output is included. Gate 25 opens when the output presence control signal OE is “1”, and gate 25 closes when the output presence control signal OE is “0”.
- the CCD image pickup device 205 of this embodiment 60 lines of 8 to 67 lines on the light receiving surface are the photosensitive pixel area (effective image area).
- the 7 lines 1 to 7 and the 71 2 lines 68 to 788 are the optical black pixel regions (unnecessary image regions) in the preceding and subsequent stages.
- the drive control unit performs a signal charge capturing process for capturing signal charges from the light receiving pixels Ph to the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column at the beginning of each vertical period.
- the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the preceding optical black pixel area are dropped into the horizontal shift register HR, and the processing corresponding to the preceding optical black pixel area is performed.
- the acquired signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column are externally connected to the transfer of the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column and the transfer of the horizontal shift register HR as appropriate.
- the processing for reading the photosensitive pixel area to be read is performed by using the horizontal shift register to transfer the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken in from the subsequent optical black pixel area. It is configured so that the processing for the subsequent optical black pixel area to be dropped into the HR is repeated without intervening, so that the processing for the subsequent optical black pixel area is not performed, so that one screen reading cycle To shorten.
- the drive control unit is configured to start the operation at the beginning of each vertical period.
- a signal charge capture process for capturing signal charges from the light receiving pixels to the vertical shift registers VR VRn of each column, and a signal charge on the vertical shift registers VR VRn of the respective columns captured from the previous stage; And the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the photosensitive pixel region are read into each column.
- the transfer of the vertical shift registers VR 1 to VR n and the transfer of the horizontal shift register HR are appropriately linked to each other to read out the light-sensitive pixel area, and the vertical scanning of each column taken from the subsequent optical black pixel area It is possible to repeatedly execute the post-stage optical black pixel area corresponding processing that quickly drops the signal charges on the shift registers VR1 to VRn into the horizontal shift register HR.
- the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn in each column taken from the optical black pixel regions of the preceding and succeeding stages are reduced by 1 in the horizontal shift register HR at a high speed. Shorten the screen read cycle.
- the drive control unit (consisting of the transfer pulse generation unit 2 and the transfer control unit 3 shown in the flowchart of FIG. 10) includes a signal charge capture process (A) and a pre-stage optical black.
- the pixel corresponding process (B) and the photosensitive pixel region corresponding process (C) are combined with the subsequent optical black pixel region corresponding process.
- the signal charge capture processing (A) means that the signal charge is captured from the light receiving pixels P h (m, n) to the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column at the beginning of each vertical period. Processing.
- the preceding optical black pixel correspondence processing (B) is defined as the vertical system of each column taken from the preceding optical black pixel area (1 to 7 lines). In this process, the signal charges on the shift registers VR1 to VRn are dropped into the horizontal shift register HR.
- the photosensitive pixel area processing (C) means that the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the photosensitive pixel area (8 to 67 lines) are shifted vertically by each column. This is a light-sensitive pixel area corresponding process in which the transfer of the registers VR1 to VRn and the transfer of the horizontal shift register HR are appropriately linked and read out to the outside.
- the post-stage optical pixel region correspondence processing (D) is a process in which the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the rear-stage optical black pixel region (line 68 to 788) are horizontally shifted. This is post-processing to make it fall into HR.
- the preceding stage optical black pixel region correspondence processing (B) in this example includes an operation of performing seven-stage continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period.
- the operation of performing seven-stage continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period is performed until the transfer of the horizontal shift register is stopped during the horizontal period (see FIGS. 11 and 12).
- the photosensitive pixel area corresponding processing (C) is a two-stage continuous vertical transfer operation and a continuous horizontal transfer operation of the number of stages corresponding to one horizontal line pixel. And the processing to be shifted. As will be described later, in this example, the two-stage continuous vertical transfer operation is performed within the horizontal blanking period (see FIGS. 11 and 13).
- FIG. 8 shows a setting example of a transfer specification table (stored in a register 109 described later) used in the first high-speed image reading method.
- this transfer specification table the set values of the number of transfer lines and the presence or absence of output in each horizontal period are respectively associated with the horizontal period counter value indicating the number of the horizontal period.
- Transfer line number signal L l, L 2 Stored by format.
