WO2002020830A2 - Auf transmembranrezeptoren aus helminthen basierende testsysteme und deren verwendung zur identifizierung und charakerisierung von verbindungen - Google Patents
Auf transmembranrezeptoren aus helminthen basierende testsysteme und deren verwendung zur identifizierung und charakerisierung von verbindungen Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to transmembrane receptors from helminths and
- Arthropod-based test systems and their use for the identification and characterization of substances with effects against helminths, arthropods or with an effect on the calcium balance of organisms and / or cells.
- the invention further relates to the use of a specific ligand therein. Test system and its use as an anthelmintic or arthropodicidal active ingredient.
- the number of parasites produced annually to combat or prevent such diseases is high
- Macrocyclic lactones were the last two decades ago to introduce a new, broadly effective group of active ingredients to the market.
- a large number of endo- and ectoparasite species have developed resistance to representatives of individual, and in some cases also several, classes of active substances simultaneously. Therefore, there is a constant and increasingly urgent need to develop new antiparasitic substances.
- HC110-R the functional interaction of the above-mentioned protein, called HC110-R, is inter alia with the ligand BAY 44-4400 (cyclo (-D-Lac-L-MeLeu- Dp-Mo ⁇ holinyl-PhLac-L-MeLeu- ) as another representative of the cyclic depsipeptides, for which recombinant eukaryotic cell lines were constructed in which the HC110-R is expressed, based on the sequence ID No. 2 described in the earlier application DE-A-197 04 024.
- the present invention is therefore based in particular on the object, based on transmembrane receptors of helminths and arthropods, preferably from nematodes and acarina, particularly preferably from Trichostrongylidae, very particularly preferably from Haemonchus spp. and in particular based on the HO 10-R receptor from H. contortus, to provide test systems with a high throughput of test compounds (high throughput screening assays; HTS assays).
- Proteins which are regarded as homologous proteins are those which have an at least 70% identity, preferably 80% identity, particularly preferably 90% identity, very particularly preferably 95% identity, with a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 of the document DE- A-197 04 024, the content of which is expressly intended to be part of the present application, has a length of at least 20, preferably at least 25, particularly preferably at least 30 consecutive amino acids and very particularly preferably over their total lengths.
- the degree of identity of the amino acid sequences is preferably determined with the aid of the GAP program from the GCG program package, version 9.1 under standard settings (Devereux et al. 1984).
- the object is achieved by the provision of polypeptides which exercise at least one biological activity of a GPCR receptor and by the provision of a method for obtaining these polypeptides and by the provision of methods for identifying nematicidal and arthropodicidal compounds.
- test systems based on recombinant microorganisms have already been used in many different ways for identifying pharmaceutically active substances, including using microorganisms which express recombinantly parasitic genes (Klein and Geary 1997). So far, however, no systems are known in which parasitic transmembrane receptors are used as recombinant, functional proteins in eukaryotic cells as targets.
- the test systems described in this invention allow high-throughput
- GPCR G protein-coupled receptors
- the present invention is therefore also based on the object of being able to express transmembrane receptors, especially GPC receptors
- the present invention thus relates in particular to the expression and use of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor from helminths and arthropods, preferably from nematodes and acarina, particularly preferably from Trichostrongylidae, very particularly preferably from Haemonchus and most preferably from the parasitic nematode H. contortus as a target protein for the effective search for nematicidal active ingredients.
- This receptor was identified in a cDNA library which was obtained from the gastrointestinal nematode H. contortus.
- the cDNA codes for a heptahelical transmembrane protein with a size of 110 kDa, which was designated as HC110-R.
- the protein belongs to the secretin family of G-protein coupled
- GPCR Receptors
- the HC11Q-R receptor as a target
- the GPCR latrophilin was originally isolated from the mammalian brain.
- Latrophilin has a molecular mass of 210 kDa and is post-translational
- the remaining 18 split upstream of the first transmembrane segment consists of two noncovalently linked subunits.
- the subunit pl20 contains the N-terminal, hydrophilic extracellular portion
- the p85 subunit contains the seven transmembrane domains and the intracellular C-terminal region of the latrophilin, which is unusually large for GPCRs.
- Recently two close homologues were identified, latrophilin-2 and latrophili ⁇ i73 (see also Fig. 6).
- latrophilin-1 is preferred in the brain, while latrophilin-2 is ubiquitously expressed with a preference for placenta, kidney, spleen, ovaries, heart and lungs of mammals (Ichtchenko et al. 1999; Sugita et al. 1998).
- HO 10-R is only about half the size of the 210 kDa latrophilin, the similarity of the sequence also extends to a functional similarity.
- the endogenous ligand is still unknown for both receptors, but both latrophilin and HO 10-R are influenced by the artificial ligand ⁇ -LTX (alpha-latro-toxin).
- ⁇ -LTX causes the influx of external Ca, as can be shown by a test approach with radioactive 45 Ca 2+ .
- ⁇ -LTX also causes such a Ca 2+ influx in HEK-293 cells that have been transiently transfected with HO 10-R, which can be observed, for example, by Ca 2+ imaging (see also Figs. 10 and 11) ,
- the HO 10-R is in the form of a construct with a C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) attachment, it is biphasic, ie there is a change after about 3 and another after about 22 minutes.
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- the HO 10-R is only preceded by a Myc-His-Tag N-terminal, the main inflow is observed about 2-3 minutes after the addition of ⁇ -LTX. The reason for this is still unknown, but the reaction to the ⁇ -LTX addition is specific, as the later explanations show: 1.
- the Ca 2+ influx cannot be observed in non-transfected cells and in cells which have been transiently transfected with a ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptor from the mouse.
- the biphasic change requires the inflow of Ca 2+ , which occurs through Ca 2+ channels that can be blocked by Cd 2+ , especially those of the L type, as can be seen from their sensitivity to nifedipm.
- nifedipine blocks the action of the ⁇ -LTX in the system described here shows that the system is also suitable for the identification of new specific calcium channel blockers.
- Nifedipine belongs to a class of
- Calcium channel agonists and antagonists which are classified according to their binding to a specific location of a calcium channel, e.g. B. based on their binding to L-type channels.
- L-type The most important three classes of calcium channel blockers (L-type) are benzoacetonitriles (e.g. Verapamil, WO 91/02497), benzothiazepinones (e.g. Diltiazem) and 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives such as nifedipine, nivaldipine, nimodipine, nicardipine, isradipine, amlodipine, nitrenipine, felodipine or nisoldipine (Bacon et al.
- L-type calcium channel blockers are 1,3-diphosphonates, e.g. B. Belfosodil.
- This invention therefore also relates to the use of ⁇ -LTX-binding transmembrane receptors for the identification of new calcium channel blockers.
- Heptahelical transmembrane receptors are particularly preferably used, and G-protein binding receptors are particularly preferred.
- the use of transmembrane receptors is very particularly preferred
- HO 10-R receptor according to SEQ ID. NO: 2 and also 70%, preferably 80%, particularly preferably 90% and particularly preferably 95% homologous receptor proteins.
- HO 10-R is a target for the new anthelmintic depsipeptide BAY44-4400.
- BAY44-4400 interferes with ⁇ -LTX signal transmission in HEK-293 cells that have been transfected with HO 10-R (Fig. 12). This disorder may be due to the ionophoric activity of the BAY 44-4400, as is typical for other depsipeptides, e.g. B. Beauvericin, Enniatin etc. (Geßner et al. 1996). However, BAY44-4400 does not cause changes in non-transfected cells.
- BAY44-4400 does not interfere with the signal transmission induced by isoproterenol by HEK-293 cells transfected with the ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptor of the mouse.
- BAY44-4400 acts as an antagonist of ⁇ -LTX, while BAY44-4400 alone does not affect the Ca 2+ concentration in HO 10-R transfected HEK-293 cells.
- the membrane protein described in DE 197 04 024 AI was identified as a possible target protein for the anthelmintic active ingredient PF 1022 A.
- a ⁇ ZAPII cDNA expression library of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus was prepared and the cDNA library was searched using a conjugate of PF1022A and KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin), PF1022A-KLH, and polyclonal antibodies against this conjugate (see Ex. 1).
- Examination of approximately 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 non-amplified, recombinant clones revealed a 3036 bp long cDNA clone which was attached to a 3.6 kb large H.
- the amino acid sequence of the HO 10-R protein has some special features.
- the extracellular N-terminal part of the protein consists of a total of 535 residues.
- the N-terminus contains a signal peptide with a length of 21 amino acids and a cleavage site at position 18. This is followed by a lectin-like sequence (AS 22-125) and a so-called "thr stretch" (AS 128-147), which only is interrupted by a serine in position 144. Downstream of the "thr stretch” is a cysteine-rich motif of the structure CX 9 WX 12 CX 9 WXCX 5 WX 9 CX 3 W (AS 166-221).
- the protein HO 10-R contains seven hydrophobic, ⁇ -helical transmembrane domains between residues 536 and 772. Directly upstream of the transmembrane region there is another 4-Cys region of the structure CXWWX 6 WX 4 CX ⁇ CXC (AS 478-524 ). In the transmembrane region there are three extracellular loops containing residues 587-597, 654-673 and 743-749 and three intracellular loops (positions 559-569, 627-636, 696-724). The C-terminus is 214 residues long (24 kDa) and contains a proline-rich part (AS 845-861) and a PEST region (AS 915-933). Finally, there are three putative N-glycosylation sites at residues 26, 499 and 862 and 14 putative phosphorylation sites in the derived intracellular domain (see also Fig. 6).
- identity describes the number of sequence positions that are identical in a so-called “alignment”. It is given as a percentage of the “Alignmenf" length.
- similarity describes the similarity of sequences based on a similarity metric, that is, a measure thereof, as how. similarly, for example, you want to accept a valine for a threonine or a leucine.
- homology means evolutionary kinship, that is, when two homologous proteins have evolved from a common tracer sequence. The term does not necessarily have anything to do with it
- the comparison of the two sequences shows common features of both proteins, for example the lectin-like sequence, the "thr stretch", the Cys motifs and the PEST sequence.
- the highest identity can be found in the area of the transmembrane region (62%), whereas a less pronounced identity can be found in the N-terminal (44%) and C-terminal (50%) region.
- the HO 10-R protein has a 20-30% identity with heptahelical G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors (GPCR), especially with the secretin subfamily. Comparisons of seven transmembrane domains show high identity and similarity in structure and sequence between different GPCRs of the secretin subfamily and HO 10-R (Fig. 4).
