WO2002093666A1 - Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof - Google Patents
Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002093666A1 WO2002093666A1 PCT/JP2002/004705 JP0204705W WO02093666A1 WO 2002093666 A1 WO2002093666 A1 WO 2002093666A1 JP 0204705 W JP0204705 W JP 0204705W WO 02093666 A1 WO02093666 A1 WO 02093666A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for producing cathode material thereof are provided.
- the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a carbonaceous material as a positive electrode, a material capable of storing and releasing lithium metal or lithium as a negative electrode, and a lithium salt as an electrolyte solute, and production of the positive electrode material thereof.
- a carbonaceous material as a positive electrode
- a material capable of storing and releasing lithium metal or lithium as a negative electrode and a lithium salt as an electrolyte solute
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a positive electrode made of a graphitized carbon material, an electrolyte containing a lithium salt, and a negative electrode made of lithium metal has been known for a long time. Attempts have also been made to improve the cycle characteristics by applying a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium as the negative electrode of the battery (for example, JP-A-61-7567, JP-A-2-82466). This is because lithium metal repeatedly dissolves and precipitates during the charge / discharge cycle, resulting in dendrite generation and passivation, resulting in a short cycle life.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery configured as described above is assembled in a normal discharge state, and cannot be discharged unless it is charged.
- the charge / discharge reaction will be described below, taking as an example a case where a graphite material capable of reversible storage and release of lithium is used as the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode of this type of secondary battery utilizes a reaction in which a graphite layer compound of AYUON is reversibly formed during charge and discharge.
- Examples of such a cathode material include graphitized carbon fiber (JP-A-61-10882), expanded graphite sheet (JP-A-63-194319), woven fabric of graphitized carbon fiber (JP-A-4-366554), and plastic.
- graphite-reinforced graphite, natural graphite powder, pyrolytic graphite, graphitized vapor-grown carbon fiber, and PAN-based carbon fiber have been studied.
- this type of battery has a disadvantage that the discharge capacity is deteriorated every time the charge / discharge cycle is repeated. This is mainly due to the deterioration of the cathode material. Immediately, as the charge-discharge cycle progresses, relatively large anions with a large molecular size are repeatedly absorbed and released in the graphite material.As a result, the graphite crystals break down and the particles are cracked. This is because it changes to a form in which charging and discharging are impossible. In particular, when the charge / discharge cycle is performed with the charge capacity set to a certain value (approximately 24 mAh / g) or more, the cycle deterioration progresses rapidly, and it becomes difficult to maintain the shape of the electrode itself.
- a certain value approximately 24 mAh / g
- black $ ⁇ refers to a solid-state transition from amorphous carbon to graphite by thermal energy, and specifically, regardless of the degree of crystallinity after graphitization. This means that heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher.
- carbon material refers to a substance containing carbon atoms as a main component (including organic polymer compounds), and does not specify the regularity of its arrangement.
- graphite material means a solid substance having a crystal structure in which carbon atoms are the main component and the carbon atoms are arranged with three-dimensional regularity. It is irrelevant whether or not the material is used. The graphite material is included in a part of the carbon material.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and a main object of the present invention is to produce a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a large capacity and extremely excellent cycle characteristics, and production of a positive electrode thereof. It is to provide a method.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a positive electrode made of a carbon material, an electrolyte containing a lithium salt, and a negative electrode made of a lithium metal or a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium.
- the positive electrode is a fluorinated graphite material, and the boron and boron compound contained in the borated graphite has an abundance ratio of 0.05 to 0.5 as boron.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including: a positive electrode made of a carbon material; an electrolyte containing a lithium salt; and a negative electrode made of a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium metal or lithium.
- a positive electrode made of a carbon material
- an electrolyte containing a lithium salt an electrolyte containing a lithium salt
- a negative electrode made of a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium metal or lithium.
- one or more materials selected from a graphite material, a graphitizable carbon material, a starting material thereof, and a carbon precursor are used as the carbon material of the positive electrode, and these materials are pulverized, and boron or a boron compound is added thereto.
- Fig. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of the relationship between the opposing areas of a square positive electrode and negative electrode and the stacking method.
- the figure on the right is a vertical sectional view of the positive and negative electrodes arranged via a separator, and the figure on the left is from the direction of the arrow.
- (A) is when the area of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are the same,
- (b) is when the area of the positive electrode is smaller than the area of the negative electrode, and
- (c) is the side view where the separator is omitted. Is larger than the area of the negative electrode part.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a cross section of a wound electrode body to which the present invention is applied
- FIG. 3 is a perspective explanatory view showing a positional relationship between positive and negative electrode portions and a separator which are stacked and arranged before forming a wound electrode body.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the positional relationship between the two by projecting the negative electrode part on the surface of the positive electrode part facing the negative electrode part with the separator of FIG. 3 omitted.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a test cell according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a battery of a test cell type according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view showing the positional relationship between the positive electrode and the negative electrode used in the test cell of FIG. 6, with the separator omitted.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a wound electrode body.
- Fig. 9 shows the ⁇ curve of the test cell No ⁇ 1.
- Figure 10 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 curve of test cell No. 13.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a filling curve of test cell No. 14.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a charge / discharge curve of the test cell ⁇ .18.
- Fig. 13 shows the material of the test cell ⁇ .19 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 carp.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the test cell ⁇ .20 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 carp.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a charge / discharge curve of the test cell ⁇ .21.
- Figure 16 shows the curve of the test cell ⁇ .22.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a charging curve of the test cell ⁇ .5.
- Figure 18 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 curve of the test cell . ⁇ .16.
- Figure 19 shows the charging curve of test cell ⁇ .17.
- FIG. 20 shows a charge / discharge carp of test cell No. 39.
- Figure 21 shows the carp of test cell No. 29 ⁇ 1 ".
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a curve of the test cell No. 40.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a charging curve of test cell No. 27.
- Figure 24 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 curve of the test senoré F-2.
- Fig. 25 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 curve of test cell F-6.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the curve of the test cell F_12 being filled !
- Figure 27 shows a test carné type (positive electrode ⁇ 15 mm-negative electrode ⁇ 13 mm).
- Figure 28 shows the test cell type 13 ⁇ 4 (positive electrode ⁇ 15mm-negative electrode ⁇ 13mm);
- Figure 29 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 carp of the test cell type (positive electrode ⁇ 13 mm-negative electrode ⁇ 13 mm).
- Figure 30 shows the test cell type! The figure which shows the ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ curve of 3 ⁇ 4 (positive electrode ⁇ 13 mm-negative electrode ⁇ 13 mm).
- Figure 31 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 curve of the test cell type 3 ⁇ 4 (positive electrode ⁇ 13 mm-negative electrode ⁇ 15 mm).
- Fig. 32 shows the 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 carp of the test cell type (positive electrode ⁇ 13mm-negative electrode ⁇ 15mm).
- Fig. 33 is a diagram showing the Hi system of 3 ⁇ 4P Kyo rate and »quantity.
- Figure 34 shows the discharge carp of the 18650 type battery and the electric double layer capacitor.
- the first invention of the present application is directed to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode made of a carbon material, an electrolyte containing a lithium salt, and a negative electrode made of a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium metal or lithium.
- the positive electrode is a borated graphite material, wherein the boron and boron compound contained in the borated graphite have an abundance ratio of 0.05 to 11% by weight as boron. It is a secondary battery.
- the borated graphite generally refers to a graphite material composed of a mixture of a solid solution in which boron is replaced by carbon atoms constituting graphite and a boron compound represented by boron carbide or the like.
- Ordinary synthetic graphite materials are prepared by mixing organic materials such as petroleum pitch, coal tar pitch, condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds, and organic high molecular compounds in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon gas or helium gas. It is produced by carbonizing at 700 ° C and then heat-treating (graphitizing) at 250 ° C or more, preferably at 300 ° C or more.
- inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon gas or helium gas.
- naturally produced graphite materials often have a crystal structure that is comparable to or better than the synthetic graphite described above. Since the highly graphitized synthetic graphite material or natural graphite material as described above has a large crystallite size and small lattice distortion between adjacent hexagonal mesh planes, the amount of lattice defects existing inside the crystallite is small.