- the video signal corresponding to the preceding black pixel area is transferred continuously for 7 lines in one horizontal period, and the video signal corresponding to the following photosensitive pixel area is transferred two lines in each horizontal period
- the transfer control unit (the operation of which is shown in the flowchart of FIG. 10) adjusts the set values of the transfer line number signals L 1 and L 2 and the output presence / absence signal OE stored in the transfer specification table for each horizontal period. After reading, each transfer line number signal L 1 L 2 and output presence / absence signal OE are set to the level corresponding to the set value, and output to the transfer pulse generator 2.
- the transfer pulse generator 2 sets the output timing of the first transfer pulse based on the MAX value of the horizontal period counter (“3 1” in FIG. 8) set in the transfer specification table (that is, the vertical timing of the video standard).
- the transfer pulse TP1 will be output at a time interval of 31/878 of the period).
- the transfer pulse generation unit 2 determines the number of outputs of the second transfer pulse TP 2 and the number of outputs of the second transfer pulse TP 2 in each horizontal period based on the transfer line number signals L 1 and L 2 and the output presence / absence signal OE given by the transfer control unit.
- a series of controls for the CCD image sensor 205 are performed by setting the presence or absence of the transfer pulse TP3 of No.3.
- the sensor main body 100 (see FIG. 1) is configured to set the number of each transfer line in the transfer specification table and the value of the presence or absence of output via the register 109 as necessary.
- An outline of the transfer control processing executed in the transfer control unit is shown in a flowchart of FIG. This transfer control process is started in response to the arrival of the horizontal period start signal HD (see FIG. 11) coming from the transfer pulse generator 2. A series of subsequent operations are periodically repeated based on the value of the horizontal period counter LC incorporated in the transfer control unit.
- the transfer specification table is referred to using the count value “1” as an argument, and the set values of the transfer line number signals L 1 and L 2 and the output presence / absence signal OE are read out. .
- the number of transfer lines is “7” at this time, and the external output by horizontal transfer is “none” (step 1002).
- Each is set (step 1003).
- the third transfer pulse TP 3 for horizontal transfer is not output, and Only the second transfer pulse TP 2 is output from the transfer pulse generator 2 in a row.
- empty charges for seven lines from 1 to 7 lines are dropped and superimposed on each stage of the horizontal shift register HR.
- the process ends (NO in step 1004), and enters a state of waiting for the arrival of the next horizontal period start signal HD.
- the transfer specification table is referred to using the count value "2" as an argument, and the set values of the transfer line number signals L1, L2 and the output presence / absence signal OE are read out. .
- the number of transfer lines is “2” at this time, and the external output by horizontal transfer is “present” (step 1002).
- step 1004 NO the processing is terminated (step 1004 NO), and the apparatus enters a state of waiting for the next horizontal period start signal HD to arrive.
- the processing of FIG. 10 is started, and the value of the horizontal period counter LC is counted up from “2” to “3” (step 1001).
- the transfer specification table is referred to using the count value "3" as an argument, and the set values of the transfer line number signals L1, L2 and the output presence / absence signal OE are read out. .
- the number of transfer lines is also “2” at this time, and the external output by horizontal transfer is “present” (step 1002).
- Each is set (step 1003).
- the transfer pulse generator 2 outputs the second transfer pulse TP 2 for vertical transfer.
- the third transfer pulse TP3 for horizontal transfer is output by the number corresponding to one horizontal line pixel, after the end of the horizontal blanking period.
- the value of the line counter LC reaches the maximum value (step 1004 YE S), and the vertical period start command XVD is output (step 1005).
- the content is cleared to "0" (step 1006).
- the first transfer pulse TP1 for capturing pixel charges is output from the transfer pulse generator 12 and thereafter, the signal charges of the 68 to 788 lines are transferred to the vertical shift register.
- the above-described processing at the time of arrival of the first to 31st horizontal period start signals is repeated while being left on VR1 to VRn.
- each stage of the vertical shift registers VRl to VRn located in the photosensitive pixel area is a chopstick in which electric charges transferred from the subsequent optical black pixel area exist.
- the charge from the subsequent optical black pixel area is very small or equal to zero, even if the effective image charge is taken in and superimposed on it, the so-called double shooting phenomenon occurs. Therefore, there is no possibility that the effective image is degraded. In other words, even when overwriting the charge from the subsequent optical black pixel area, the double shooting phenomenon does not occur.