- GPCR G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors
- Comparisons of seven transmembrane domains show high identity and similarity in structure and sequence between different GPCRs of the secretin subfamily and HO 10-R (Fig. 4).
- Latrophilin a member of the secretin subfamily, from mammals such as humans (Gen Bank TM Accession No .: E1360690), cattle (e.g. G416021, G416053 and G4185804), and the rat (U78105 or U72487) shows something higher identity (31%) to HO 10-R than other secretin receptors.
- HO 10-R and the 1466 amino acid latrophilin-1 GPCR (U78105) from the rat have common features, e.g. B. the lectin domain, the cy stone-rich region and a conserved 4-Cys motif in front of the transmembrane region. The latter has recently been proposed as a proteolysis site for latrophilin and other major GPCR secretin.
- the N-terminus of HO 10-R does not contain the olfactomedin region and the Pro / Thr-
- transmembrane receptors are preferably used, which can be assigned to the secretin subfamily.
- Transient transfection experiments with a HO 10-GFP fusion protein were carried out in various mammalian cell lines, for example COS-7 cells or HEK-293 cells (FIG. 7).
- the heterologous expression was chosen because no cell lines from H. contortus have yet been established.
- the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the Pacific jellyfish Aequorea victoria can be used for protein localization in living cells (see Fig. 8).
- GFP serves as an in vivo reporter to show the frequency of a transient or stable transfection and at the subcellular level to localize proteins.
- Wild-type GFP is a 27th kD monomer of 238 amino acids, which after excitation with UV light (360 - 400 nm; max. at 395 nm) or blue light (440 - 480 nm; max. at 475 nm) emits green light with a maximum of 509 nm without the need for exogenous substrates or cofactors (Chalfie et al. 1994).
- GFP can thus be detected directly by fluorescence microscopy in vivo and its fluorescence behavior remains essentially unchanged even as part of a fusion protein.
- EGFP ('enhanced' GFP) is a genetic variant of wild-type GFP and is used to transfect mammalian cells (Yang et al. 1996). The excitation maximum of EGFP was shifted to only one peak at 490 nm by substitution of Ser 65 with Thr.
- N3 (GenBank Accession No .: U55762) [Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA] express EGFP under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter and can be used to fuse other proteins at the N or C terminus of EGFP ,
- Stable cell lines offer the advantage over transient expression that each cell permanently expresses the desired protein and isolation of the protein after localization is possible.
- an antibody against the desired protein is required, or it is advisable to choose an expression vector which, for example, a Myc- or His-Tag C-terminal with the actual protein merged in the correct reading frame, against which there are then commercially available, usually even monoclonal, antibodies.
- the present invention also relates to cells which are stable
- HEK-293 cells were transiently and stably transfected with HO10-R-GFP fusion protein and with alpha-latrotoxin ( ⁇ - LTR) stimulated.
- Alpha-Latrotoxin is a presynaptic neurotoxin that can be obtained from the poison of the Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans). It is known for its toxicity to the central nervous system of vertebrates, where it triggers the depolarization of neurons by increasing [Ca 2+ ] j and stimulating the uncontrolled exocytosis of neurotransmitters. It has also become known that the effect of ⁇ -latrotoxin is at least partially mediated by latrophilin. It is believed that the toxicity of ⁇ -latrotoxin is due to its ability to bind to receptors that are linked to GTP-binding protein
- GPCR GPCR to interact. These receptors normally mediate the effects of endogenous hormones or neuropeptides.
- ⁇ -LTX causes a biphasic increase in [Ca 2+ ] j.
- ⁇ -LTX initially induces a very small increase of only 5 ⁇ 0.2 nM 2
- HEK-293 cells are transfected with an N-terminal GFP-tagged HO 10-R construct and stimulated with 75 nM ⁇ -LTX, there is a slightly reduced 2nd peak. Finally, a slightly reduced response to ⁇ -LTX was also found when the HO 10-R protein was tagged with an N-terminal GFP tag, so it can be assumed that the attachment of a GFP tag N- or C-terminal has no significant influence on the ⁇ -LTX binding and the following signal transduction by HC 110-R.
- HEK-293 cells transiently transfected with other C-terminal GFP-tagged G protein-coupled receptors, e.g. B. the ß - adrenergic receptor of the mouse, or the human muscarinic Hl acetylcholine
- ⁇ -LTX in a concentration of 75 nM causes only a slight (from about 40 ⁇ 10.4 nM after about 20 minutes) to no increase in the [Ca 2+ ] i.
- the majority of the Ca + channels involved in the Ca + inflow are of the L type, since 15 ⁇ M nifedipine is already sufficient to significantly increase the increase in [Ca + ] j induced by ⁇ -LTX suppress.
- the stable or transient HEK-293 cell line expressing the C-terminal Myc / His-tagged HO 10-R receptor also responds to ⁇ -LTX in a dose-dependent manner
- This Ca 2+ signal is similar to the second delayed Ca 2+ peak HO10-R-GFP of transfected HEK-293 cells at the same ⁇ -LTX concentration (75 nM) in the level of the signal and in its course, the answer is only given - as with higher concentrations (90 nM and 120 nM) HO 10-GFP transfected cells - immediately after ⁇ -LTX addition.
- the invention therefore also relates to the use of ⁇ -LTX as an agonist of transmembrane receptors of the secretin family from nematodes.
- ⁇ -LTX is preferably used as an agonist of the HO 10-R receptor according to SEQ ID NO: 2 and of 70%, preferably 80%, particularly preferably 90% and very particularly preferably 95% homologous receptor proteins.
- the present invention also relates to the use of ⁇ -LTX as a nematicide.
- the present invention also relates to the use of ⁇ -LTX in a method for identifying compounds which are nematicidal or arthropodicidally active, the compounds being able to act as agonists or antagonists of the transmembrane receptors.
- the present invention also relates to the use of ⁇ -LTX in a method for identifying compounds which block calcium channels.
- PF1022A exerts its effect on nematodes depending on the species at concentrations in the range of 100-800 ng / ml (Terada, 1992).
- the following Ca 2+ imaging experiments were carried out in HEK loaded with FURA-2 and transfected with HO 10-R-GFP -293 cells uses the BAY44-4400, which is a more soluble derivative of PF1022A.
- BAY44-4400 the almost ineffective antipode PF 1022-001 produced a Ca 2+ response in HO 10-R-GFP transfected HEK 293 cells, even if the cells had been preincubated with the active ingredient for 90 minutes. In contrast, both substances influence the signal transmission caused by ⁇ -LTX, although to different degrees (Fig. 12 and 14). In the presence of 4 ng / ml
- BAY44-4400 causes ⁇ -LTX only a slight Ca 2+ increase with a maximum of 44 ⁇ 6.0 nM Ca 2+ after 14 minutes (Fig. 12). In the presence of PF1022-001, however, ⁇ -LTX causes a larger increase of 103 ⁇ 11.5 nM Ca 2+ after 6 minutes (Fig. 10B). In another approach, the cells were preincubated with either 4 ng / ml or 400 ng / ml BAY44-4400 and PF1022A for 90 minutes
- HEK-293 cells with only 400 ng / ml BAY 44-4400 react the cells for 50 minutes in no comparable way with a change in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration.
- an influence of the BAY 44-4400 can be determined in the presence of the ⁇ -LTX. If cells are incubated 6 minutes before the addition of 75 nM ⁇ -LTX with BAY 44-4400, the influence of the ⁇ -LTX on the Ca 2+ is reduced.
- isoproterenol also causes a significant Ca 2+ response: immediately after adding isoproterenol, there is only an increase in Ca 2+ . However, this increase is not influenced by BAY 44-4400.
- polypeptides refers to both short amino acid chains, commonly referred to as peptides, oligopeptides, or oligomers, and longer amino acid chains, commonly referred to as proteins. It includes amino acid chains that can be modified either by natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical processes that are state of the art. Such modifications can occur at various locations and multiple times in a polypeptide, such as, for example, on the peptide backbone, on the amino acid side chain, on the amino and or on the carboxy terminus.
- acetylations include, for example, acetylations, acylations, ADP-ribosylations, amidations, covalent linkages with flavins, heme components, nucleotides or nucleotide derivatives, lipids or lipid derivatives or
- Phosphatidylinositol cyclizations, disulfide bridges, demethylations, Cystine formation, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, selenoylation and tRNA-mediated addition of amino acids.
- the polypeptides can be in the form of "mature” proteins or as parts of larger proteins, e.g. can be used as fusion proteins. Furthermore, they can have secreting or “leader” sequences, pro-sequences, sequences which enable simple purification, such as multiple histidine residues, or additional stabilizing amino acids.
- Proteins or polypeptides which are homologous proteins or polypeptides are those which have at least 70% identity, preferably 80% identity, particularly preferably 90% identity, very particularly preferably 95% identity, with a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 of document DE-A-197 04 024, the content of which is expressly intended to be part of the present application, have a length of at least 20, preferably at least 25, particularly preferably at least 30 consecutive amino acids and very particularly preferably over their total lengths.
- polypeptides do not have to be complete receptors for their use according to the invention, but can also only be fragments thereof as long as they at least still have the biological activity of the complete receptors.
- the polypeptides need not be derivable from H. contortus transmembrane receptors. Polypeptides which correspond to transmembrane receptors of other helminthic or arthropod species or fragments thereof which can still exert the biological activity of these receptors are also considered to be according to the invention.
- polypeptides can be deletions or compared to the corresponding region of naturally occurring GPCR receptors Have amino acid substitutions as long as they still have at least one biological activity of the complete receptors. Conservative substitutions are preferred. Such conservative substitutions include variations in which one amino acid is replaced by another amino acid from the following group:
- Aromatic residues Phe, Tyr and Tip.
- functionally similar receptors are understood to mean receptors which comprise polypeptides which differ in amino acid sequence from the polypeptides described here, but have essentially the same biological function.
- the expression "essentially the same biological function" as used herein means participation in the construction of functional G-protein coupled heptahelical transmembrane receptor receptors, particularly those of the secretin subfamily, or one of the HO 10-R receptor from H. corresponding function to contortus.
- Such a function also includes the properties of the receptor described above, such as sensitivity to ⁇ -LTX as agonists or nifedipine as antagonists of ⁇ -LTX.
- hybridize describes the process in which a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule with a complementary strand undergoes base pairing.
- DNA fragments from nematodes other than H. contortus and from arthropods which code for polypeptides with the biological activity of GPCR receptors can be isolated.