- the present inventors have developed a high degree of crystallinity of a graphite material, and by introducing a defect into a part thereof to enhance the stability of the crystal structure, thereby maintaining a large occlusion / release capacity. They have found that the cycle characteristics can be greatly improved, and have completed the first invention of the present application.
- the degree of crystallinity of A means to develop and introduce defects in some of them is to heat-treat (graphitize or carbonize) the carbon material containing boron or boron compounds.
- the graphite material thus obtained is particularly referred to as a “boronated graphite material”.
- a typical method for producing a borated graphite material is to add and mix boron or a boron compound powder to a graphitizable carbon material or its starting material or carbon precursor and heat-treat (carbonize or graphitize). Is obtained.
- the boron or the boron compound after the heat treatment remains in the graphitized carbon material in a state where the boron or the boron compound is substituted with the carbon atoms constituting the graphite crystal or in a state where the boron or the boron compound penetrates between the laminated graphite layers. Since the solid-solution substituted boron substitutes for the carbon atoms constituting the hexagonal mesh plane and remains, the hexagonal mesh plane is slightly distorted at that site.
- interstitial boron remains between the hexagonal mesh planes, so both adjacent mesh planes are distorted. It is thought that the strain introduced in this way contributes to the stabilization of the structure by preventing the crystal from collapsing when the anions intercalate into the crystal structure.
- pitches such as coal tar pitch or petroleum pitch are representative. These pitches can be obtained through a purification or reforming process such as distillation, extraction, pyrolysis, and dry distillation of a raw material such as coal tar or crude oil.
- Organic polymer compounds such as condensed polycyclic polynuclear aromatics (CO PNA resin) and polychlorinated vinyl resin using aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, perylene, and acenaphthylene can also be used. Since these starting materials pass through a liquid state at about 350 ° C.
- the formation of polycondensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds and their three-dimensional lamination can easily proceed.
- An anisotropic region is formed, producing a carbon precursor.
- the precursor is in a state where the graphite material can be easily provided by a subsequent heat treatment.
- the obtained carbon materials include mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, pyrolytic carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, pitch coater or petroleum coat. Tas or needle coke is also a graphitizable carbon material.
- One or more materials selected from the graphitizable carbon materials mentioned above or their starting materials or carbon precursors are mixed with boron or boron compounds and heat treated in an inert gas atmosphere ( Carbonization or graphitization) to obtain borated graphite.
- the starting material may be added to the starting material, or may be added to the carbon precursor or the generated carbon material without any problem.
- the particles are previously ground to an average particle diameter of 200 (m) or less, preferably about 50 (m) or less.
- any compound containing a boron atom in addition to a simple substance of boron metal can be applied.
- cobalt boride, hafnium boride, boride ceramics such as zirconium boride, boron carbide (B 4 C), boron oxide (B 2 0 3), orthoboric acid or metaboric acid, and salts thereof such as It is.
- the carbon material obtained by mixing the boron or boron compound obtained in this manner is treated with carbon at a heat treatment temperature of 140 ° C. or more, preferably 200 ° C. or more in the above-mentioned inert gas atmosphere.
- a borated graphite material is obtained.
- the above-mentioned boron or boron compound is added to the graphite material, and then heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 240 ° C. or more, preferably about 300 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere. May be.
- graphite materials include mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, vapor-grown carbon fibers, pyrolytic carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, pitch coaters or petroleum coaters that are graphitized at a heat treatment temperature of 240 ° C or more. These include polycrystalline graphite materials, various synthetic graphite materials, expanded graphite materials, and various natural graphite materials.
- the expanded graphite material refers to graphite in which the interlayer is expanded by rapidly heating an acid-intercalation compound in which sulfuric acid molecules, acetic acid molecules, etc. are inserted between the graphite layers, and the boron specified in the present application. It can also be suitably used as a raw material for graphite materials.
- Natural graphite is produced in China, Madagascar, Brazil and Sri Lanka. Since the ore contains a lot of impurities other than graphite, even if it is mixed with boron or a boron compound and heat-treated at 240 ° C or more, the diffusion of boron into graphite proceeds. It is difficult to obtain a graphite material containing boron uniformly. For this reason It is necessary to remove these impurities in advance. For example, these impurities can be removed by dissolving these impurities in an acidic aqueous solution such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid, or a mixed acid thereof, an alkaline aqueous solution such as caustic soda, or an organic solvent. Further, by performing a heat treatment at 500 ° C. or more in a stream of a halogen gas such as a fluorine gas or a chlorine gas, impurities can be removed and the graphite material can be highly purified.
- a halogen gas
- Means for adding or mixing boron or a boron compound to one or more materials selected from a graphite material, a graphitizable carbon material, a starting material thereof, and a carbon precursor include, in addition to the production method described above, And an ion implantation method using boron or a boron compound as an ion source.
- the conditions of the ion implantation method are not particularly limited, but the implantation energy (beam energy) is 100 to 500 keV, the beam current is 100 to 100 kA, and the implantation amount is 1 0 6 ⁇ 1 0 2 0 / cm 2 force S, particularly preferably used. It should be noted that if the beam current is too high, the sample will generate heat during injection, which may alter the sample.
- the carbon material after the ion implantation treatment obtained as described above is carbonized at a heat treatment temperature of 140 ° C. or more, preferably 200 ° C. or more in an inert gas atmosphere.
- a borated graphite material can be obtained by graphitization.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- boron source gas such as BC 1 3
- the carbon source gas include benzene, acetylene, ethylene, methane, Etan, hydrocarbons such as propane. It is preferable to use a carrier gas such as argon in addition to these raw materials.
- the reaction temperature is preferably from 500 to 140 ° C. If the temperature is lower than this, the synthesis reaction does not proceed sufficiently.
- the reaction temperature exceeds 150 ° C.
- B 4 C boron carbide
- the ratio of boron contained in the generated carbon precursor can be controlled by the ratio of the supply amount (mol / hour) of the boron source gas and the carbon source gas introduced into the reaction tube.
- the carbon precursor obtained as described above is kept at a temperature of 140 ° C. or more, preferably 2 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the borated graphite material specified in the first invention of the present application has a boron and boron compound contained in the borated graphite in which the abundance ratio as boron is high. 0.05 to 11% by weight.
- boron or boron compound means that when boron exists in a state where it has been replaced by carbon atoms constituting graphite crystals or has penetrated between the surfaces of stacked graphite layers, it is considered as a carbon atom. This is because it is thought that the compound exists with some interaction between it and boron, but the possibility that boron exists alone cannot be denied.
- the amount of boron or boron compound to be added to the carbon material or graphite material is such that the content of boron or boron compound remaining in the borated graphite material after heat treatment as boron is from 0.05 to: L 1% by weight.
- the amount of boron or boron compound to be added is set appropriately. Must. If the residual amount after the heat treatment is less than 0.05% by weight, the amount of defects introduced by boron is too small, and the capacity of each cycle decreases when charge and discharge are repeated, so that the effect of the present invention is sufficiently obtained. Not preferred.
- a second invention of the present application is the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the first invention, wherein the positive electrode is a boron-containing graphite material containing silicon, and the silicon and the silicon compound contained in the graphite.
- the timing (stage) of adding the silicon or the silicon compound is not particularly limited as in the case of adding the boron or the boron compound, and may be added to the starting material, or may be a carbon precursor or a carbon precursor. There is no particular problem even if it is added to a carbon material or a graphite material, but it is preferable that the same time as when boron or a boron compound is added. The reason for this is that, as described above, the diffusion of silicon into the interior of the carbon material uses the catalytic action of boron. In any case, in order to enhance the dispersibility at the time of mixing, it is desirable to grind the particles in advance to an average particle diameter of 100 or less, preferably 30 ( ⁇ ) or less.
- Kei Motomata Examples of Kei containing compound monoxide Kei element (S i 0), silicon (S i 0 2) dioxide, four silane chloride (S i C 1 4), silane (S i H 4) and the like Ya And inorganic silicon compounds such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride; and organic silicon compounds such as silicon resin and silicon-containing polymer compounds.
- an ion implantation method and a CVD method can be used as in the case of boron.