- the first high-speed image reading method it is possible to proceed to the next shooting while leaving the signal charges of 68 to 788 lines on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn. To increase the number of shots So-called high-speed shooting becomes possible.
- FIG. 14 is a table showing image data for one screen obtained by adopting the first high-speed image reading method. As shown in the figure, two lines of 1-2 lines are regarded as invalid images, and 29 lines of 31-31 lines are regarded as valid images.
- the drive control unit (consisting of the transfer pulse generation unit 2 shown in FIG. 6 and the transfer control unit whose operation is shown in FIG. 10) is composed of a signal charge capture process (A) and a preceding optical black.
- the pixel area corresponding processing (B), the light sensitive pixel area corresponding processing (C), and the subsequent optical black pixel area corresponding processing (D) are configured to be repeatedly executed.
- the one-screen read cycle is set to the extent that the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the optical black pixel areas (B) and (D) are quickly dropped into the horizontal shift register HR. Shorten.
- the signal charge capture processing (A) means that the signal charge is captured from the light receiving pixels P h (m, n) to the vertical shift registers VR 1 to VR n of each column at the beginning of each vertical period. Processing.
- the preceding optical black pixel area corresponding processing (B) is a process in which the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the preceding optical black pixel area are quickly dropped into the horizontal shift register HR. Processing.
- the photosensitive pixel area corresponding processing (C) means that the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the photosensitive pixel area are transferred to the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column. This is a process in which the transfer and the transfer of the horizontal shift register HR are connected to each other as appropriate and read out to the outside.
- Subsequent optical black pixel area correspondence processing (D) is to quickly drop the signal charges on the vertical shift registers VR1 to VRn of each column taken from the latter optical black pixel area into the horizontal shift register HR. Processing.
- the first-stage optical black pixel area corresponding processing (B) and / or the second-stage optical black pixel area corresponding processing (D) perform the operation of performing 7-step continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period by 1 or It includes a process that is repeated over two or more horizontal periods. Then, the operation of performing the seven-stage continuous vertical transfer every one horizontal period is performed until the transfer of the horizontal shift register HR is stopped during the horizontal period (see FIG. 16).
- the photosensitive image area processing (C) shifts the time zone between two consecutive vertical transfer operations and one continuous horizontal transfer operation corresponding to one horizontal line pixel in one horizontal period. (See Figure 16).
- FIG. 15 shows a setting example of the transfer specification table used in the second high-speed image reading method.
- the transfer specification table the set values of the number of transfer lines and output presence / absence in each horizontal period are respectively associated with the horizontal period counter value indicating the number of the horizontal period. It is stored in the form of the transfer line number signal L1, L2.
- the video signal corresponding to the preceding optical black pixel area is transferred continuously for seven lines in one horizontal period, and the video signal corresponding to the following photosensitive pixel area is transferred two lines for each horizontal period.
- the transfer lines in the second horizontal period are set to 2 lines, and the transfer lines in the 32nd to 34th horizontal periods are set to 7 lines.
- the presence or absence of output by horizontal transfer is determined by the first horizontal period. Is "no", the output in the second to 31st horizontal periods is "present", and the output in the 32nd to 34th horizontal period is "none" again.
- the transfer control processing executed in the transfer control unit is basically the same as that shown in the flowchart of FIG. Therefore, the second high-speed image reading method will be described with reference to the flowchart again.
- the operation of the horizontal period counter L C during the period from “1” to “31” is the same as that of the first high-speed image reading process. That is, in the horizontal period corresponding to the count values “1” and “2” (mainly, in the preceding optical black pixel area), the electric charge for 7 lines of 1 to 7 lines stored in each stage of the horizontal shift register HR is stored. In addition, the charges for two lines of lines 8 and 9 are dropped, and the charges for nine lines of lines 1 to 9 are superimposed as a whole, and during the vertical period of the count value “2” in the video signal Is output. The video signal portion on which the charge of 9 lines is superimposed becomes an OB unnecessary video signal, and as a result, the first two lines in the video signal become an invalid image portion (see “1” in FIG. 16). , "2").