- the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal cDNA sections are preferred.
- the hybridization conditions are chosen so that less similar sequences from other organisms can also be detected.
- the hybridization conditions under reduced stringency can, for example, look as follows: in 6xSSC / 0% formamide as hybridization solution, hybridization takes place between 40-55 ° C.
- the conditions of the specific 2nd washing step must be tested, e.g. initially 2xSSC at 50 ° C, then estimation of the signal intensities. This is followed by the modification of the washing conditions.
- Hybridization solution 6xSSC / 0% formamide
- preferred hybridization solution 6xSSC / 25% formamide
- Hybridization temperature 34 ° C
- preferred hybridization temperature 42 ° C
- 1st washing step 2xSSC at 40 ° C
- 2nd washing step 2xSSC at 45 ° C; preferred 2nd washing step: 0.6xSSC at 55 ° C; particularly preferred 2nd washing step: 0.3xSSC at 65 ° C.
- Hybridization conditions are approximately calculated using the following formula:
- c is the concentration and n is the length of the hybridizing sequence section in base pairs.
- the expression 500 / n is omitted for a sequence> 100 bp. It is washed with the highest stringency at a temperature of 5-15 ° C below Tm and an ionic strength of 15 mM Na + (corresponds to 0.1 x SSC). If an RNA sample is used for hybridization, the melting point is 10-15 ° C higher.
- polypeptides used in the method according to the invention for identifying nematicidal and arthropodicidally active compounds are used by the
- nucleic acids which have an at least 70% identity, preferably 80% identity, particularly preferably 90% identity, very particularly preferably 95% identity with a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO : 3 over a length of at least 20, preferably at least 100, particularly preferably at least 500 consecutive nucleotides and very particularly preferably over their total length.
- the nucleic acid according to the invention can also be used to produce transgenic invertebrates. These can be used in test systems which are based on expression of the receptors according to the invention or variants thereof which deviate from the wild type. This also includes all transgenic invertebrates in which the modification of other genes or gene control sequences (for example promoters) causes a change in the expression of the receptors according to the invention or their variants.
- transgenic invertebrates are produced, for example, in Drosophila melanogaster by P-element-mediated gene transfer or in Caenorhabditis elegans by transposon-mediated gene transfer (e.g. by Tel, Plasterk 1996).
- the invention thus also relates to transgenic invertebrates which contain at least one of the nucleic acids according to the invention, preferably transgenic invertebrates of the species Drosophila melanogaster or Caenorhabditis elegans, and their transgenic progeny.
- the transgenic invertebrates preferably contain the receptors according to the invention in a form which differs from the wild type.
- the nucleic acid according to the invention can be produced in the usual way.
- the nucleic acid molecule can be completely chemically synthesized. It is also possible to chemically synthesize only short pieces of the sequence according to the invention and to label such oligonucleotides radioactively or with a fluorescent dye.
- the labeled oligonucleotides can be used to search cDNA libraries made from nematode mRNA or insect mRNA. Clones to which the labeled oligonucleotides hybridize are selected to isolate the DNA in question. After characterizing the isolated DNA, the nucleic acid according to the invention is obtained in a simple manner.
- the nucleic acid according to the invention can also be produced by means of the PCR method using chemically synthesized oligonucleotides.
- oligonucleotide (s) as used herein means DNA molecules which consist of 10 to 50 nucleotides, preferably 15 to 30 nucleotides. For example, they are chemically synthesized and can be used as probes.
- the nucleic acid according to the invention can be used to isolate and characterize the regulatory regions which naturally occur adjacent to the coding region. Such regulatory regions are thus also the subject of the present invention.
- Vectors which contain a nucleic acid to be used according to the invention or a DNA construct to be used according to the invention are also used in the methods according to the invention. All phages, plasmids, phagmids, phasmids, cosmids, YACs, BACs, artificial chromosomes or particles used for a molecular biological laboratory can be used as vectors
- Particle bombardment are suitable.
- Preferred vectors are pBIN and its derivatives for plant cells, pFL61 for yeast cells, pBLUESCRIPT vectors for bacterial cells, lamdaZAP (from Stratagene) for phages.
- vectors were used and several constructs were created.
- the vectors used for the transient or stable transformation of cell lines and for the stable expression of the HO 10-R receptor are also the subject of the present invention.
- EGFP constructs were produced which lead to the expression of fusion proteins with an N-terminal EGFP tag (EGFP-HC110-R) or a C-terminal EGFP tag (HO10-R-EGFP).
- EGFP-HC110-R N-terminal EGFP tag
- HO10-R-EGFP C-terminal EGFP tag
- the vector pMyc ⁇ xHis was used for the stable expression and is also the subject of the present invention.
- the vector pMyc ⁇ xHis is derived from the vector pSecTagA [ ⁇ nvitrogen, Leek, NL] by double digestion with the restriction enzymes Nhil and Sfil, followed by blunting of the ends and religation of the vector.
- the present invention also relates to host cells which contain a nucleic acid to be used according to the invention or a vector to be used according to the invention.
- the stably transformed cell line HEK-293 with HO10-R-Myc / His is the subject of this invention, which is available under number DSM ACC2464 from the international depository DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg lb in 38 124
- the present invention likewise relates to host cells which contain a nucleic acid to be used according to the invention or a vector to be used according to the invention, and a vector which the cells use to express
- Aequorin enables a luminescent protein that emits light in the presence of Ca 2+ .
- Appropriate host cells make it possible to change the Ca 2+ concentration and thus the effect of substances such.
- the stable transformed cell line HEK-293 capable of expressing aequorin is included
- HOlO-R-Myc / His is the subject of the invention, which was deposited under number DSM ACC2465 at the international depository DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg lb in 38 124 Braunschweig.
- the term "host cell” as used in the present context refers to cells which do not naturally contain the nucleic acids according to the invention.
- Eukaryotic cells such as yeast, mammalian, amphibian, insect or plant cells are preferably suitable as host cells.
- Preferred eukaryotic host cells are HEK-293, Schneider S2, Spodoptera Sf9, Kc, CHO, HepG-2, Kl-COS-1, COS-7, HeLa, C127, 3T3 or BHK Cells and especially Xenopus oocytes, HEK-293 or COS-7 cells are particularly suitable.
- This invention also relates to the use of DNA corresponding to the sequence ID no. Described in application DE-A-197 04 024. 2 for the detection of DNA from helminths, preferably from the Nematoda strain, particularly preferably from the Trichostrongylidae family, very particularly preferably from the Haemonchus genus and most preferably from the Haemonchus contortus species.
- the invention relates to oligonucleotides which correspond to a region of the DNA sequence described above or its complementary strand and can hybridize to it.
- the invention relates to the use of these oligonucleotides or parts thereof as
- PCR primer in a diagnostic method for the detection of the above-mentioned nematodes, the DNA of the helminths in question being specifically amplified with the aid of the primer and the PCR technique and then identified.
- the invention also relates to a method for the detection of helminths, preferably from the Nematoda strain, particularly preferably from the Trichostrongylidae family, very particularly preferably from the Haemonchus genus and most preferably from the Haemonchus contortus species, oligonucleotides as above described hybridize specifically to DNA sequences which originate from the organisms mentioned and which are then amplified with the aid of the PCR technique.
- the detection of organisms as mentioned above can e.g. be done by
- an oligonucleotide sample or primer is available which hydrides to the DNA according to the invention, coding for HO 10-R, or strands complementary thereto, or to the 5 1 - or 3 '-flanking regions thereof,
- the hybridization of the oligonucleotide or primer is detected (e.g. using the polymerase chain reaction),
- the invention therefore also relates to a diagnostic test kit for the detection of helminths, preferably from the Nematoda strain, particularly preferably from the Trichostrongylidae family, very particularly preferably of the genus
- Haemonchus and most preferably the species Haemonchus contortus which, among other things, provides oligonucleotides as described above, which can be used in methods for the detection of species from the systematic groups mentioned.
- the invention also relates to a diagnostic test kit as described above, the oligonucleotides provided in this kit being provided with a detectable marker.
- detectable markers can include enzymes, enzyme substrates, coenzymes, enzyme inhibitors, fluorescence markers, chromophores, luminescent markers and radioisotopes.
- This invention also relates to the use of the above-mentioned HO10-R polypeptides or fragments thereof and of 70%, preferably 80%, particularly preferably 90% and particularly preferably 95% more homologously thereto.
- Receptor proteins from helminths preferably from the Nematoda strain, particularly preferably from the Trichostrongylidae family, very particularly preferably from the Haemonchus genus and most preferably from the Haemonchus contortus species for the production of vaccines which contain at least one HO10-R polypeptide or fragment or a Contain 70%, preferably 80%, particularly preferably 90% and particularly preferably 95% homologous receptor protein thereof.
- the vaccine is able to elicit an immune response that is specific for a HO 10-R protein described above.
- the vaccine contains an antigenic determinant, e.g. a single determinant of a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence according to the sequence described in application DE-A-197 04 024 _D No. 2 or a polypeptide encoded by the above DNA or fragments thereof.
- an antigenic determinant e.g. a single determinant of a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence according to the sequence described in application DE-A-197 04 024 _D No. 2 or a polypeptide encoded by the above DNA or fragments thereof.
- the present invention furthermore relates to processes for producing the polypeptides to be used according to the invention.
- host cells which contain these nucleic acids can be cultured under suitable conditions.
- the desired polypeptides can then be isolated from the cells or the culture medium in a conventional manner.
- the polypeptides can also be produced in in vztro systems.
- a rapid method for isolating the polypeptides according to the invention, which are synthesized by host cells using a nucleic acid according to the invention begins, for example, as described in the examples, with the expression of a fusion protein, whereby the fusion partner can be easily affinity-purified.
- the fusion partner can be, for example, glutalhione S-transferase.
- the fusion protein can then be purified on a glutate monofinance column.
- the fusion partner can, for example, on linkers between the fusion partner and the one to be purified according to the invention. Polypeptide are separated.
- the linker can be designed to target
- Amino acids such as arginine and lysine residues, define sites for trypsin cleavage. Standard cloning techniques using oligonucleotides can be used to create such linkers. Another possible method is based on the use of histidine fusion proteins and their purification using Ni 2+ talon columns.
- detergent extractions are preferably carried out in the cleaning processes, for example using detergents which do not or only slightly influence the secondary and tertiary fractures of the polypeptides, such as non-ionic detergents.