- the Kei Motogen gas in the CVD method tetrachloride silane (S i C 1 4), trichloro Roshiran (S i HC 1 3), trichloromethyl silane (CH 3 S i C 1 3 ) , and the like.
- the amount of boron or boron compound and silicon or silicon compound to be added to the carbon material is such that the content of boron or boron compound as boron remaining in the borated graphite material after heat treatment is 0.05 to 11% by weight. %,
- the amount of boron or boron compound and the amount of silicon or silicon compound to be added must be appropriately set.
- the residual amount as silicon after heat treatment is 0.01. /. If the amount is less than the weight, the effect of introducing the silicon is too small, so that no significant difference can be found in comparison with the case of the graphite material containing only boron, which is not preferable. Also 5 weight. /. If the temperature exceeds the limit, the crystal growth of borated graphite due to heat treatment is hindered, the charge / discharge capacity is reduced, and a large amount of silicon carbide (SiC) is generated in the graphite material, which causes a charge / discharge reaction. Is not preferred because it is not involved in
- a third invention of the present application provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode made of a carbon material, an electrolyte containing a lithium salt, and a negative electrode made of a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium metal or lithium.
- a carbon material for the positive electrode one or more materials selected from a graphite material, a graphitizable carbon material, a starting material thereof, and a carbon precursor are used, and these materials are pulverized. It is characterized by adding and mixing the fine powder and the binder component, forming a compact once, heat treating (graphitizing or carbonizing) them in an inert gas atmosphere, and then pulverizing and adjusting the particle size. This is a method for producing a positive electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the method for producing ordinary boronated graphite material is as described above.
- the diffusion reaction of boron atoms into the plane of the hexagonal graphite graphite, which occurs in the heat treatment (carbonization or graphitization) step is performed in the solid phase or vapor phase.
- the frequency of the substitution reaction between the carbon atoms constituting the hexagonal mesh plane and the boron atoms depends on the raw material carbon material (graphite material, easily sharpening carbon material or its starting material or carbon precursor). It depends on the contact area between the one or more materials selected) and the boron or boron compound and the diffusion distance of boron.
- the carbon material and boron or boron compound are both pulverized and then subjected to the heat treatment in a state of being mixed and compression molded.
- the binder component is selected in consideration of the adhesion between the raw material carbon material and boron or a boron compound and the mutual wetting property of each other.
- examples include phenol-formaldehyde resin, polyfurfuryl alcohol, polyatarylonitrino, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide, polyamide resin, various condensable polycyclic polynuclear aromatic resins, and the like.
- the binder component, the raw material carbon material, and boron or boron compound are once dispersed in a solvent and mixed in a liquid phase state (a slurry state or a rubber elastic state).
- the solvent used here may be appropriately selected so that the binder component can be uniformly dispersed.
- examples include dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methyl-pipiridin-2-one, water and the like.
- the remaining solvent or the like may be evaporated. Since pitches such as petroleum pitch and coal tar pitch having an appropriate softening point have a binding action even as they are, mixing them at a temperature equal to or higher than the softening point will newly add a solvent or the like. Mixing in the liquid phase is possible without adding.
- the mixture in the slurry state may be poured into a mold having an arbitrary shape, evaporated and dried, removed from the mold, and subjected to the heat treatment (carbonization or graphitization) as it is.
- the mixture may be dried, pulverized, granulated, and pressed into a mold having an arbitrary shape.
- the crystal grains of the raw carbon material have an anisotropic shape to some extent, in the conventional extrusion molding or molding, the graphite-coats particles are oriented in a certain direction with respect to the pressing direction. Since they become oriented and show anisotropy, the reaction rate with boron or boron compounds often decreases. Therefore, it is particularly preferable that these granulated powders are formed by cold isostatic pressing (CIP forming). Granulated powder receives uniform pressure from all directions, instead of receiving pressure in one direction as in molding and extrusion, so that selective particles can be obtained.
- CIP forming cold isostatic pressing
- the CIP molding method has a good pressure transmission because there is no friction between the mold and the molding powder as in molding, and a higher density (lower porosity) pressure than when the same molding pressure is applied. A powder is obtained. Therefore, in the heat treatment stage, the substitution solid solution reaction of carbon atoms and boron constituting the hexagonal mesh plane of the graphite crystal can easily proceed smoothly. Operation is as follows: (1) Put the molding powder into a rubber mold container, (2) Seal the container, degas if necessary, and (3) Submerge it in a pressure medium in a pressurized container and pressurize. It is relatively simple, such as removing the pressure from the mold.
- the above-mentioned molded body is subjected to heat treatment (carbonization or graphitization), and pulverization and particle size adjustment are performed.
- pulverizers such as a pin mill, a ball mill, a jet mill, and a colloid mill can be used for the pulverization.
- the particle size may be adjusted according to the purpose.
- a fine powder of silicon or a silicon compound is added.
- Non-aqueous electrolytes obtained by adding a binder component to the mixture, mixing and forming a compact, heat treating (graphitizing or carbonizing) in an inert gas atmosphere, and then pulverizing and adjusting the particle size. This is a method for producing a positive electrode material for a secondary battery.
- the relationship of the fourth invention to the second invention of the present application is exactly the same as the relationship of the third invention to the first invention, and the boron-containing graphite material containing silicon specified in the second invention It specifies a manufacturing method to further homogenize the dispersed state of silicon in the interior.
- the positive electrode material obtained by adjusting the pulverization and particle size has an average particle diameter of 10 to 60 ( xm) and particles having a particle size of 5 ( ⁇ m) or less are characterized by a volume fraction of 10% or less based on the whole positive electrode material.
- the average particle diameter means an average volume diameter (volume-weighted average diameter), and a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring apparatus is used to measure the number of particles n and their respective particle diameters d by scattering laser light. It is the value calculated according to the following formula. ⁇ ( ⁇ nd 2 ) / ( ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ 1/2
- the load characteristics that is, The ratio of the discharge capacity obtained when the current density is set high to the discharge capacity obtained when the discharge is set at a low current density is particularly preferable.
- the positive electrode material of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention occludes anion dissolved in the electrolyte during charging and releases the anion into the electrolyte during discharging. Therefore, in the positive electrode of a charged battery, the anion is occluded inside the borated graphite crystal structure, but when discharged, the anion is diffused in the borated graphite crystal structure (solid phase) and diffused into the electrolyte. Will dissolve. If the particle diameter of the borated graphite is too large, it is not preferable because the load characteristic deteriorates due to the long diffusion distance in the solid phase. In the fifth invention of the present application, the average particle diameter is specified to be 60 ( ⁇ ) or less as a scale expressing the upper limit of the particle diameter.
- the charge and discharge efficiency in the first cycle is often extremely lower than the charge and discharge efficiency in each cycle after the second cycle.
- the charge and discharge efficiency in the first cycle is approximately 60 to 80%, and in each cycle after the second cycle it is about 100%, which lowers the charge and discharge efficiency.
- the main causes are: (1) part of the amount of electricity required for charging was consumed in the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte; (2) black boride; and some of the ayuon intercalated into the material could not be discharged. It is two points of having changed.
- the irreversible capacity generated due to (1) is deposited as decomposition products on the surface of the borated graphite particles and remains as a resistance component of the electrochemical reaction. Since the resistance component has a large effect on load characteristics, it is preferable that the resistance component be as small as possible.
- the inventors have found that the charge and discharge efficiency of the first cycle changes depending on the particle size distribution. The higher the volume content of particles having a small particle size, the lower the charge and discharge efficiency of the first cycle and the load characteristics. Was found to decrease. Therefore, in the fifth invention of the present application, the borated graphite material having a particle size of 5 (/ xm) or less is 10% or less in volume ratio with respect to the entire borated graphite material, and the average particle size is 1%.
- the heat treatment temperature may be arbitrarily set at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of phosphoric acid, that is, 700 ° C or higher.
- the graphite material is specified by spectroscopic means by specifying the crystal structure distortion due to the introduction of a defect into the graphite material and the crystallinity thereof. I have.
- the sixth invention provides a positive electrode (boronated graphite material) specified in the first to fifth inventions, which satisfies both the following requirements (a) and (b): It is a pond.