- the horizontal period from the transfer pulse generator 12 Although two second transfer pulses TP 2 for vertical transfer are output during the horizontal blanking period every time, Even if the period ends, the third transfer pulse TP3 for horizontal transfer is not output, and as a result, nothing is output in the video signal (the count values “3 2” to “3” in FIG. 16). 1 34 ”).
- FIG. 17 is a table showing image data for one screen obtained by adopting the second high-speed image reading method. As shown in the figure, two lines of one or two lines are regarded as invalid images in the preceding stage, 29 lines of three to 31 lines are regarded as valid images, and 103 lines of 32 to 134 lines are regarded as valid images. The minute is regarded as the latter invalid image.
- the pixel array serving as the base of the CCD image sensor 205 constituting the sensor head unit 200 described above the pixel array of a popular CCD image sensor corresponding to the screen aspect ratio of a standard digital still camera is used as it is. be able to. For this reason, there is no need to newly design a special pixel array, so that the development cost or the development period can be reduced and the cost can be reduced.
- the sensor body 100 is composed of a CPU 101, a one-chip microcomputer, a display LED 102, an operation switch 103, an input / output circuit (I / O) 104, and a calculation unit 100. 5, memory controller 106, frame buffer 107, eighty-eight converter 108, register 109, synchronization signal generator 110, and oscillator (OSC) 111 It has.
- BUS 1 is a synchronous bus
- BUS 2 is a CPU bus.
- the CPU 101 constituting the one-chip microcomputer controls the entire sensor body 100 as a whole.
- the operation unit 105 is a dedicated hardware circuit that performs various operations required for image processing.
- the operation unit 105 performs various processing on the image data captured via the AZD converter 112. Is performed.
- the image processed here is sent to the frame controller via the memory controller 106. It is stored in the file 107 and is sent to an external CRT display or the like as an NTSC image via the DZA converter 108 as needed.
- the register 109 stores a transfer specification table required for the operation of the sensor head unit 200. The contents of the transfer specification table are described earlier with reference to FIGS. 8 and 15. As described above, L1, L2, and OE are set corresponding to each horizontal period counter value.
- the display LED 102 is for displaying the operating state of the sensor main body 100 to the outside, and the operation switch 103 is for giving various instructions to the sensor main body 100. is there.
- the input / output circuit (I / O) 104 outputs the displacement data measured by the sensor main body 100 to the outside.
- the displacement data includes a switching signal indicating the comparison result between the measured value and the reference value, in addition to the measured value itself.
- the operation of the sensor main body 100 is controlled by a synchronization signal obtained via an oscillator (OSC) 111 and a synchronization signal generator 110.
- OSC oscillator
- FIG. 19 shows the contents of the transfer specification table in this case
- FIG. 20 shows a driving example of the image sensor.
- the value of the horizontal period counter is "1”
- the number of transfer stages is "7”
- the value of the horizontal counter is "2" to "31J”
- the number of transfer stages is "2”. It is said.
- horizontal transfer is “none”. According to such a transfer specification table, the processing of FIG.
- the multi-stage vertical operation of the CCD and the horizontal transfer stop control are combined. Since the averaging process is executed inside the CCD element, the averaging process can be performed at high speed, and it is not necessary to provide a special averaging operation circuit externally.
- Fig. 23 (a) when an object with a flaw on the surface is photographed with the sensor head, the object surface has a large size depending on the depth of the flaw, as shown in Fig. 23 (b). A line beam image that becomes a waveform emission line appears. Therefore, the height of each measurement line is detected as shown in Fig. 7 (c), and P-P (peak to peak) is obtained. Or, calculate the variance of the height of each measurement line. Then, the width or depth of such a flaw can be obtained as a measured value.
- Fig. 3 (a) when a measurement object having a projection is photographed by the sensor head, a line beam composed of an arc-shaped bright line is formed on the surface of the object as shown in Fig. 3 (b). An image appears. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 7 (c), the height of each measurement line is detected, and P-P (peak to peak) is obtained. Then, such a protrusion The height of the object can be obtained as a measured value.
- Fig. 2 (b) when the surface of the object having a V-shaped groove is photographed by the sensor head, the surface of the object has a depth corresponding to the depth of the scratch as shown in Fig. 2 (b). A line beam image that becomes a large V-shaped emission line appears. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3 (c), the height of each measurement line is detected, and the bottom is obtained. Then, the depth of such a groove can be obtained as a measured value.