- the purification of the polypeptides to be used according to the invention can include the isolation of membranes starting from host cells which express the nucleic acids according to the invention. Such cells preferably express the polypeptides in a sufficient number of copies so that the amount of the polypeptides in one
- Membrane fraction is at least 10 times higher than that in comparable Membranes of cells are found that naturally express the HO10-R gene; the amount is particularly preferably at least 100 times, very particularly preferably at least 1000 times higher.
- compositions according to the invention which contains the polypeptides are preferably enriched at least 10-fold and particularly preferably at least 100-fold with respect to the protein content compared to a preparation from the host cells.
- polypeptides according to the invention can also be affinity-purified without a fusion partner using antibodies which bind to the polypeptides.
- the invention furthermore relates to antibodies which specifically bind to the abovementioned polypeptides or receptors.
- Such antibodies are produced in the usual way.
- such antibodies can be produced by injecting a substantially immunocompetent host with an effective amount for antibody production of a transmembrane receptor according to the invention, such as the HO 10-R receptor from H. contortus or a fragment thereof, and by subsequently obtaining this antibody.
- a transmembrane receptor according to the invention
- an immortalized cell line which produces monoclonal antibodies can be obtained in a manner known per se.
- the antibodies can optionally be labeled with a detection reagent.
- Preferred examples of such a detection reagent are enzymes, radioactively labeled elements, fluorescent chemicals or biotin.
- fragments can also be used which have the desired specific binding properties.
- agonist refers to a molecule that activates transmembrane receptors.
- antagonist refers to a molecule that displaces an agonist from its binding site or inhibits the function of the agonist.
- modulator as used herein provides the preamble
- Modulators can be small organic chemical molecules, peptides or antibodies that bind to the polypeptides according to the invention. Furthermore, modulators can be small organic chemical molecules, peptides or antibodies which bind to a molecule which in turn binds to the polypeptides according to the invention and thereby influences their biological activity. Modulators can be mimetics of natural substrates and ligands.
- the modulators are preferably small organic chemical compounds.
- the binding of the modulators to the polypeptides can change the cellular processes in a way that leads to the death of the helminths or arthropods treated with them.
- the present invention therefore also extends to the use of modulators of the polypeptides as anthelmintics and arthropodicides.
- ⁇ -LTX as an anthelmintic is also the subject of this invention.
- nucleic acids or polypeptides according to the invention in a method according to the invention also makes it possible to find compounds which bind to the receptors according to the invention.
- These can also be used as anthelmintics, for example as nematicides in plants or as anthelmintic agents in animals.
- host cells that contain the nucleic acids and express the corresponding receptors or polypeptides or bring the gene products themselves into contact with a compound or a mixture of compounds under conditions which allow the interaction of at least one compound with the host cells, the receptors or the individual polypeptides.
- the present invention relates to a method which is suitable for identifying nematicidal active substances which bind to transmembrane receptors from helminths or arthropods, preferably to GPCR of the secretin subfamily, particularly preferably to the HO 10-R receptor from H. contortus and to , 70%, preferably 80%, particularly preferably 90% and very particularly preferably bind to 95% sequence-identical receptors.
- the methods can also be carried out with a HO 10-R homologous receptor from a species other than that mentioned here. Methods that use a HO 10-R receptor other than the invention are fully encompassed by the present invention.
- the methods of the invention include high throughput screening (e.g. high throughput screening (HTS) and ultra high throughput screening (UHTS)). Both host cells and cell-free preparations containing the nucleic acids according to the invention and / or the polypeptides according to the invention can be used for this.
- high throughput screening e.g. high throughput screening (HTS) and ultra high throughput screening (UHTS)
- HTS high throughput screening
- UHTS ultra high throughput screening
- test systems aimed at testing compounds and natural extracts are designed for high throughput numbers in order to maximize the number of substances tested in a given period of time.
- Test systems that are based on cell-free work require purified or semi-purified protein. They are suitable for a "first" test, which primarily aims to detect a possible influence of a substance on the target protein. Effects such as cell toxicity are usually ignored in these in vitro systems.
- the test systems check both inhibitory or suppressive effects of the substances and stimulatory effects. The effectiveness of a substance can be checked using concentration-dependent test series. Control approaches without test substances can be used to evaluate the effects.
- test systems based on cells for the identification of substances is made possible by the cell lines which are stably transformed with HO 10-R and which can be identified by means of the present invention, but also by the corresponding homologous receptors from other species which can be identified by means of the present invention that modulate the activity of HO 10-R and homologous receptors.
- the present invention also enables the identification of further compounds which are loosely active as calcium channel B.
- a synthetic reaction mix e.g., products of in vitro translation
- a cellular component such as a membrane or any other preparation containing the polypeptide
- a candidate molecule which can be an agonist or antagonist.
- the ability of the candidate molecule to increase or to inhibit the activity of the polypeptides according to the invention is evident from an increased or decreased binding of the labeled ligand or from an increased or decreased conversion of the labeled substrate.
- Molecules that bind well and lead to an increased activity of the polypeptides according to the invention are agonists.
- Molecules that bind well but do not trigger the biological activity of the polypeptides of the invention are likely to be good antagonists.
- Scintillation Proximity Assay SPA
- SPA Scintillation Proximity Assay
- HO 10-R is bound to the beads, either together or without interacting or binding test substances. Fragments of the HO 10-R receptor could also be used.
- a radioactively marked ligand could e.g. B. labeled ⁇ -LTX, nifedipine or a labeled
- a binding ligand binds to the immobilized HO 10-R receptor, this ligand would have to inhibit or abolish an existing interaction between the immobilized HO 10-R and the labeled ligand in order to bind itself in the region of the contact area. Binding to the immobilized HO 10-R receptor can then be detected using a flash of light. Correspondingly, an existing complex between an immobilized and a free, labeled ligand is destroyed by the binding of a test substance, which leads to a drop in the detected light flash intensity. The test system then corresponds to a complementary inhibition system. Two hybrid system
- test system based on whole cells
- two hybrid system A specific example of this is the so-called "interaction trap”. It is a genetic one
- test system is designed to detect and describe the interaction of two proteins in that an interaction that has taken place leads to a detectable signal.
- test system can also be adapted to the testing of large numbers of test substances in a given period.
- the system is based on the construction of two vectors, the "bait” and the "prey” vector.
- a gene coding for an HO 10-R according to the invention or fragments thereof is cloned into the bait vector and then expressed as a fusion protein with the LexA protein, a DNA-binding protein.
- a second gene, coding for an interaction partner of HO 10-R, for example for an ⁇ -LTX, is cloned into the Prey vector, where it is expressed as a fusion protein with the B42-Prey protein.
- Both vectors are in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host that has copies of LexA binding DNA on the 5 'side of a lacZ or
- HIS3 reporter gene contains. If there is an interaction between the two fusion proteins, the transcription of the reporter gene is activated. If the presence of a test substance leads to inhibition or interference with the interaction, the two fusion proteins can no longer interact and the product of the reporter gene is no longer produced.
- Another example of a method with which modulators of the polypeptides according to the invention can be found is a displacement test, in which the polypeptides according to the invention and a potential modulator with a molecule known to bind to the polypeptides of the invention, such as a natural substrate or ligand or a substrate or ligand mimetic.
- the ⁇ -LTX is preferably used for this in the manner according to the invention.
- ⁇ -LTX or another modulator e.g. BAY 44-4400 or other possible ligands can be coupled to the chip as described under (i).
- the binding of a ligand in solution can be measured physically.
- the ligand is immobilized on a sensor chip that has a thin gold layer.
- the analyte solution is perfused through a micro flow cell on the chip. Binding of the analyte to the immobilized ligand increases the local concentration on the surface, the refractive index of the medium near the gold layer gradually increasing. This affects the interaction between free electrons (plasmons) in the metal and photons emitted by the instrument.
- Corresponding measurements also serve to determine the HO 10-R protein domains that are important for the binding of ligands and to identify new, as yet unknown ligands of the HC 110-R.
- Calcium imaging or signaling can be viewed as substances (see e.g. Fig. 10 and 11).
- Calcium indicators are used to make changes in the intracellular calcium level detectable.
- cells expressing HO 10-R are used, which are loaded with calcium indicators.
- An antagonist in such a system can be recognized by the total or partial suppression of the calcium signal induced by the agonist (e.g. ⁇ -LTX).
- Possible Fura-2 (Sigma) or Indo-1 (Molecular Probes) are possible calcium indicators.
- Fluo-3 and Fluo-4 indicators can be stimulated by visible light and detectably change their fluorescence behavior depending on their calcium load.
- the Fluo-3 and Fluo-4 indicators have a high affinity for calcium. With its stronger fluorescence signal, Fluo-4 is particularly suitable for measurements in test systems in which the cells are only used in low density, as in the case of the HEK293 cells.
- Other indicators are Rhod-2, x-Rhod-1, Fluo-5N, Fluo- 5F, Mag-Fluo-4, Rhod-5F, Rhod-5N, Y-Rhod-5N, Mag-Rhod-2, Mag-X -Rhod-1, Calcium Green-1 and -2, Calcium Green-5N, Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1, Orgeon
- Aequorin is a photoprotein that is already widely used in numerous examinations and test systems. The cells expressing the target protein and at the same time the aequorin are first loaded with the luminophore coelenterazine in this test method. The apoaequorin formed by the cells forms a complex with the coelenterazine and carbon dioxide. If calcium then enters the cell and binds to the complex, carbon dioxide and blue light are released (maximum emission -466 nm). The light emission correlates with the intracellular calcium concentration.
- This invention therefore also relates to the use of HO 10-R,
- the active substances found with the aid of the method according to the invention are correspondingly suitable for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids and nematodes, which occur in agriculture, in forests, in the protection of stored goods and materials and in the hygiene sector.
- the active ingredients found with the process according to the invention are particularly suitable for controlling
- Nematodes and arachnids include: From the order of the Isopoda, for example Oniscus asellus, Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber.
- Diplopoda e.g. Blaniulus guttulatus.
- Chilopoda e.g. Geophilus carpophagus, Scutigera spp ..
- Thysanura e.g. Lepisma saccharina.
- Orthoptera e.g. Acheta domesticus, Gryllotalpa spp., Locusta ⁇ migratoria migratorioides, Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria.
- Thysanoptera e.g. Hercinothrips femoralis, Thrips tabaci
- Homoptera e.g. Aleurodes brassicae, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aphis gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cryptomyzus ribis, Aphis fabae, Aphis pomi, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hyalopterus arundinis, Phylloxera vastatrix, Pemphigus sppe, Phros
- Empoasca spp. Euscelis bilobatus, Nephotettix cincticeps, Lecanium corni, Saissetia oleae, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus hederae, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp.