- the average spacing d (002) of the (002) planes of the carbon material having a graphite crystal structure is 3.365 (angstrom) or less.
- information obtained from the vibration spectrum of Raman scattering includes the structure of molecules, arrangement of atoms, and the like.
- natural graphite which is considered to be almost perfect single crystal, shows a single Raman band in the wavelength range of 1580 c ⁇ 1 100 cm- 1 ; however, artificial graphite composed of polycrystal, activated carbon composed of unorganized carbon, etc.
- a Raman band appears near 1360 cm- 1 soil 100 cm- 1 in addition to this band.
- Band relative intensity ratios appearing in the near with 1 360 cm- 1 to the intensity of the bands occurring in the vicinity of 1 580 cm- 1 generally increases with increasing unorganized carbon in the sample decreases with increasing graphite crystallites . Therefore, the R value (the relative intensity ratio) defined in the sixth invention of the present application is often used as a parameter indicating the degree of graphitization. It has been.
- the shape of the spectrum is fitted to the Lorentz function by the least squares method, and the peak intensity is calculated.
- the amount of boron carbide (B 4 C) or silicon carbide (SiC) remaining in the borated graphite material specified in the first to fourth inventions of the present application increases, the amount of boron
- the background may increase due to the influence of fluorescence, the background may be corrected by subtracting the background so that only the peak derived from the graphite component remains.
- the R value is closely related to the crystallite size La in the a-axis direction obtained from X-ray diffraction, and the 1ZL a (reciprocal of La) obtained from various carbon materials is the R value.
- the empirical formula of La (angstrom) 44 / R can be obtained recursively.
- the spacing d (002) of the (002) plane of the carbon material described in the present application can be measured by powder X-ray diffraction.
- d (002) decreases as the heat treatment temperature increases, and eventually approaches as close as 3.354 (angstrom), which is the same plane spacing of ideal graphite crystals, but does not fall below this value.
- graphite material has a crystal structure in which hexagonal mesh planes composed of carbon atoms are stacked with three-dimensional regularity, but there are ordered black-belled stacks and disordered stacks. Can be considered to be a mixed state.
- both the R value and d (002) of the invention-specifying items that define the graphite material of the present invention are parameters indicating the degree of graphitization.
- synthetic graphite materials that have been leadenified so that d (002) is less than 3.365 (Angstroms) or highly crystalline such that d (002) is less than 3.365 (Angstroms)
- d (002) is less than 3.365 (Angstroms)
- Developed natural graphite materials have a small amount of lattice defects inside crystallites due to their large crystallite size and low lattice distortion between adjacent hexagonal mesh planes. Therefore, when the Raman band of the graphite material as described above is measured, the R value is usually 0.25 or less.
- the graphite material defined in the sixth invention of the present application has d (002) of 3.365 (angstrom) or less and an R value of 0.35 or more. It is completely different from the properties of synthetic graphite materials or natural graphite materials. As described above, the degree of crystallinity of the graphite material is highly developed, and a part of the material is defective. The amount of defects introduced can be determined from the R value calculated from the Raman spectrum.
- the 1360 cm- 1 Raman band observed in various carbon materials is closely related to imperfections in the crystal structure of graphite, that is, defects in the crystal lattice.
- This band is caused by a vibration mode that does not exist in the graphite crystal composed of hexagonal lattice, and is Raman activated by structural defects existing in the crystal. Structural defects reduce or lose the symmetry of the hexagonal lattice. Therefore, it can be said that the R value reflects the amount of defects contained in the carbon structure.
- the R value is less than 0.35, the amount of defects introduced into the graphite material is too small, so that repetition of charge and discharge tends to deteriorate the discharge capacity as described above, which is not preferable.
- d (002) is larger than 3.365 (angstrom), the charge / discharge capacity becomes small, which is not preferable.
- d (002) is 3.365 (angstrom) or less.
- a graphite material that satisfies that the R value is 0.35 or more at the same time and specifies a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the graphite material as a positive electrode.
- the positive electrode thus obtained is kneaded and molded together with a conductive agent and a binder, and is incorporated into a battery as a positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode material according to the present invention is originally considered to have high conductivity and does not require a conductive agent or the like, it may be used as necessary in consideration of the application of the battery.
- a conductive agent for a general nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a lithium salt is dissolved various graphite materials and carbon black have been widely used.
- the graphite material functions as a positive electrode, it is not preferable to use it as a conductive agent. Therefore, it is preferable to use conductive carbon blacks.
- the carbon black used here any of channel black, oil furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, acetylene black, Ketjen black and the like can be used.
- carbon black other than acetylene black uses a part of petroleum pitch or coal tar pitch as a raw material, it may contain a large amount of impurities such as sulfur compounds or nitrogen compounds. It is more preferable to use from.
- acetylene black uses only acetylene as a raw material and is produced by continuous pyrolysis, so it is difficult for impurities to be mixed in. Because of its low content, it is particularly preferred as this type of conductive agent.
- the mixing ratio of these conductive agents and the graphite material according to the present invention may be appropriately set according to the use of the battery. Especially when the requirements for the completed battery include improvement of quick charge characteristics and heavy load discharge characteristics, the requirement for the effect of imparting conductivity together with the graphite material of the present invention is sufficiently obtained. It is more preferable to mix the conductive agent in the above to form a positive electrode mixture. However, if the conductive agent is contained more than necessary, the filling amount of the positive electrode material (the borated graphite material according to the present invention) is reduced by that amount, and the capacity (volume energy density) is not preferable.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVF polyvinyl fluoride
- Organic polymer compounds such as fluororesins, carboxymethylcellulose, polyimide resins, polyamide resins, polyatalylic acid, and sodium polyatalylate are suitable.
- the positive electrode mixture is constituted by using a binder and, if necessary, a conductive agent and the like, and is incorporated into the battery after being mixed and molded. It is. However, the pressure during molding naturally determines the porosity of the positive electrode mixture.
- the porosity of the positive electrode mixture (in a state of being incorporated in a battery) after being molded using the borated graphite material is 0.2 to 0.2. 6 And identified.
- the porosity of the positive electrode mixture is represented by c (i), the mixing ratio (weight./.) Of the i-th component, and its true density. If d (i) (g / cm 3 ), it is calculated as shown below.
- the apparent density d (g / cm 3 ) is the apparent density of the positive electrode mixture, and the weight w (g / cm 2 ) of the positive electrode mixture per l cm 2 and the apparent thickness t (cm) Is calculated from the following equation.
- the porosity of the positive electrode mixture according to the present invention is a value calculated by the above operation, but the range is limited to 0.2 to 0.6. If the ratio is less than 0.2, the deterioration of the cycle characteristics is undesirably large. When the ratio exceeds 0.6, no problem occurs in the cycle characteristics, but the filling amount of the positive electrode material (the graphite material according to the present invention) decreases and the capacity (volume energy density) decreases accordingly. Therefore, it is not preferable.
- any material can be used for the negative electrode as long as it can electrochemically store and release lithium ions.
- lithium metal lithium aluminum alloys, graphite material, the graphitizable carbon material, flame black Suzuka carbon material, niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 ⁇ 5), lithium titanium acid (L i 4/3 T i 5 / 3 0 4), silicon monoxide (S i 0), monoxide tin (S nO), a composite oxide of tin and lithium (L i 2 S n0 3), lithium 'phosphate' composite oxide of boron (e.g., L i Po. 4 Bo. 6 0 2. 9 ), and so on.
- carbon materials include various types of graphite materials such as natural graphite, synthetic graphite, and expanded graphite that have been appropriately pulverized, carbonized mesocarbon microbeads, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, and vapor-grown carbon.
- Carbon materials such as fiber, pyrolytic carbon, petroleum coatas, pitch coaters, and needle coke, and synthetic graphite materials obtained by subjecting these carbon materials to graphitization, or mixtures thereof.
- the borated graphite material specified in the present application can be used as the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode is also formed by mixing and molding the above-listed materials, the binder and, if necessary, the conductive agent and the like to form a negative electrode mixture, which is incorporated into a battery.
- the binder and the conductive agent the materials exemplified when preparing the positive electrode mixture can be used as they are.