- Fig. 3 (a) when an object with a tilted surface is measured from above, a line beam with a tilt angle ⁇ is applied to the surface of the object as shown in Fig. 3 (b). Image appears. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3 (c), the height of each measurement line is calculated from the image data obtained in this way, and the slope is obtained, whereby the slope of the object whose surface is tilted can be measured. Can be obtained as By using this function at the same time, it is possible to check the sensor mounting state.
- Fig. 7 (a) when an object having a BGA (Ball Grid Array) on the surface is measured from above, the surface of the object becomes half as shown in Fig. 7 (b). A line beam image as a circular bright line appears. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3 (c), the height of each measurement line is calculated and the peak is obtained while moving such an object to obtain the BGA coplanarity, that is, the vertices of multiple BGAs. It is possible to measure how even the heights are.
- BGA Bit Grid Array
- Step 2201 YES the height of each measurement line is calculated, and PP is obtained. Or each total The variance of the height of the measurement line is obtained (step 2202).
- step 2203 In the case of measuring the protrusion (YES in step 2203), the height of each measurement line is calculated, and the peak is obtained (step 2204).
- step 2205 In the case of groove measurement (step 2205 YES), the height of each measurement line is calculated to determine the bottom (step 2206).
- Step 2207 YES the height of each measurement line is calculated to determine the inclination (Step 2208).
- step 2209 YES the height of each measurement line is calculated to obtain a peak.
- coplanarity such as lead and BGA (Step 2210).
- the series of embodiments described above include the following inventions of the first and second imaging devices and the first and second visual measurement devices. it can.
- the first imaging device collectively outputs the light receiving pixel groups arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of the standard imaging device, the vertical shift registers of each column, and the outputs of the vertical shift registers of each column.
- Two-dimensional imaging by forming a photosensitive pixel area in a specific horizontal line band that is sufficiently narrower than the total number of horizontal lines by having a horizontal shift register that receives the Driving to control signal charges from element and light receiving pixels to vertical shift registers in each column, vertical transfer of signal charges by vertical shift registers in each column, and horizontal transfer of signal charges by horizontal shift registers And a control unit.
- the drive control unit performs signal charge capture processing for capturing signal charges from the light receiving pixels into the vertical shift registers of each column, and performs processing for each signal captured from the preceding optical black pixel area.
- On column vertical shift register And the signal charge on the vertical shift register of each column taken from the photosensitive pixel area is transferred to the vertical shift register of each column.
- the transfer of the horizontal shift register and the transfer of the horizontal shift register are appropriately performed to read out the photosensitive pixel area, and the signal on the vertical shift register of each column taken in from the subsequent optical black pixel area
- the configuration is such that the subsequent optical black pixel area processing for dropping the electric charges into the horizontal shift register is repeated without being interposed in the middle, so that the processing for the subsequent optical black pixel area is not performed. Shorten the single screen read cycle.
- the first visual measurement device includes the first imaging device described above, and an image processing device that inputs image data output from the imaging device and performs predetermined image processing. It is.
- the second imaging device collectively outputs the output of the light receiving pixel group arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of the standard imaging device, the vertical shift register of each column, and the vertical shift register of each column.
- Two-dimensional structure in which a photosensitive pixel area is formed in a specific horizontal line band that is sufficiently narrower than the total number of horizontal lines by having a horizontal shift register that receives A drive system that controls signal charges from the image sensor and light-receiving pixels to the vertical shift registers of each column, vertical transfer of signal charges by the vertical shift registers of each column, and horizontal transfer of signal charges by the horizontal shift registers.
- a control unit that controls signal charges from the image sensor and light-receiving pixels to the vertical shift registers of each column, vertical transfer of signal charges by the vertical shift registers of each column, and horizontal transfer of signal charges by the horizontal shift registers.
- the drive control unit performs signal charge capture processing for capturing signal charges from the light receiving pixels into the vertical shift registers of each column, and performs processing for each signal captured from the preceding optical black pixel area.