- Leptinotarsa decemlineata Phaedon cochleariae, Diabrotica spp., Psylliodes chrysocephala, Epilachna varivestis, Atomaria spp., Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Anthonomus spp., Sitophilus spp., Otiorrhynchus sulcatordimidhmpphppm, spp.
- Anthrenus spp. Attagenus spp., Lyctus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Ptinus spp., Niptus hololeucus, Gibbium psylloides, Tribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor, Agriotes spp., Conoderus spp., Melolontha melolontha, Amphimalltrastitium Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. From the order of the Hymenoptera e.g. Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Vespa spp.
- Hymenoptera e.g. Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Vespa spp.
- Dacus oleae Tipula paludosa, Hylemyia spp., Liriomyza spp ..
- Hyalomma spp. Ixodes spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Sarcoptes spp.,
- Plant-parasitic nematodes include e.g. Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., Aphelenchoides spp., Longidorus spp., Xiphinema spp., Trichodorus spp., Bursaph.
- the active ingredients found with the method according to the invention act not only against plant, hygiene and stored-product pests, but also in the veterinary sector against animal parasites (ectoparasites) such as tick ticks, leather ticks, space mites, running mites, flies (stinging and licking), parasitic fly larvae, Lice, hair lice, featherlings and fleas.
- animal parasites ectoparasites
- tick ticks such as tick ticks, leather ticks, space mites, running mites, flies (stinging and licking), parasitic fly larvae, Lice, hair lice, featherlings and fleas.
- Ischnocerina e.g. Trimenopon spp., Menopon spp., Trinoton spp., Bovicola spp., Werneckiella spp., Lepikentron spp., Damalina spp., Trichodectes spp., Felicola spp ..
- Brachycerina e.g. Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Cw / ex spp., Simulium spp., Eusimulium spp., Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomyia spp., Culicoides spp., Chrysops spp., Hybomitra spp., Atylotus spp., Tabanus spp ., Haematopota spp., Philipomyia spp., Braula spp., Musca spp., Hydrotaea spp., Stomoxys spp., Haematobia spp., Morellia spp., Fannia spp., Glossina spp., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., Chrysomyia spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Sarcophag
- Siphonaptrida e.g. Pulex spp., Ctenocephalides spp., Xenopsylla spp., Ceratophyllus spp ..
- Hyalomma spp. Rhipicephalus spp., Dermanyssus spp., Raillietia spp., Pneumonyssus spp., Sternostoma spp., Varroa spp ..
- Actinedida Prostigmata
- Acaridida e.g. Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Ornitrocheyletia spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Hypppectoles spp ., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodectes spp., Laminosioptes spp ..
- the active compounds found with the aid of the process according to the invention are also suitable for controlling mites, in particular house dust mites, for example Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Z farinae.
- the active ingredients found with the method according to the invention are also suitable for controlling arthropods which are used in agricultural animals, such as, for example Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, bees, other pets such as dogs, cats, house birds, aquarium fish and so-called experimental animals such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and infest mice.
- arthropods which are used in agricultural animals, such as, for example Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, bees, other pets such as dogs, cats, house birds, aquarium fish and so-called experimental animals such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and infest mice.
- the compounds can be used in all development stages of normal, sensitive strains and also resistant strains. Treatment with agents containing one or more of these compounds can prevent or treat both economic losses in farm animals and diseases in humans and animals.
- the following parasites are of particular interest as targets of the active compounds found:
- Enoplida e.g. Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Trichomosoides spp., Trichinella spp.
- Rhabditia e.g. Micronema spp., Strongyloides spp.
- Strongylida e.g. Strongylus spp., Triodontophorus spp., Oesophagodontus spp. Trichonema spp., Gyalocephalus spp., Cylindropharynx spp., Poteriostomum spp
- Cyclococercus spp. Cylicostephanus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Chabertia spp Stephanurus spp., Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp., Bunostomum spp., Bunostomum spp., Syngamus spp., Cyathostomum spp., Cyppococus spp. Pneumostrongylus spp., Spicocaulus spp.
- Elaphostrongylus spp. Parelaphostrongylus spp., Crenosoma spp., Paracrenosoma spp., Angiostrongylus spp., Aelurostrongylus spp., Filaroides spp., Paraf aroides spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Marshallagia spp., Cooperia spp., Nematodirus spp., Hyostrongylus spp., Obeliscoides spp., Amidostomum spp., Ollulanus spp. Dictyocaulus spp., Muellerius spp., Protostrongylus spp.
- Oxyurida e.g. Oxyuris spp., Enterobius spp., Passalurus spp., Syphacia spp., _4_? Pt-culuris spp., Heterakis spp.
- Ascaridia e.g. Ascaris spp., Toxascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Parascaris spp., Anisa- / s spp., Ascaridia spp.
- Spirurida e.g. Gnathostoma spp., Physaloptera spp., Thelazia spp., Gongylonema spp., Habronema spp., Parabronema spp., Draschia spp., Dracunculus spp.
- Filariida e.g. Stephanofilaria spp., Par ßlaria spp., Setaria spp., Jo ⁇ spp., Dirofilaria spp., Litomosoides spp., Brugia spp., Wuchereria spp., Onchocerca spp.
- Gigantorhynchida e.g. Filicollis spp., Moniliformis spp., Macracanthorhynchus spp., Prosthenorchis spp.
- Trypanosomatidae e.g. Trypanosoma b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, _T. congolense, T. cruzi, T. evansi, T. equinum, T. lewisi, T. percae, T. simiae, T. vivax, Leishmania brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. tropica
- Trichomonadidae e.g. Giardia lambilia, G. canis.
- Hartmanellidae e.g. Acanthamoeba sp., Hartmanella spp. Apicomplexa (Sporozoa), e.g. Eimeria acervulina, E. adenoides, E. alabahmensis,
- Cryptosporidium spec. Toxoplasmadidae e.g. Toxoplasma gondii Sarcocystidae, e.g. Sarcocystis bovicanis, S. bov ⁇ hominis, S. neuvona, S. ovicanis, S. ovifelis, S. spec, S. su ⁇ hominis Leucozoide, e.g. Leucozytozoon simondi
- Plasmodiidae e.g. Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. spec. Piroplasmea, e.g. Babesia argentina, B. bovis, B. canis, B. spec, Theileria parva, T. spec. Adeleina, e.g. Hepatozoon canis, H. spec.
- Myxospora and Microspora e.g. Glugea spec. and Nosema spec, as well as Pneumocystis carinii, Ciliophora (Ciliata), e.g. Balantidium coli, Ichthiophthirius spec., Trichondina spec. or Epistylis spec.
- the compounds and agents found are also effective against protozoa of insects, such as those of the Microsporidia strain, especially those of the order Nosema, especially those of the species Nosema apis, which are parasites of the honeybee.
- the present invention therefore also relates to the use of
- the library and the DNA analysis were carried out as described in WO 9.8 / 15625.
- the total RNA was grown according to the GTC / CsCI pillow method
- Haemonchus contortus nematodes are extracted and isolated (Sambrook et al. 1989) or obtained in a single step by GTC / phenol / chloroform extraction (Chomczynski and Sacchi 1987). Poly (A) + RNA was isolated by chromatography on oligo (dT) cellulose (Aviv and Leder, 1972).
- RNA from Haemonchus contortus (20 ⁇ g per lane) was separated in an agarose gel (Sambrook et al. 1989; McMaster and Carmicheal 1977) and transferred to a Hybond N membrane (Amersham) using a basic capillary transfer method (Chomczynski, 1992) , Radiolabeled samples were prepared by randomized labeling of linearized plasmid DNA (HO 10-R), using a megaprime kit (Amersham, Braunschweig, Germany) and 50 ⁇ Ci [ ⁇ - 32 P] dCTP (3000 Ci / mmol, ICN, Meckenheim, Germany) were used. Hybridization was carried out overnight at 65 ° C. in 6 ⁇ SSC (1 ⁇ SSC: 0.15 M
- the 5V3 'RACE method was used to isolate the 5' and 3 'ends missing in the identified cDNA clone.
- the 5'-RACE is based on the specific amplification of the 5 'end of a gene from mRNA.
- the first strand of cDNA is synthesized using a sequence-specific primer and the AMV reverse transcriptase.
- a poly (A) tail is attached to the product, so that in the subsequent PCR an oligo dT anchor.
- primer and a "nested" sequence-specific primer can be used.
- Another "nested" primer can be used in a second PCR to ensure specificity.
- cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total H. contortus RNA with the primer 5'-GGT CAC CGT CGT CCC AGA AA-3 'using the 5'-RACE kit from GIBCO BRL (Eggenstein, Germany). Superscript reverse transcriptase was used for this. The C-tailing of the C-terminus of the cDNA was carried out using the deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminals.
- the first amplification was carried out with 400 nM of an oligo-deoxy-inosyl anchor primer (5'-CUA CUA CUA CUA GGC CAC GCG TCG ACT AGT ACG GGI IGG GII GGG IIG-3 ') and 400 nM of the first "nested" primer 5'-CCA TTC GAT TCC TCT TCT CG-3 '(Birsner and Grob, Denzlingen, Germany) in 50 ⁇ l containing 200 ⁇ M each dNTP,
- the first denaturation was at 94 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 1 minute each at 94 ° C, 1 minute at 53 ° C and 2 minutes at 72 ° C, again followed by a final synthesis step of 10 minutes at 72 ° C.
- the reaction conditions for the "nested" PCR were the same as described above, with the exception that 1 ⁇ l of the first amplification product was used as a template was used, as well as the gene-specific second "nested" primer 5'-GTC GAT GGT GCA GAT TTC GC-3 ', a shortened form of the anchor primer (5'-CUA CUA CUA CUA GGC CAC GCG TCG ACT AGT AC-3' ) and only 25 cycles were performed at an annealing temperature of 53 ° C.
- the 3'-RACE-PCR (GIBCO BRL, Eggenstein, Germany) was carried out with 1 ⁇ g of the total RNA adult H. contortus and 500 nM of the oligo dT adapter primer 5'-GGC CAC GCG TCG ACT AGT ACT TTT TTT TTT TTT T-3 'was performed, starting with preincubation for 10 minutes at 70 ° C and 2 minutes at 4 ° C. After adding 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 500 ⁇ M each dNTP, 10 ⁇ M DTT and 200 U
- the first amplification was carried out with 400 nM of a universal adapter primer (5 '-CUA CUA CUA CUA GGC CAC GCG TCG ACT
- AGT AC-3 ' 400 nM of the sequence-specific primer 5'-TTTGTTCTT CCT TGG TAT CC-3' in 50 ul containing 200 mM each dNTP, 1.5 M MgCl 2 , a tenth of the "tailed" cDNA and 2.5 U native Taq DNA polymerase.