- non-aqueous electrolyte examples include a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent, and a solid electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a lithium ion conductive solid substance.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent, and any of these organic solvents and lithium salts can be used as long as they are used for this type of battery.
- organic solvent propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), ⁇ -petit mouth ratatone (GBL), vinylene carbonate (VC), acetonitrile (AN), dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), getyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and derivatives thereof, or a mixed solvent thereof.
- Any lithium salt can be used as long as it is used for this type of battery.
- the amount of these salts dissolved in the organic solvent may be appropriately set in the range of 0.5 to 4.0 (mo 1 / L) as in the case of the conventional non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, but is preferably 0.8 to 3.5 (mo1 / L), more preferably 1.0 to 3.0 (mo1 / L).
- the eighth invention of the present application is directed to a positive electrode part in which a positive electrode mixture containing the borated graphite material specified in the first to seventh invention as a main component is formed in a sheet shape; '' A non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt is composed of an electrode body in which a negative electrode mixture mainly composed of a dischargeable carbon material is formed in a sheet shape and laminated with a separator interposed.
- the peripheral portion of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion faces the negative electrode portion of the positive electrode portion
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery wherein a positive electrode portion and a negative electrode portion are arranged via a separator so as to be surrounded by a peripheral portion of the formed surface.
- the separator refers to an insoluble porous membrane impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved, or a solid electrolyte membrane in which a lithium salt is dissolved.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of the electrode body in which a sheet-like positive electrode part 1 and a negative electrode part 2 are stacked and arranged via a separator 3.
- Fig. 1 (b) the periphery of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion 1 facing the negative electrode portion 2 is outside the peripheral edge of the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion. This shows a state of being surrounded.
- the first cycle The irreversible capacity attributable to the negative electrode part generated at the time is large, and the charge / discharge efficiency is reduced, and the capacity is reduced due to them.
- FIG. 1 (a) the periphery of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion corresponds to the negative electrode portion of the positive electrode portion. This shows a state coinciding with the peripheral edge of the facing surface, and the protruding portion does not exist.
- the irreversible capacity is smaller than in the case of FIG. 1 (b).
- the method of minimizing the irreversible capacity and increasing the initial charge / discharge efficiency is as follows, as shown in FIG. 1 (c), in that the positive electrode portion of the negative electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion 1 facing the negative electrode portion 2 This is a case where the positive and negative electrodes are arranged such that the peripheral portion of the surface facing the negative electrode is surrounded by the inside of the peripheral portion of the surface facing the negative electrode portion of the positive electrode portion.
- the irreversible capacity is reduced. It can be suppressed to the lowest level. In other words, what is important is to have a protruding part, and the size of the area does not matter.
- the above is the method of arranging the positive and negative electrodes when the positive electrode part and the negative electrode part each formed into a sheet shape are laminated via a separator.
- the laminated electrode body is spirally wound. Even in the case of disposing them in a closed container, further contrivance is required to obtain the effect of improving the charge / discharge efficiency in the initial cycle described above, and the ninth invention of the present application has been defined.
- the ninth invention of the present application is a strip-shaped positive electrode portion composed of a positive electrode mixture containing a borated graphite material as a main component obtained according to the first to seventh inventions, and capable of inserting and extracting lithium.
- a strip-shaped negative electrode composed of a negative electrode mixture containing a carbon material as a main component, and a strip-shaped separator are spirally wound along the longitudinal direction thereof, and the positive electrode portion and the negative electrode portion are separated from each other.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1 further comprising a wound electrode body configured so that the separator is interposed therebetween, further comprising: a positive electrode portion further inside an innermost peripheral region of the negative electrode portion.
- a second peripheral portion is provided in the longitudinal direction toward the outer periphery of the peripheral portion so that a peripheral region of the peripheral portion is provided, and an end portion of the peripheral region protrudes from an end portion located in the outermost peripheral region of the negative electrode portion.
- the widthwise ends of the positive electrode portion protrude from both ends located in the width direction of the negative electrode portion over the entire region in the longitudinal direction of the negative electrode portion.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided with the third and fourth margins.
- the separator refers to an insoluble porous film impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved, or a solid electrolyte film in which a lithium salt is dissolved.
- FIG. 2 is a state diagram schematically illustrating a cross section of the wound electrode body to which the ninth invention of the present application is applied.
- reference numeral 4 denotes a band-shaped positive electrode portion
- 5 denotes a band-shaped negative electrode portion
- 6 denotes a separator.
- Reference numeral 8 denotes the innermost peripheral region of the strip-shaped negative electrode portion 5, the innermost peripheral region 7 of the band-shaped positive electrode portion is further circulated around the inner peripheral region, and the terminal portion 11
- An extra portion 9 is provided in the longitudinal direction toward the inner periphery of the orbiting portion 7 so as to protrude from the end portion 10 located in the inner peripheral region 8, and further to the outer periphery of the outermost peripheral region 13 of the negative electrode portion,
- a peripheral area 12 of the positive electrode part is provided, and an outer peripheral part of the peripheral part 12 is protruded from an end part 15 of the peripheral area and an end part 16 located in the outermost peripheral area of the negative electrode part.
- a margin 14 is provided in the longitudinal direction of the head.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing the positional relationship between the positive and negative electrode portions and the separator, which are stacked before the wound electrode body of FIG. 2 is manufactured, and the positive electrode portion, which is not obstructed by the separator, is drawn by a broken line.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the positive electrode part 4 in FIG. 3 from which the separator is omitted, the negative electrode part 5 projected on the surface of the positive electrode part 4 facing the negative electrode part 5, and the positional relationship.
- the ends 19 and 20 in the width direction of the positive electrode part 4 are arranged in the entire region in the longitudinal direction of the negative electrode part. Extra portions 21 and 22 are provided so as to protrude.
- the negative electrode portion arranged on the wound electrode body is covered with the positive electrode portion over the entire area, and the wound electrode body is also used in the eighth invention of the present application.
- the same effect as the effect obtained in can be obtained.
- Isobiolanthrone (Tokyo Kasei) and 9,10-dihydric anthracene (Tokyo Kasei) are mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- Polyphosphoric acid (ME RCK) is added to this mixture at a weight ratio of 1: 1.
- ME RCK Polyphosphoric acid
- the mixture was soaked so that it became 15 and thoroughly stirred. Then nitrogen atmosphere The mixture was heated to 150 ° C. while maintaining the operation under an atmosphere, and after maintaining this state for 5 hours, neutralized by adding an ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution and allowed to cool.
- the condensable polycyclic polynuclear aromatic thus obtained was charged into a graphite crucible and placed in an electric furnace.
- the temperature was raised to 350 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour and maintained for 15 hours.After that, the temperature was raised to 700 ° C at a rate of 70 ° CZ, and held for 1 hour. It was allowed to cool to room temperature while maintaining the nitrogen stream.
- the obtained carbon precursor was once coarsely pulverized by a stamp mill, then finely pulverized by a vibration type disk mill, and a powder passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size: 38 Mm) sieve was collected.
- T i mc to al J apan synthetic graphite powder was purchased from (SFG- 6 grade), the sieve Sani ⁇ boron passed through a (B 2 0 3) powder of # 391 mesh screen (opening 38 / xm), boron
- the mixture was mixed so as to have a conversion ratio of 5% by weight and poured into a graphite crucible.
- the crucible was placed in an electric furnace, heated at a rate of 100 ° C / min under an argon gas atmosphere, and kept at a maximum temperature of 2800 ° C for one hour.
- the obtained graphite material was roughly pulverized once with a stamp mill or finely pulverized with a vibrating disk mill, and the powder that passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size 38 ⁇ m) sieve was collected. The SFG-6 powder was examined as it was.
- Table 2 shows the heat treatment temperature, the amount of boron added, and the residual boron concentration after heat treatment of the black bell materials A and B obtained as described above.
- Table 2 Physical property values of the produced graphite materials and charge / discharge characteristics of test cells
- Anthracene (Tokyo Kasei) and Benzaldehyde (Kanto Chemical) are mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 1.5, and the weight of the mixture is 6.0. / 0 para-toluenesulfonate monohydrate (Kanto Chemical) was added, and the mixture was heated at 160 ° C in a nitrogen stream and kept for 1 hour while continuing to mix.