- An optical black pixel area pre-processing that quickly converts the signal charge on the vertical shift register of the column into the horizontal shift register, and the processing of each column captured from the photosensitive pixel area
- the signal charge on the vertical shift register is read out to the outside by appropriately linking the transfer of the vertical shift register and the transfer of the horizontal shift register in each column to the outside, and the signal charge is taken in from the subsequent optical black pixel area
- the optical black pixel region corresponding processing at the subsequent stage, in which the signal charges on the vertical shift registers of each column are dropped into the horizontal shift register at high speed, is repeatedly executed.
- the one-screen readout cycle is shortened by the amount by which the signal charges on the vertical shift register of each column taken in from the subsequent optical black pixel area are quickly dropped into the horizontal shift register.
- the second visual measurement device includes the above-described second imaging device, and an image processing device that inputs image data output from the imaging device and performs predetermined image processing. is there.
- the term “visual measurement device” here is a general term for displacement sensors, 3D sensors, length measurement sensors, barcode readers, etc. that use a two-dimensional image sensor as the light-receiving element, based on the light-section method as the basic principle. .
- the feature of the two-dimensional image sensor described in this specification that it can perform high-speed imaging while maintaining the longitudinal resolution of an elongated visual field is extremely advantageous even when applied to a visual measurement device other than a displacement sensor. work.
- the 3D sensor uses a displacement sensor based on the light-section method, and acquires the height information of each part while moving the displacement sensor and the object to be measured in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the slit beam of the displacement sensor.
- the length measurement sensor which measures the three-dimensional shape of the surface of the measurement object, forms a slit beam consisting of parallel rays and projects this slit beam onto the light receiving surface of the two-dimensional image sensor.
- This sensor measures the length of the part of the object where the slit beam is shielded from the length of the shadow region generated on the light receiving surface when the measurement object shields a part of the slit beam.
- FIG. 32 shows a block diagram showing the electrical hardware configuration of the displacement sensor, 3D sensor, etc.
- a visual measuring device 800 is used for an imaging device 7 for generating and outputting a video signal of a two-dimensional image, and for capturing and measuring a video signal output from the imaging device 7. And an image processing device 8 for executing various image processing as main components.
- the imaging device 7 includes a CCD image sensor 71 as a solid-state image sensor (abbreviated as “CCD” in the figure), a transfer pulse generator 72, a transfer controller 73, an output buffer 74, and transfer specifications. Table 7 and 5 are included.
- the transfer pulse generator 72, the transfer controller 73, and the transfer specification table 75 constitute a drive controller.
- the image processing device 8 includes an image input unit 81 for performing AZD conversion of a video signal from the imaging device 7 and an image processing unit that performs image processing for predetermined measurement using the converted digital image. 8 and an output unit 83 for outputting the image processing result to the outside.
- the image processing unit 82 applies a method such as a binarization process or an edge extraction process to the image data in the effective image area. After extracting the object on the image by using it, the features of the extracted object, such as the area and the center of gravity, are measured. The specific content of the feature measurement process is determined by whether the visual measurement device corresponds to a displacement sensor, a 3D sensor, a length measurement sensor, a barcode reader, or the like.
- the image data for one screen is taken in about 1Z25 of the normal time.
- the time required for image input is greatly reduced, and processing efficiency is improved.
- the charge on the horizontal shift register HR may be saturated. Therefore, there is no possibility that the image in the effective image area is degraded due to occurrence of smear due to saturation.
- image data with the same resolution as image data generated by normal video standards can be acquired, so that the accuracy of the measurement processing can be maintained.
- the measurement result is compared with a preset reference value to determine the acceptability of the object.
- the measurement result and the determination result are output to an external device such as a monitor via the output unit 23.
- image data for one screen is taken in about 1Z5 of the normal time. This greatly reduces the time required for image input and improves processing efficiency.
- the charges do not saturate on the horizontal shift register HR. Therefore, there is no possibility that the smear due to the saturation will deteriorate the image in the effective image area.
- image data with the same resolution as the image data generated by the normal video standard can be acquired, so that the accuracy of the measurement processing can be maintained.
- the measurement result is compared with a preset reference value to determine the acceptability of the object.
- the measurement result and the determination result are output to an external device such as a monitor via the output unit 83.
- a pixel array serving as a base of the CCD image sensor 71 constituting the above-described image pickup device 7 a pixel array of a popular CCD image sensor corresponding to the screen aspect ratio of a standard digital still camera can be used as it is. it can. For this reason, there is no need to redesign a special pixel array, so that development costs and development time can be reduced and the cost can be reduced.