- the first denaturation step was at 94 ° C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 1 minute each at 94 ° C, 1 minute at 51 ° C and 2 minutes at 72 ° C, and a final synthesis step of 15 minutes at 72 ° C.
- RNA from the glyoxal gel or genome DNA from a TBE agarose gel on a neutral Hybond-N nylon membrane [Amersham, Braunschweig] is carried out after the 'Downward Alkaline Capillary Transfer' in alkaline transfer solution according to the Chomczynski (1992) method for 2 h.
- the membrane is then neutralized for 20 minutes in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), dried and baked at 80 ° C. for 20-60 minutes.
- the membrane is pre-coated with 5 ml / cm 2 . Hybridization solution sealed in plastic bags and incubated for 3 h at 65 ° C.
- the buffer is replaced by a hybridization solution.
- Rapid Hyb. Solution Amersham, Braunschweig
- prehybridization takes place in 30 min at 65 ° C without additional prehybridization solution.
- the hybridization is carried out at 65 ° C. overnight.
- the membrane is then washed once with 65 ° C. 2x SSC / 0.1% SDS for 20 min and three times with 0.1 ⁇ SSC / 0.1% SDS for 1 h each.
- the membrane is exposed on Kodak X-OMAT or Kodak BIOMAX-MS X-ray films with the appropriate intensifying screen at -80 ° C.
- the TNT T7 / T3 coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) was used to view the full length of the coding sequence of HO 10-R in the presence of 35 S-labeled methionine and cysteine (ICN, Eschwege, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions to transcribe and translate.
- the RNA was translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega, Serva, Heidelberg), using a 40 ⁇ Ci 35 S-labeled mixture (> 1000 Ci / mmol, ICN, Meckenheim, Germany), 1 ⁇ g circularized HO 10-R plasmid DNA and 10 U T3 RNA polymerase were used. The reaction was carried out at 30 ° C for 90 minutes.
- a positive control contained 1 ⁇ g luciferase control
- reaction products were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lämmli 1970) and fluorographed using the "Amplify Fluorography Solution” (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or 1 M sodium salicylate (pH 7) (Chamberlain 1979), the gels were then dried and exposed (Kodak BioMax MR Film with amplifier at -80 ° C), see Fig. 1 (B).
- the clones were removed by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method
- RNA 50-100 mg of H. contortus worms frozen in liquid nitrogen were in. 1 ml of TRIZOL [Gibco, Düsseldorf] added.
- the nematodes were homogenized together with the TRIZOL 3x for 15 seconds in a glass potter and incubated at RT for 5 minutes. After adding 200 ⁇ l chloroform per ml TRIZOL and shaking the sample for 15 sec, the mixture was incubated for a further 2-3 min at RT before being centrifuged for 10 min at 7,000-12,000 ⁇ and 4 ° C.
- the upper aqueous phase contains the RNA, the Inte ⁇ hase the genomic DNA, the red organic
- E. coli cells were pelleted from a 5 ml overnight culture for 5 min at 5,000 ⁇ m and 4 ° C. in a Heraeus undersink centrifuge, washed with 5 ml PBS and centrifuged again , The pellet was then resuspended in 1 ml of TRIZOL (Gibco, Düsseldorf) and worked up further.
- the cell pellet washed with PBS was resuspended in PBS " and the cells were destroyed using several short ultrasonic pulses (Sonifier B-12, Branson Sonic Power Company, Danbury, USA), liquid nitrogen and by adding lysozyme.
- the cell pellet can also be resuspended in 1 ml PBS or urea lysis buffer (8 M) and subjected to a brief ultrasound treatment (Sonifier B-12, Branson Sonic Power Company, Danbury, U.S.A.). Then the protein content according to Bradford (1976) or Lowry et al. (1951).
- HO 10-R fragments - the complete HO 10-R cDNA, the N-terminal end without TM domains and the C-terminal end after the 7th TM domain - were used to produce polyclonal antibodies against the HO 10-R protein - Cloned into the expression vector pRSET B (Invitrogen, Leek, NL) and thus fused N-terminally with a 6xHis tag while observing the reading frame.
- the annealing temperature in all three plasmid PCR was first 56 ° C over 5 cycles and then 62 ° C over 30 cycles.
- the PCR products were digested with the enzymes BamHI and HindIII and ligated directionally into the pRSET B expression vector, which was also linearized by BamHI / HindTH.
- pRSET B vector expression is controlled via a viral promoter of the bacteriophage T7.
- the cloning was therefore carried out in the XL1-Blue E. coli strain which contains no gene of the T7 RNA polymerase.
- the recombinant plasmid was then transformed into BL7 (De3) pLysS E. coli cells expressing T7 polymerase, which additionally contain the plasmid pACYC184, which is stabilized via chloramphenicol resistance, and in small amounts the T7 lysozyme, a natural inhibitor of T7 RNA Polymerase express. Since these cells are under the control of the lacUV5 promoter, IPTG-
- a single colony with the desired HO 10-R plasmid was isolated from a fresh LB plate with 50 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin and 35 ⁇ g / ml chloramphenicol
- fusion protein was induced by adding 1 mM ff TG and the 100 ml culture was incubated for a further 3-4 h at 37 ° C. After the incubation, the induced cells were centrifuged for 15 min at 5.Q00 ⁇ m and 4 ° C (Heraeus under-table centrifuge), the pellet was washed in PBS and then resuspended in 8 ml of 8 M urea lysis buffer. The cells were disrupted by immersing the cells 3 times in liquid nitrogen and then thawing them at 37 ° C. After the first nitrogen treatment, 0.75 mg / ml
- Lysozyme added. After the last incubation in liquid nitrogen, the mixture was incubated for 20 min at 16 ° C., followed by short ultrasonic pulses of 10 sec each and cooling in an ice water bath until the solution had a water-like viscosity. After centrifugation for 10 minutes at 13,000 ⁇ m and 4 ° C (Beckman J2-21; JS 13.1 rotor), an induced 150 ⁇ l sample was taken with
- the remaining supernatant was transferred to a fresh vessel for further purification by means of affinity chromatography and stored at ⁇ 20 ° C.
- Enrichment was carried out under denaturing conditions via the N-terminal 6xHis tag using the IMAC system ('Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography') via TALONspin columns from Clontech [Palo Alto, U.S.A.].
- the resin in the column was first equilibrated separately with 5 vol. 8 M urea lysis buffer, pH 8.0, sedimented for 4 min at 3,000 ⁇ m and 4 ° C and together with the
- the peptide fraction blotted on Immobilon was introduced into the reaction chamber of the amino acid sequencer PROCISE 492 (Applied Biosystems, Rothstadt) and the amino acids in a 140 C-PTH- Analyzer and UV detector 785 A (Applied Biosystems, Rothstadt) separated.
- the amino acids were quantified by 'reversed phase' HPLC and identified by means of retention time comparison using a standard chromatogram prepared before the sequence analysis.
- HEK-293 cells (ATCC: CRL 1573) - Human, embryonic, kidney
- the adherent cell lines COS-7 and HEK-293 were cultivated in 110 mm tissue culture dishes [Greiner, Solingen] in a volume of 10 ml medium at 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 and 95% atmospheric humidity. In order to maintain the cell culture, COS-7 and HEK-293 cells were cultivated in DMEM medium.
- the media contained 3.024 g / 1 NaHCO 3 , 10% FCS, 50 U / ml penicillin, and 50 ⁇ g / ml
- the non-liposomal transfection reagent FuGENE 6 from Röche Molecular Biochemicals (Mannheim) was used to transiently introduce foreign DNA into mammalian cells (Kurachi et al. 1998).
- 0.5 - 1.5 x 10 5 cells in 2 ml medium were applied to 35 mm tissue culture dishes in which the later confocal laser scanning microscopy, a sterile slide glass coated with 1% gelatin was placed.
- the cells were cultured overnight at 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 and 95% humidity. The medium was changed again before the transfection.
- the desired plasmid HO 10-R was cloned in the correct reading frame into the slightly modified expression vector pSecTag A [Invitrogen, Leek, NL] or pIRES ⁇ eo [Clontech, Palo Alto, U.S.A.].
- pSecTag A Invitrogen, Leek, NL
- pIRES ⁇ eo Clontech, Palo Alto, U.S.A.
- the complete coding region of the HC110-R-DNA was cloned into the HindHI / Sall site of pEGFP-N3 to the HO 10-R protein C-terminal with GFP (Green
- the 137 kDa fusion protein is in transiently transformed recipient cell lines expressed, which can be demonstrated by Western blot analysis.
- the CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy shows that the HOlO-R-GFP fusion protein in COS-7 and HEK-293 cells is located in the cytoplasm and to a lesser extent also on the plasma membrane (see also Fig. 8th).
- a Zeiss IM 35 microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen) with a Leica CLSM attachment TCS NT ('Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Unit', Leica Lasertechnik, Heidelberg), version 1.5.451, was used for confocal laser scanning microscopy.
- the fluorescence of the GFP protein and of the dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was measured at 488 nm using an argon laser, which was used for rhodamine, Texas red, phycoerythrin, Alexa 568, LysoTracker TM Red DND-99, MitoTracker TM Red CMX Ros or propidium iodide excited at 568 nm with a krypton laser.
- the fusion protein is mainly found in acidic lysosomes such as the
- the vectors pEGFP Cl and pEGFP N3 (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) were cut with the restriction enzymes Hind III and Sal I.
- the HO 10-R, fill length 'cDNA was amplified using the P83EGFP__ATG Hindlü 5' primer
- a ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptor from the mouse (Gen Bank Accession No .: P 18762; Nakada et al. 1989) was fused with a C-terminal EGFP tag by combining the 'full length' cDNA with the P117 mouse 2 AR Xhol 5 '-
- the vector pMyc ⁇ xHis is derived from the vector pSecTagA [rnvitrogen, Leek, NL] by double digestion with the restriction enzymes Nhil and Sfil, followed by
- the coding region of HO 10-R was determined using the PCR primers P83MycTag_ATG BamHI 5'-primer 5'- ATA GGA TCC TTC GGT TTA ATA CCA ACA TGA GG-3 'and P3058MycTag_o.TGA Xbal 3'-primer 5' -CCT GTC TAG AAA CAT TTC GCC.