- the condensable polycyclic polynuclear aromatic thus obtained was charged into a black bell crucible and placed in an electric furnace. In a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature is raised to 350 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour and maintained for 15 hours, and then heated to 700 ° C at a rate of 70 ° CZ for 1 hour. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature while maintaining a nitrogen stream.
- the obtained carbon precursor was roughly pulverized once with a stamp mill, then finely pulverized with a vibration type disk mill, and the powder passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size 38 xm) sieve was collected.
- the carbon material obtained as above is coarsely pulverized by a stamp mill, if necessary, further finely pulverized by a jet mill, and only powder that has passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size 38 / im) sieve Collected and used as a sample.
- a carbon material which was similarly carbonized and graphitized without mixing the silicon oxide powder was also produced.
- Table 3 shows the residual boron concentration, residual silicon concentration, and their physical property values after the heat treatment of the graphite material obtained as described above.
- Graphite material Condensable polycyclic polynuclear aromatics similar to those in Group C were prepared, placed in a graphite crucible, and placed in an electric furnace. In a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature is raised to 350 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour and maintained for 15 hours.After that, the temperature is increased to 700 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour, and maintained for 1 hour. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature while maintaining a nitrogen stream. The obtained carbon precursor was once coarsely ground with a stamp mill, then finely ground with a vibrating disk mill, and the powder passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size 38 / zm) sieve was collected.
- # 391 mesh mesh size 38 / zm
- the powder 85 by weight part and # 330 mesh (boron oxide powder that passed through the mesh of the sieve (B 2 0 3, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) 11 parts by weight and the oxide Kei-containing powder (S i 0 2, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) 4 parts by weight Of the mixture, and the mixture and coal tar pitch (Pe 11 et manufactured by Kansai Thermal Chemical Co., Ltd.) were mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1 and kneading was continued at 160 ° C. for 2 hours.
- Graphite material Condensable polycyclic polynuclear aromatics similar to those in Group C were prepared, placed in a black bell crucible, and placed in an electric furnace. In a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature is raised to 350 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour and maintained for 15 hours.After that, the temperature is increased to 700 ° C at a rate of 70 ° C / hour, and maintained for 1 hour. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature while maintaining a nitrogen stream. The obtained carbon precursor was once roughly pulverized with a stamp mill, then finely pulverized with a vibration type disk mill, and the powder passed through a # 391 mesh (mesh size 38/1 m) sieve was collected.
- the obtained molded product was subjected to a heat treatment at 100 ° C for 1 hour in an argon gas stream, and further subjected to a blackening treatment at 280 ° C for 5 hours.
- the carbon material obtained as described above is roughly pulverized once by a stamp mill, further finely pulverized by a jet mill, and only powder that has passed through a # 39 1 mesh (aperture 38 ⁇ ) sieve Collected and used as a sample.
- Table 3 shows the residual boron concentration of the graphite material thus obtained after the heat treatment.
- the spacing d (002) of the (002) plane of the graphite material was measured.
- the measurement method and the calculation method from the measurement data were based on the method specified by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 117 committee (JSPS 117th Committee, Carbon, 36, 25 (1963)).
- JSPS 117th Committee, Carbon, 36, 25 (1963) Approximately 15% by weight of high-purity silicon powder is added as an internal standard substance to the sample, mixed well, packed into a sample cell, and a monochromatic CuKa line with a graphite monochromator is used as a source.
- X-ray diffraction is measured by the method.
- the measuring device for X-ray wide angle diffraction is Geigerflex type.
- a sheet-like electrode was prepared. Thereafter, the sheet was sandwiched between die sets, and the entire sheet was compression-molded with a press machine so that the porosity of the positive electrode mixture became about 0.50. The obtained sheet electrode was punched out to a diameter of 9 mm by a punching press, and used as the working electrode of the test cell.
- Figure 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the test cell.
- the test cell is a three-electrode type with the working electrode and counter electrode pressurized with a panel.
- the working electrode used ⁇ ) a sheet electrode punched into 9 mm, and the counter electrode and reference electrode used lithium metal. Dry at 120 ° C for sheet electrodes, 45 ° C for parafilm, and other resin parts and metal parts at 60 ° C for at least 10 hours under reduced pressure, and dry air with a dew point below 40 ° C.
- the test cell was assembled under the atmosphere.
- the separator is made of two 50 / m-thick polypropylene non-woven fabrics (porosity: 78.6%).
- the separator is inserted so that the lithium metal serving as the reference electrode does not overlap the counter electrode and the working electrode. ing.
- Each of the sheet electrode and the separator was placed in a Teflon container filled with an electrolyte, impregnated under reduced pressure, and then incorporated into a test cell.
- Electrolyte used was, 2 (mo 1 / L) of the concentration (hereinafter, 2M abbreviated) PC solute is dissolved in a (propylene carbonate) is a solution, the solute is L i C 10 4, L i PF 6, Each of L i BF 4 was used alone. After assembly, charge and discharge cycle was performed in a 25 ° C constant temperature room in the atmosphere.
- the charging voltage was changed to 4.80 to 5.10 (VVsLi + / Li), as described later, because the charging / discharging potential (VVsL Because i + / L i) was more noble than other boron-free graphite materials.
- the normal charging voltage was set to 4.8 V, but if the charging voltage of the graphite material containing boron was 4.8 V, the capacity was completely reduced during the first cycle of charging. Since the cutoff voltage is reached without obtaining the discharge voltage, no discharge capacity can be obtained thereafter. So when the electrolytic solution of 2M L i C 10 4 ZPC was charged voltage of the boron-containing graphite material and 4. 90V.
- the charging voltage was set to 5.05 V when the electrolyte was 2M Li PF 6 / PC, and the charging voltage was set to 5.1 OV when the electrolyte was 2M Li BF 4 / PC.
- a test was performed with a charging voltage of 5.0 V even for ordinary graphite materials. Was carried out for some graphite materials.
- a working electrode was prepared in the same manner as in the case of the above graphite materials A and B, and a mixed solvent of PC (propylene carbonate) and MEC (methyl ethyl carbonate) mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2 was added to the mixed solvent.
- PC propylene carbonate
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- L i PF 6 electrolytic solution
- the charge / discharge conditions for the first cycle are as follows: First, set the current value so that it becomes 20 mA / g in terms of the weight of black tin of the working electrode, and charge until it reaches 80 (mAh g) in terms of the weight of graphite. After the rest, the potential of the working electrode becomes 3.0 (V
- V s L i + / L i V s L i + / L i
- 30 is a working electrode made of a sheet electrode punched to 9 mm in diameter
- 31 is a counter electrode made of lithium metal
- 32 is a nickel lead plate having lithium metal affixed to the tip
- 33 is a polypropylene nonwoven fabric
- 34 is a stainless steel disc
- 35 is a spring
- 36 is a stainless steel fixing plate
- 37 is a polypropylene plate
- 38 is a parafilm
- 39 is an aluminum plate
- 40 is a polypropylene steel block
- 41 is a bonoleto
- 42 is a nut
- 43 is a reference electrode fixing bolt
- 44 Is a stainless steel fixing plate.
- the charge / discharge conditions for the first cycle are as follows: First, set the current value so that it becomes 20 mAZg in terms of graphite weight of the working electrode, charge until it reaches 80 (mAh / g) in terms of graphite weight, and charge for 1 minute. After the pause, the battery was discharged at the same current until the potential of the working electrode reached 2.0 (VV s L i + / L i) with respect to the reference electrode.
- the battery is charged at a constant current until it reaches 4.7 (V vs L i + / L i) at the same current, and after a 1-minute pause, it is charged at 2.0 (VV s L i + / L i) at the same current
- the charge / discharge cycle of discharging until was reached was repeated 9 times.
- the load characteristics were measured.
- a constant current Z constant voltage charging was performed so that the charging voltage was 4.7 (VV s L / Li) and the charging time was 10 minutes.