- Preferable applications of the above-described imaging apparatus include a displacement sensor, a 3D sensor, a length measurement sensor, a barcode reader, and the like that use a light-section method as a detection principle.
- This The field of view required for these sensors is slender and requires high resolution in the longitudinal direction.On the other hand, if there is a certain degree of resolution in the direction orthogonal to this, a raw image of the measurement state You can also check.
- a resolution of 1034 pixels can be obtained in the long side direction necessary for displacement measurement, and a maximum resolution of 60 pixels can be obtained in the short side direction.
- a long and narrow visual field can be photographed at high speed without deteriorating the image quality, and can be manufactured at low cost. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to acquire image data at a required resolution at a high speed from a long and narrow field of view and execute a measurement process with a high response, and furthermore, a visual measurement device (for example, We can provide displacement sensors, 3D sensors, length measurement sensors, barcode readers, etc., that apply the light-section method.
- the series of embodiments described above include the following two-dimensional image sensor and CCD image sensor. That is, the two-dimensional image pickup device of the present invention includes a pixel group arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of a standard image pickup device, and outputs of pixels constituting the pixel group in a vertical direction for each column. And a horizontal shift register for transferring charges transferred from the vertical shift registers in each column in the horizontal direction and outputting the charges to the outside, and a transfer operation of the vertical shift registers.
- This is a two-dimensional imaging device capable of externally controlling the transfer operation of the horizontal shift register.
- the pixel groups arranged in a matrix form include a first pixel group belonging to a specific horizontal line band having a sufficiently small number of lines compared to the total number of horizontal lines, and a second pixel group not belonging to the specific horizontal line band. And all or most of the pixels constituting the first pixel group are light-sensitive pixels, In addition, all or most of the pixels constituting the second pixel group are optically black pixels.
- pixels located near both ends in the horizontal direction of the specific horizontal line band are optical black pixels, and a series of pixels sandwiched between the optical black pixels Are light-sensitive pixels, and all the pixels constituting the second pixel group that do not belong to the specific horizontal line band are optical black pixels.
- the arrangement of the pixel groups corresponds to the field of view of a digital still camera or a DTV camera.
- the CCD image pickup device of the present invention includes a photodiode group arranged in a matrix corresponding to the field of view of a standard digital still camera, and an output of each photodiode constituting the photodiode group for each column. And a horizontal CCD for transferring charges transferred from the vertical CCDs in the respective columns in the horizontal direction and outputting the charges to the outside.
- the photodiode groups arranged in a matrix form include a first photodiode group belonging to a specific horizontal line band having a line number of 20% or less or 10% or less of the total number of horizontal lines, and the specific horizontal line band. Most of the photodiodes constituting the first photodiode group, except for both ends of the specific horizontal line band, are photosensitive pixels.
- the photodiodes constituting the second photodiode group are all optical black pixels.
- the specific horizontal line band is arranged close to the horizontal CCD.
- the specific horizontal line band can be formed by opening a narrow window in a light-shielding mask attached from the light-receiving surface of the device.
- the specific horizontal line band corresponds to a measurement image area of a displacement sensor, a 3D sensor, a length measurement sensor, or a barcode reader based on a light cutting method as a detection principle.
- the direction of the horizontal line of the image sensor is directed to the direction in which the position of the line beam image formed on the light receiving surface of the image sensor changes according to the displacement of the measurement target.
- the direction may be rotated 90 degrees in the light receiving surface. That is, the direction of the horizontal line of the image sensor may be oriented in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the position of the line beam image formed on the light receiving surface of the image sensor changes according to the displacement to be measured. .
- a long area along the irradiation position of the line beam can be included in the field of view, and the distribution of height in this long area can be measured at once. For example, multiple leads and BGAs can be seen in the field of view, and their height variations can be measured at once.