- AAT AGT TAG G-3 ' was amplified at an annealing temperature of 56/60 ° C., cut with the enzymes BamHI and Xbal and ligated into the pMycöxHis vector, likewise linearized by BamHI Xbal, and transformed into E. coli DH5 ⁇ cells.
- COS-7 cells were stably transfected with the construct and kept under Zeocin selection pressure.
- the pIRESlweo vector also contains an internal ribosome binding site (IRES) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (ECMV) shortly before the start ATG of the neomycin resistance gene (Rees et al. 1996).
- IRS internal ribosome binding site
- ECMV encephalomyocarditis virus
- a Zeiss IM 35 microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen) with a Leica CLSM attachment TCS NT ('Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Unit', Leica Lasertechnik, Heidelberg), version 1.5.451, was used for confocal laser scanning microscopy.
- the fluorescence was excited at 488 nm with an argon laser and at 568 nm with a krypton laser.
- Z series of optical sections through the cell were scanned with a resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels and a layer depth of 0.5 ⁇ m (Giese et al. 1995).
- the evaluation was carried out with the AVS software . (Advanced Visual Systems Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and later with Adobe
- Proteins (20 ⁇ g / lane) were separated by SDS-PAGE (Lammli et al., 1970) and electroblotted on nitrocellulose membranes.
- the blots were incubated at room temperature with ⁇ -LTX at a concentration of 20 nM in TST for 2 h.
- an anti- ⁇ -LTX antibody from rabbit, Calbiochem-Novabiochem
- an antibody conjugated with peroxidase and directed against IgG from rabbit from goat, dilution: 1: 25,000
- the detection of the antibodies was carried out in all experiments with ECL (Amersham-Pharmacia). See also Figure 9.
- the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration [Ca 2+ ] j was transiently transfected with the HO 10-R-EGFP or ß 2 -AR-EGFP construct COS-7 and HEK293 cells using the calcium Imaging method measured (see also Fig. 11).
- 2 x 10 5 COS-7 and HEK293 cells each were placed on a 42 mm cover glass coated with 1% gelatin in 55 mm tissue culture dishes with 5 ml of DMEM medium (with 10% FCS and pen / strep).
- the transfection was carried out using the non-liposomal transfection reagent FuGENE 6 (Röche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim).
- the cells were loaded with 1 ⁇ M fura-2 / acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2 / AM) (Sigma, Deisenhofen) 48 h after the transfection in a Na + HBS solution
- the cells loaded with Fura-2 / AM were viewed in an inverted microscope (Zeiss, Aciovert, Germany) and in parallel in a digital imaging fluorescence microscope (PTI) and transfected at a wavelength of 440 and 490 nm , as well as non-transfected cells. On average, 5-7 transfected and non-transfected cells were selected by setting an ROI ('region of interest'). The absorbance was measured at 340 nm (calcium-bound Fura-2 / AM) and 380 nm (free Fura-2 / AM), the emission at 510 nm. The evaluation was carried out with the
- Image Master l.x software by forming the quotient of 340: 510 nm, 380: 510 nm and the ratio of 340/380: 510 nm ('background corrected i ages') as a function of the added agent.
- Agents were always added 6 min after the start of the measurement by removing an appropriate volume of Na + -HBS buffer and pipetting in directly the agents into the sample vessel for a further 30 to 50 min.
- the total volume in the sample vessel was a constant 1.5 ml throughout the entire experiment.
- ⁇ -LTX 75 nM ⁇ -LTX were also added here 6 minutes after the start of the experiment.
- the optimal ⁇ -LTX concentration of 75 nM was tested on HEK-293 cells which express the ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptor with C-terminal GFP tag ( ⁇ 2 -R-GFP).
- CdCl 2 (1 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M each) were dissolved in Na + -HBS, nifedipine (15 ⁇ M) and EGTA (2 mM) in 0.1% DMSO.
- ⁇ -LTX dissolved at a concentration of 300 nM in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; BAY 44-4400 was first dissolved in pure DMSO (stock solutions between 0.004-10 ⁇ g / ml). The stock solutions were in the Na + -HBS-
- Buffer set to the desired concentration.
- the maximum detachable amount of the active substance BAY 44-4400 at a final concentration of 0.1% DMSO was determined by applying a series of dilutions in Na + -HBS. Neither 0.1% DMSO nor any other test component interacted with Fura-2 / AM at the selected concentrations.
- the data were evaluated using the Excel 98 spreadsheet program. The results result from at least 2-4 reproduced experiments, each with 4-8 transfected and non-transfected cells.
- the intracellular calcium concentration was determined according to Grynkiewicz et al. (1985) after previous calibration according to McCormack et al. (1991).
- Antibodies or proteins that give clear signals in immunofluorescence occasionally show no reaction when using the immunoblot method. Since denaturation of the proteins is necessary to carry out SDS-PAGE, conformation-dependent epitopes may be destroyed.
- Antibodies or proteins that specifically recognize such epitopes can therefore no longer bind. So neither with the biotinylated active ingredient PF 1022 A nor with the Mo ⁇ holin derivative BAY44-4400, which is more soluble in comparison to the PF1022A, can HO-R-specific binding be identified in the Western blot.
- BAY44-4400 differs from PF1022A in that it has 2 Mo ⁇ holin residues that are covalently bound to the phenyl rings of the two D-phenyllactyl residues of PF1022A.
- a HO 10-R-specific binding can be detected in the Western blot.
- the immx detection was carried out after the incubation with the ligand BAY44-4400, with a rabbit anti-PF1022A-KLH -] _ mm serum and a goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibody.
- a partially renatured SDS-polyacrylamide gel with the protein fractions of non-transfected, HO10-R-Myc / His transiently transfected HEK-293 cells as well as the N-terminus of HO 10-R and total protein from H. contortus expressed in E. coli was blotted , incubated with PF1022A-biotin and detected via streptavidin-HRP. Both blots each had a distinct one. 116 kDa band in the HOlO-R-Myc / His stably expressing HEK-293-
- the precipitate was detected via the N-terminally fused His tag with a mouse anti-His IgG and a rabbit anti-mouse IgG-HRP antibody. Only the N-terminal 54 kDa region of HO 10-R is precipitated by PF1022A, consequently the C-terinine of HO 10-R not bound to PF1022A is removed beforehand by magnetic separation. Non-specific binding of the N- or C-terminus of HO 10-R to the streptavidin-coupled
- Beads were excluded by not adding a biotinylated PF1022A to a reaction.
- HEK-293 cells transiently transfected with HO10-R-GFP or GFP-HO10-R or transiently cotransfected with HO10-R-Myc / His and GFP.
- non-transfected and transfected HEK-293 cells transfected with the ⁇ -R-GFP or the MI-R-GFP were used. 24 hours after the transfection, the cells were incubated with biotinylated PF1022A and PF1022A-bound cells were detected via streptavidin-phycoerythrin and finally fixed.
- a negative control of HO 10-R-GFP transfected cells was incubated without streptavidin-phycoerythrin without PF1022A-biotin.
- phycoerythrin has an absorption spectrum overlapping with EGFP with sufficiently separated emission spectra so that both fluorochromes can be excited at only one wavelength.
- Cell debris was excluded from measuring the fluorescence intensity by placing a gate on the main cell population. For quantitative The limits for negative, unstained and positive, GFP-fluorescent cells were determined based on the non-transfected and GFP-transfected cells.
- the 4.6% green fluorescent, non-transfected HEK-293 (autofluorescence) cells were subtracted from the other GFP fluorescent samples; and the value for the non-specific staining of the cells by the streptavidin (5.4%) coupled with phycerythrin was subtracted from all red-fluorescent cells (Table 1).
- PF1022A shows neuropharmacological in vitro activity between 10 "9 -10 " 3 mg / ml depending on the type of nematode.
- BAY44-4400 a more soluble Mo ⁇ holin variant of PF1022A, examined for HO 10-R transiently or stably expressing HEK-293 cells.
- the optical in vitro and in vivo was more than 100 times less effective Antipode used for PF1022A, PF1022-001.
- BAY44-4400 and PF1022-001 were initially dissolved in pure DMSO due to their hydrophobicity.
- the strain concentration was chosen so that only 0.1% DMSO was present in the test batch. For DMSO concentrations up to and including 0.1%, it could be ruled out in test trials that they would impair the test results in untransfected HEK-293 cells transfected like HO10-R-GFP (Fig. 14A).
- Fig. 14B and C show an example of the stimulation of HO 10-R-GFP and MI-R-GFP of transfected cells with 400 ng / ml BAY44-4400 and PF1022-001. Since the PF1022A derivatives may also be absorbed by the cells and thus can interfere with signal transduction pathways and because the PF 1022 A-
- the derivatives remain in the worm for a longer time.
- the cells were preincubated with the derivatives for 90 min.
- Cells preincubated for 90 min with 4 ng / ml or 400 ng / ml BAY44-4400 or PF1022-001 showed no change in the [Ca 2+ ] i (Fig. 14D).
- concentrations from 300 ng / ml BAY44-4400 in contrast to the optical antipode, a slight but reversible cell swelling as a direct effect on the anthelmintic in HO10-R-GFP transfected HEK-293 cells was found a monitor, which showed the cells enlarged 40 times.
- PF1022-001 400 ng / ml BAY44-4400 or PF1022-001 (Fig.15E) preincubated for 90 min. After the cells had been incubated and loaded with Fura-2 / AM, unbound or ingested active ingredient was carefully washed away before the cells were stimulated with 75 nM ⁇ -LTX. HO 10-R transfected cells preincubated with the optical antipode PF1022-001 showed an increase in the [Ca 2+ ] i by 4 + ng / ml PF1022-001 by 102 + 6.4 nM (Fig. 15D) and at 400 ng / ml a comparable increase of 109 + 8.4 nM Ca 2+ (Fig.15E).
- mice and rabbits Female NMRI mice and rabbits (chinchilla bastards) were used to obtain antibodies.
- NMRI mice 3 15 micrograms of the purified 21 kDa C-terminal HO 10-R protein fragment in 100 .mu.l PBS "together were x dissolved with 100 ul FCA and naive on days 1, 8 and 15 show two NMRI Mice injected subcutaneously, blood collection and serum collection on day 23.