- Aqueous disversion of graphite material, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) (Mitsui Dupont Fluorochemical 30J) and CMC (Carpoxymethylcellulose) (Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Cellogen 41-I) A 2% by weight aqueous solution was mixed at a weight ratio of 97: 1: 2, and distilled water was added to obtain a slurry. 30 J and CMC are the percentage of solids. The obtained slurry was applied on one side of an aluminum foil (thickness 20 / zm) by the doctor blade method so that the amount of graphite material per unit area was 8. OmgZcm 2 , 60. C was dried for 20 minutes to form a sheet electrode.
- the sheet was sandwiched between die sets, and the entire sheet was compressed and formed by a press machine so that the porosity of the positive electrode mixture became about 0.50.
- the obtained sheet electrode was punched out into ⁇ Amm by a punching press to obtain a positive electrode portion.
- pitch coke Nippon Steel Chemical LPC-A
- the powder and polyvinylidene fluoride PV d F as a binder and powder that have passed through a # 391 mesh (aperture 38 / zm) sieve KF # 1100) in a weight ratio of 90:10
- N-methylpyrrolidin-1-one NMP Mitsubishi Chemical
- Figure 6 shows a cross section of a test cell type battery.
- This test cell type battery is a three-electrode type in which the positive electrode 31 a and the negative electrode 30 a are pressurized by a spring 35, and is a 50 / m thick nonwoven polypropylene fabric (porosity of 78.6 %) 3 3
- Other configurations are substantially the same as those shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion 31a facing the negative electrode portion 30a, the peripheral portion of the surface facing the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion of the positive electrode portion.
- (B) shows the positive electrode part 31 Example in which the peripheral edge of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the negative electrode portion 30a facing the negative electrode portion 30a coincides with the peripheral edge of the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion, (C) Is the negative electrode 3
- the sheet electrode is 120 ° C
- the parafilm is 45 ° C
- other resin parts and metal parts are dried under reduced pressure at 60 ° C for 10 hours or more, and a dry air atmosphere with a dew point of less than 40 ° C
- the test cell was assembled below. As in the case of the test cell, a lithium metal positive electrode and a negative electrode serving as reference electrodes are inserted between the two separators so as not to overlap. Using the reference electrode, the positive and negative electrode potentials during charging and discharging were monitored to control charging and discharging.
- Electrolyte used was a propylene carbonate (PC) and Mechirue chill carbonate (MEC) is a volume ratio of 1: 2 lithium perchlorate in a mixed solvent that is mixed into L i C 10 4 2 and (mo 1ZL) It was dissolved so that After the assembly, the charge and discharge cycle was performed in a constant temperature room at 25 ° C in the atmosphere.
- PC propylene carbonate
- MEC Mechirue chill carbonate
- FIG. 8 shows a structure of a 18650-size nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery to which the present invention is applied.
- reference numeral 4 denotes a positive electrode.
- the / 0 aqueous solution was mixed at a weight ratio of 97: 1: 2, distilled water was added, and the mixture was kneaded into a paste to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the ratio of 30 J and CMC is the ratio of solid content.
- the slurry is applied to both sides of aluminum foil 50 with a thickness of 20 / m, dried, rolled, cut into a width of 56 (mm) and corrected.
- a pole sheet electrode was prepared.
- the graphite material is applied so that the weight of the graphite material per unit area is 7.5 mgZcm 2.
- the porosity of the sheet electrode (the positive electrode mixture) is adjusted by adjusting the interval between the rolling rolls. Porosity) was controlled. A part of this sheet electrode was stripped of the mixture perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sheet, and a positive electrode lead plate 51 made of aluminum was attached to the current collector (aluminum foil 50) by ultrasonic welding.
- Reference numeral 5 denotes a sheet electrode of the negative electrode, which is obtained by pulverizing pitch coaters (Nippon Steel Chemical LP C-A) and passing through a # 39 1 mesh (aperture 38 / im) sieve and CMC of the binder.
- CMC Carboxymethylcellulose, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., cellodan 4H
- the ratio of CMC is the ratio of solid content.
- the slurry was applied to both sides of a rolled copper foil 52 having a thickness of 14 ⁇ , dried, rolled, and cut to a width of 54 mm to produce a negative electrode sheet electrode. A part of this sheet electrode was stripped of the mixture perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sheet, and a nickel negative electrode lead plate 53 was attached to the current collector by resistance welding.
- the sheet electrodes of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are spirally wound through the polypropylene nonwoven fabric of the separator 6 and inserted into the negative electrode case 54 made of stainless steel.
- the negative electrode lead plate 53 was resistance-welded to the center of the circular bottom surface of the negative electrode case 54 also serving as the negative electrode terminal.
- 55 is an insulating bottom plate made of polypropylene, which has a hole so as to have the same area as the space created when winding.
- Electrolyte used was 1 ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylol Honoré ethyl carbonate (MEC) is a volume ratio: lithium perchlorate in a mixed solvent that is mixed into 4 L i C 10 4 is 2 (mo 1 / L ) Was used.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- MEC methylol Honoré ethyl carbonate
- the positive electrode lead plate 51 is laser-welded to the aluminum sealing plate 56.
- Reference numeral 57 denotes a nickel positive terminal, which is fitted together with the sealing plate 56 via the aluminum laminated foil 58,
- the battery lid element is composed of: Aluminum foil 5 8 is a safety valve attached so that the internal gas is released to the outside when the battery internal pressure rises due to an abnormality in the battery Finally, open the opening of the negative electrode case 54, The battery is sealed with the lid element via an insulating gasket 59 made of polypropylene.
- the size of the completed battery is 18650 type (18 ⁇ 65 mm).
- both the positive and negative electrodes are composed of polarizable electrodes in which charge does not move from the electrode to the electrolyte even when the potential is changed, so that the number of times of repeated charging and discharging is infinite.
- the manufactured electric double layer capacitor was manufactured, and a comparative test was performed.
- An electric double layer capacitor was also manufactured as an 18650 size cell in the same manner as in the above [Production of Battery]. Since the structure is similar to that of FIG. 6, the structure of the electric double layer capacitor will be described with reference to FIG. In FIG.
- reference numeral 4 denotes a positive electrode plate, and activated carbon YP-17 (manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd.), acetylene black HS-100 (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and PTFE (polytetrafur Aqueous disperse (polyethylene) and a 2% by weight aqueous solution of CMC (Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cellogen 4H) in a weight ratio of 88: 8: 2: 2. The mixture was mixed as described above, distilled water was added, and the mixture was kneaded into a paste to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- activated carbon YP-17 manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd.
- acetylene black HS-100 manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- PTFE polytetrafur Aqueous disperse (polyethylene) and a 2% by weight
- the ratio of 30J and CHC is the ratio of solid content.
- the slurry was applied to both surfaces of a 20 / m-thick annealed aluminum foil 50, dried, rolled, and cut to a width of 56 mm to produce a positive electrode sheet electrode.
- Reference numeral 5 denotes a sheet electrode of a negative electrode, and a slurry was prepared in exactly the same procedure as in the case of the positive electrode.
- the slurry was applied to both sides of a rolled copper foil 52 having a thickness of 14 m, dried, rolled, and cut into a width of 56 mm to produce a sheet electrode of a negative electrode. A part of this sheet was stripped of the mixture perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sheet, and a nickel negative electrode lead plate 53 was attached to the current collector by resistance welding.
- the widths of the positive and negative sheet electrodes are the same.
- the width of the negative electrode is shorter than that of the positive electrode, but this configuration is only for the battery.
- the obtained battery was placed in a constant temperature room at 25 ° C., and the following charge / discharge test was performed.
- a current value of 10 OmA / g was set based on the weight of the negative electrode, and the battery was charged at a constant current until the battery voltage reached 4.7 V. After a 1-minute pause, the battery was discharged at a constant current until the battery voltage reached 2.5 V at the same current.
- This charge / discharge cycle was repeated 10 times, but this charge / discharge cycle is an activation process and is not included in the number of charge / discharge cycles.
- the next charge / discharge cycle is defined as the first cycle (initial cycle), constant current Z with constant charge current of 1A, charge voltage of 4.6V, and charge time of 10 minutes.
- the charge / discharge cycle for constant current discharge with a current of 0.5 A and a discharge cutoff voltage of 2.5 V was repeated 1000 times.