- the displacement sensor of the present invention it is possible to acquire image data at a required resolution at a high speed from a long and narrow field of view, perform various measurement processes with a high-speed response, and achieve a low A displacement sensor that can be manufactured at low cost can be provided.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01912377A EP1189017B1 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-15 | Displacement sensor |
| US09/979,007 US7151568B2 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-15 | Displacement sensor |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000072762A JP2001268444A (ja) | 2000-03-15 | 2000-03-15 | 二次元撮像素子 |
| JP2000-72762 | 2000-03-15 | ||
| JP2000-96816 | 2000-03-31 | ||
| JP2000136414 | 2000-03-31 | ||
| JP2000-136414 | 2000-03-31 | ||
| JP2000096816A JP2001285719A (ja) | 2000-03-31 | 2000-03-31 | 撮像装置 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001069169A1 true WO2001069169A1 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
Family
ID=27342679
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2001/002038 Ceased WO2001069169A1 (en) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-03-15 | Displacement sensor |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7151568B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1189017B1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2001069169A1 (ja) |
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| JP2005269605A (ja) * | 2004-02-20 | 2005-09-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | デジタル図鑑システム、図鑑検索方法、図鑑検索プログラム |
| JP4972298B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-10 | 2012-07-11 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 半導体デバイスの欠陥検査方法及びその装置 |
| DE102005051318B4 (de) * | 2005-10-26 | 2011-11-17 | Mathias Reiter | Optisches Formermittlungsverfahren |
| DE102006049905B4 (de) * | 2006-10-23 | 2010-07-15 | Pepperl + Fuchs Gmbh | Optoelektronischer Sensor und Verfahren zu dessen Betrieb |
| US8270678B2 (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2012-09-18 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Method, system, and computer program product to detect micron scale displacement of objects from a long range with and optical device and related computer implemented methods |
| TWI353885B (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2011-12-11 | Primax Electronics Ltd | Thickness detecting mechanism |
| CN103459991A (zh) * | 2011-01-31 | 2013-12-18 | 维泰克实验室技术股份有限公司 | 具有数字的体积显示的瓶式分配器 |
| JP4821934B1 (ja) * | 2011-04-14 | 2011-11-24 | 株式会社安川電機 | 3次元形状計測装置およびロボットシステム |
| CA2835870A1 (en) | 2011-05-12 | 2012-11-15 | Olive Medical Corporation | Pixel array area optimization using stacking scheme for hybrid image sensor with minimal vertical interconnects |
| US20140002642A1 (en) | 2012-06-15 | 2014-01-02 | Elmar SWIEGOT | Absolute position detection |
| CN104486987A (zh) | 2012-07-26 | 2015-04-01 | 橄榄医疗公司 | 具有最小面积单片式cmos图像传感器的相机系统 |
| CA2878514A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | Olive Medical Corporation | Ycbcr pulsed illumination scheme in a light deficient environment |
| WO2014018936A2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | Olive Medical Corporation | Continuous video in a light deficient environment |
| AU2014233192B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-11-22 | DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. | Minimize image sensor I/O and conductor counts in endoscope applications |
| EP2967301B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2021-11-03 | DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. | Scope sensing in a light controlled environment |
| WO2014145246A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Olive Medical Corporation | Image sensor synchronization without input clock and data transmission clock |
| CA2906798A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Olive Medical Corporation | Super resolution and color motion artifact correction in a pulsed color imaging system |
| US9777913B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-10-03 | DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. | Controlling the integral light energy of a laser pulse |
| EP3119265B1 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2019-09-11 | DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. | Card edge connector for an imaging sensor |
| JP2018128326A (ja) | 2017-02-07 | 2018-08-16 | 大塚電子株式会社 | 光学スペクトル測定装置および光学スペクトル測定方法 |
| JP7547783B2 (ja) * | 2019-06-19 | 2024-09-10 | 株式会社リコー | 情報処理装置、生体情報計測装置、空間領域値の表示方法およびプログラム |
| US20240007763A1 (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-04 | Varex Imaging Corporation | Imaging system with emi correction |
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- 2001-03-15 WO PCT/JP2001/002038 patent/WO2001069169A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2001-03-15 US US09/979,007 patent/US7151568B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-15 EP EP01912377A patent/EP1189017B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| EP0633691A2 (en) | 1993-07-08 | 1995-01-11 | Sony Corporation | Solid state imager device having a/d converter |
| JPH095048A (ja) * | 1995-06-16 | 1997-01-10 | Sony Corp | 表面形状測定装置 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1189017A4 (en) | 2002-10-02 |
| EP1189017A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 |
| EP1189017B1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
| US7151568B2 (en) | 2006-12-19 |
| US20020159074A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
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