- the blood obtained by cardiac puncture was initially used for serum production
- Figure 2 Fill length cDNA sequence of HC110-R and deduced amino acid sequence
- Signal peptide (residues 1-21, bold), lectin-like sequence (residues 22-125, dotted), thr-stretch (residues 128-147, gray background); Cysteine-rich area of the structure CX 9 WX 12 CX 9 WXCX 5 WX 9 CX 3 W (residues 166-221, curved line, Cys and T ⁇ residues additionally fat); 4-Cys region of the structure CXWWX 6 WX 4 CX n CXC (residues 478-524, dashed, Cys and T ⁇ residues additionally bold); the 7 transmembrane regions (between residues 563-772, bold and underlined); the proline-rich stretch (residues 845-861, shaded gray), the PEST region (residues 915-933, shaded gray); the N-glycosylation site (residues 26, 499 and 8
- Figure 3 Alignment of the derived amino acid sequences of the H. contortus HC110-R and Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid clones B0457 (CE-B0457: GenBank Accession No .: Z54306
- Figure 4 Alignment of the 7-transmembrane receptor HC110-R and several other receptors of the secretin subfamily
- HO 10-R Haemonchus contortus heptahehkaler O ⁇ han transmembrane receptor (accession no .: AJ272270); BTLAT3: Bos taurus Lafrophilin-3 (several splicing variants, accession no .: G4164053-G4164075); RNLAT1: Rattus norvegicus Latrophilin-1 (Accession No .: U78105, U72487); MMEMR1: Mus musculus EMR1
- Hormone receptor precursor (Accession No .: Q61549); HSCD97: Homo sapiens leukocyte activation antigen CD97 (Accession No .: P48960); MMCADH: M. musculus Cadherin 7 transmembrane receptor precursor (Accesion No .: G3800738); XLXRFl: Xenopus laevis corticotropin releasing receptor precursor (accession no .: O42602); RNVIP1: R. norvegicus vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor
- Forerunner 2 (Accession no .: Q02643).
- the seven transmembrane domains are gray (I-VII) and the highly conserved putative disulfide bond is shown in bold.
- Figure 5 Alignment of the derived amino acid sequences of H. contortus HC 110-R and R. norvegicus Latrophilin-1 (GenBank Acc. No.
- Figure 6 Structure of the HClO-R protein and the latrophilin-1 of the rat
- B HO 10-R protein structure with the following characteristic motifs: signal sequence (SP), lectin domain (lectin), thr-stretch (T-stretch), Cys motif (signature), 4-Cys region (4C -region), 7-transmembrane domain (1-7, black), the pro-rich motif (P-rich) and the PEST sequence (PEST).
- SP signal sequence
- lectin lectin
- T-stretch thr-stretch
- Cys motif signature
- 4-Cys region (4C -region
- 7-transmembrane domain (1-7, black
- P-rich pro-rich motif
- PEST PEST sequence
- Latrophilin-1 has no thr stretch, but contains an additional olfactomedin binding motif (olfactomedin), a pro-thr region (PT region), a linker domain (left) and a long region containing several repeats (long).
- olfactomedin olfactomedin binding motif
- PT region pro-thr region
- linker domain left
- long long region containing several repeats
- COS-7 cells were transfected with HO 10-R-GFP and ⁇ 2 -R-GFP, both of which carry a C-terminal GFP tag.
- the CSLM was performed 24 hours after the transfection.
- the bar corresponds to 10 ⁇ m.
- HO 10-R-GFP is expressed on the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic compartments. A densification of cytoplasmic vesicles can be observed in the vicinity of the nucleus.
- (C) ⁇ 2 -R-GFP-transfected cells show a GFP fluorescence pattern similar to HO 10-R-GFP, or as described under point (A).
- the receptor can be located on the plasma membrane and in vesicles and can be partially localized with acid lysosomes, stained with LysoTracker Red DND-99 at 37 ° C for 1 h.
- the denatured proteins were incubated for 2 h with 20 nM ⁇ -LTX and possible bindings of ⁇ -LTX with a rabbit anti- ⁇ -LTX IgG (1: 5000), a goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP antibody ( 1: 25000) and the ECL system is detected.
- the blot was blocked overnight, incubated with 20 nM pure ⁇ -LTX and ⁇ -LTX-binding proteins with a rabbit anti- ⁇ -LTX IgG antibody (1: 5000), biotin protein A (1: 100), streptavidin -Peroxidase (1: 3000) and the ECL system.
- HEK-293 cells were loaded with 1 ⁇ M Fura-2 / AM 48 h after the transient transfection with HO10-R-GFP for 30 min. The cells were stimulated 6 min after the start of the measurement with different ⁇ -LTX concentrations for a further 44 min. The quotient from 340/380 nm (ratio) was measured as a function of time, n indicates the number of selected cells.
- HO10-R-GFP expressing cells were added 50 nM (gray line) or 75 nM ⁇ -LTX (black line).
- C HO10-R-GFP expressing cells were stimulated with 90 nM (gray line) or 120 nM ⁇ -LTX (black line).
- FIG. 11 Ca _2 + imaging of HC110-R transfected HEK 293 cells
- HO 10-R-GFP C-terminal HO 10-R (HO 10-R-GFP) tagged with GFP: black line.
- R-GFP black line
- Fig. 13 Detection of PF1022A binding to HC110-R transfected HEK-293 cells by FACScan
- R-GFP and MI-R-GFP transfected and HEK-293 cells transiently co-transfected with HO 10-R-Myc / His and GFP were treated with 0.5 ⁇ g / ml PF1022A-biotin and streptavidin-phycoerythrin (24 h after the transfection 1: 300) and then fixed.
- PF1022A-biotin PF1022A-biotin
- streptavidin-phycoerythrin 24 h after the transfection 1: 300
- the cells were loaded with 1 ⁇ M Fura-2 / AM in non-transfected HEK-293 cells and 48 h after the transient transfection with HO10-R-GFP or
- Non-transfected (n.t, gray line) and HO10-R-GFP transfected (HC 110-R-GFP, black line) cells were used for control after 6 min
- the cells were loaded with 1 ⁇ M Fura-2 / AM in unfransfected HEK-293 cells and 48 h after transient transfection with HO10-R-GFP or MI-R-GFP.
- the amount of ⁇ -LTX used was always 75 nM.
- the cells were washed around with a flow rate of 1.6 ml Na + -HBS / min. The quotient from 340/380 nm (ratio) was measured as a function of time, n indicates the number of selected cells.
- Davletov BA Meunier FA, Ashton AC, Matsushita H., Hirst WD, Lelianova VG, Wilkin GP, Dolly JO and Ushkaryov YA (1998) Vescile exocatosis stimulated by ⁇ -latrotoxin is mediated by latrophilin and requires both external and stored Ca 2+ . EMBO J. 17, 3909-3920. 18. Davletov BA, Shamotienko OG, Lelianova VG, Grishin EV and
- Drexler H.G. Dirks W., MacLeod R.A.F., Quentmeier H. and Steube K.
- Wood G.G. and habener J.F. (1998) Black widow spider alpha-latrotoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin that shares strucrural homology with the glucagon-like peptide- 1 family of insulin secretagogic hormones, Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002421248A CA2421248A1 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | Test systems based on transmembrane receptors from helminths and the use thereof for identifying and characterizing compounds |
| EP01974211A EP1317562A2 (de) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | Auf transmembranrezeptoren aus helminthen basierende testsysteme und deren verwendung zur identifizierung und charakterisierung von verbindungen |
| JP2002525836A JP2004508052A (ja) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | 化合物を同定し、かつ特徴付けるための試験システム及びその使用 |
| NZ524533A NZ524533A (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | Test systems and the use thereof for identifying and characterizing compounds |
| AU2001293789A AU2001293789A1 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | Test systems based on transmembrane receptors from helminths and the use thereof for identifying and characterizing compounds |
| US10/363,946 US20050037436A1 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2001-08-24 | Test systems and the use thereof for identifying and characterizing compounds |
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| DE10044098 | 2000-09-07 | ||
| DE10044098.3 | 2000-09-07 | ||
| DE10053785A DE10053785A1 (de) | 2000-09-07 | 2000-10-30 | Testsysteme und deren Verwendung zur Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Verbindungen |
| DE10053785.5 | 2000-10-30 |
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| JP (1) | JP2004508052A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1543508A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2001293789A1 (de) |
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| JP2006516884A (ja) * | 2002-09-23 | 2006-07-13 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | リアノジン受容体の単離および使用 |
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| CN102839193A (zh) * | 2012-08-22 | 2012-12-26 | 海狸(广州)生物科技有限公司 | 一种g蛋白偶联受体对化合物特异性的检测方法 |
| US11236317B2 (en) * | 2016-02-06 | 2022-02-01 | Novozymes A/S | Polypeptides having protease activity and polynucleotides encoding same |
| CN111903618B (zh) * | 2020-08-11 | 2023-04-25 | 福建省农业科学院水稻研究所 | 一种稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilaparvatae)的人工培育方法 |
| CN112715487B (zh) * | 2020-12-23 | 2022-08-05 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | 一种眼纹斑叩甲的饲养方法 |
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| US4925664A (en) * | 1986-10-20 | 1990-05-15 | University Of Utah | Spider toxins and methods for their use as blockers of calcium channels and amino acid receptor function |
| DE19704024A1 (de) * | 1996-10-10 | 1998-04-16 | Bayer Ag | Proteine, dafür kodierende DNA-Sequenzen, dagegen spezifische Antikörper und ihre Verwendung zum Auffinden nematizider Wirkstoffe |
-
2001
- 2001-08-24 JP JP2002525836A patent/JP2004508052A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-08-24 NZ NZ524533A patent/NZ524533A/en unknown
- 2001-08-24 CN CNA01818524XA patent/CN1543508A/zh active Pending
- 2001-08-24 EP EP01974211A patent/EP1317562A2/de not_active Withdrawn
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2006516884A (ja) * | 2002-09-23 | 2006-07-13 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | リアノジン受容体の単離および使用 |
| US8101715B2 (en) | 2002-09-23 | 2012-01-24 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Ryanodine receptor polypeptides |
| US8551694B2 (en) | 2002-09-23 | 2013-10-08 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Isolation and use of ryanodine receptors |
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| CA2421248A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
| NZ524533A (en) | 2005-04-29 |
| JP2004508052A (ja) | 2004-03-18 |
| EP1317562A2 (de) | 2003-06-11 |
| AU2001293789A1 (en) | 2002-03-22 |
| CN1543508A (zh) | 2004-11-03 |
| WO2002020830A3 (de) | 2002-07-25 |
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