- the obtained electric double layer capacitor was placed in a constant temperature room at 25 ° C, and the following charge / discharge test was performed.
- the charge and discharge cycle of discharging until the current reached 0 (V) was repeated 10 times.
- This charge / discharge is an activation process and is not included in the number of charge / discharge cycles.
- the next charge / discharge cycle is defined as the first cycle (initial cycle), constant current Z with constant charge current of 1A, charge voltage of 2.3V, and charge time of 10 minutes.
- the charge / discharge cycle of constant current discharge with a current of 0.5 A and a discharge cutoff pressure of 0.575 (V) was repeated 1000 times.
- Table 2 shows the discharge capacities obtained in the first and tenth cycles, and the discharge capacity retention rates up to the tenth cycle.
- the capacity retention ratio is a ratio (%) of the discharge capacity after 10 cycles to the initial discharge capacity.
- test cells (N 0, 1, 12-14, 18-22) using a graphite material that has been subjected to final heat treatment without adding boron can be used in any of the electrolyte solutions. Even with the use of, the discharge capacity was greatly deteriorated only by performing 1 ° cycle. The capacity retention rate at the 10th cycle was highest when test cell No. 19 used 2 ML i BF 4 ZPC as the electrolyte and SFG-6 as the graphite material, but at most 84%. It is about. Also, when the charging voltage was set to 4.8 V, the cell having the largest discharge capacity in the first cycle was also the cell having the same specifications as above. The force was about 23 mAhZg.
- test cell No.. 2 to 9 the charging voltage was 4. 9V, when using the 2 ML i C 10 4 / PC as the electrolyte, the graphite material containing boron in various proportions
- the cycle characteristics of the material were examined and compared with the case of a graphite material with the same carbon material before graphitization and containing no boron (test cell No. 1).
- the capacity retention ratio was extremely high as compared with test cell No.1.
- Test cell No. 2 which has a boron concentration of 0.02% by weight after graphitization, has an improved capacity retention ratio as compared to test cell No. 1, and the effect of boron addition is fully recognized.
- test cell No. 2 since the boron content was too low, the capacity retention ratio was lower than those of other test cells Nos. 3 to 9. As is clear from comparison of test cells Nos. 2 and 3, it is preferable to set the boron content after blackening to 0.05% by weight or more. Focusing on the relationship between the boron content after graphitization and the initial discharge capacity, the discharge capacity tends to increase as the boron concentration increases, but on the contrary, it begins to decrease at 4.74 wt%. Turned. If containing boron concentration is too high, as described above, the boron compound added before the graphitization may remain in boron carbide (B 4 C), because the proportion of graphite material boron in solid solution is reduced It is considered that For example the test cell No.
- d (002) becomes 3.365 (angstrom), and heat treatment is performed at 2,900 ° C.
- the crystallinity was higher than that of the boron-free graphite material (Sample No. 1). Further, in sample No. 11, no decrease in discharge capacity (deterioration in cycle characteristics) was observed even after a charge / discharge cycle.
- d (002) of sample No. 10 heat-treated at 1200 ° C it can be judged that the crystallinity is similarly high, as is clear as compared with the case of sample No. 1. However, the discharge capacity after 10 cycles was lower than the initial capacity, even though the boron content exceeded 0.05% by weight.
- the graphite material containing boron can obtain a larger discharge capacity than the graphite material containing no boron and is extremely excellent in cycle characteristics.
- the difference compared to ordinary graphite material is clearly shown in the R value calculated by measuring the Raman spectrum. Even for the same d (002), the R value of the Raman spectrum is higher for the graphite material containing boron, and such a value is less than the usual d (002) force of 3.365 (angstrom) or less. It was not found in graphite materials. If the R value is at least 0.35 as shown in Sample No. 2, the effect of the present invention can be sufficiently obtained.
- the 2M L i C 1_Rei 4 / PC as the electrolytic solution Keru you when the charging voltage and 4. 9V, a typical charge-discharge curve of a graphite material containing boron, sample No. 5 (Te Sutoseru No Fig. 17 shows the case of 5) as an example.
- the charge curve in the first cycle has the same form as that of the normal graphite material without boron (Figs. 9 to 16). Force The discharge curve obtained thereafter has no clear flat part, and the hysteresis is low. Appeared. No flat part was observed in the discharge curves obtained after the second cycle, and the potential monotonously decreased with the increase in capacity. Containing boron like this Since the charge and discharge curves of graphite materials are different from those of ordinary graphite materials that do not contain boron, the charge and discharge reaction mechanism may be different from that of conventional graphite materials.
- Test cells Nos. 16 and 17 examined the charge / discharge characteristics when the electrolyte of test cell No. 5 was 2M LiPF 6 / PC or 2M Li BF 4 / PC.
- Figures 18 and 19 show the charge and discharge curves, respectively. In both cases, the initial charge / discharge curves showed the above-mentioned hysteresis, and the subsequent discharge curves did not show any clear flat part.
- the charging voltage was set to 5.0 V or higher for test cells Nos. 16 and 17, but no intense deterioration in cycle characteristics was observed as was observed with ordinary graphite materials (test cells Nos. 20 and 2). .
- the discharge capacity is larger than that of a graphite material having the same d (002), and the decrease in discharge capacity is extremely small even after repeated charge / discharge cycles.
- the proportion of boron contained in the graphite is in the range of 0.05 to 11% by weight, a large discharge capacity is maintained after 10 cycles while a large discharge capacity is secured. The capacity retention rate exceeded 100%, and no deterioration of the discharge capacity with the progress of the cycle was observed within the range of the test.
- Table 3 shows the physical properties of the sharp materials obtained from the group C and the graphite materials D and E, the discharge capacity at the first cycle and the 500th cycle obtained by the test cell test, and the capacity.
- Retention rate discharge of 500th cycle against discharge capacity of 1st cycle Percentage of capacity.
- sample No. 31 has a better discharge capacity and capacity retention ratio than the sample containing both silicon and boron (eg, sample No. 24). It can be seen that, in some cases, the content of boron must be considered in order to obtain the effect of containing silicon.
- Table 4 shows the particle size distribution and load characteristics of graphite material group F (samples F-1 to 12).
- the volume obtained at 1 mAZ cm 2 is almost the same.
- the capacity retention rate at 10 OmAZcni 2 (the ratio of the discharge capacity obtained at 10 OmAZcm 2 to the discharge capacity obtained at a current density of 1 mA / cm 2 ) is 40% That was all.
- Table 5 shows the charge / discharge capacity, charge / discharge efficiency, and discharge capacity retention obtained in each cycle.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the first cycle is calculated as follows: the peripheral portion of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion is defined as the inner peripheral portion of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion. In the case where they were arranged so that they were surrounded by the sides (positive electrode 15 ⁇ mm—negative electrode 13 ⁇ mm), the highest among the three cells. No remarkable cycle deterioration was observed in the cell.
- the positive electrode was placed so that the peripheral edge of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion coincided with the peripheral edge of the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion (positive electrode 13 In the case of ⁇ ⁇ -negative electrode 13 ⁇ ), the charge and discharge efficiency in the first cycle was lower than that in the case of (positive electrode 15 ⁇ -negative electrode 13 ⁇ ), and large cycle deterioration was observed.
- the negative electrode portion was arranged so that the peripheral portion of the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion projected on the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion was surrounded by the inside of the peripheral portion of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion (positive portion).
- the irreversible capacity in the first cycle was the largest among the three cells, and the charge / discharge efficiency in each cycle was the lowest. No capacity deterioration due to the progress of the charge / discharge cycle was observed, but the load generated in the first cycle Since the reverse capacity is too large, many of the solutes dissolved in the electrolytic solution are irreversibly consumed, which is not preferable.
- the method of arranging the positive and negative electrodes is such that the peripheral portion of the surface of the negative electrode portion facing the positive electrode portion projected on the surface of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion has the peripheral portion of the positive electrode portion facing the negative electrode portion. It was found that good battery characteristics could not be obtained unless they were placed so as to be surrounded (covered) inside the part.
- the above-mentioned black bell material D was used as a positive electrode material, positive electrode sheet electrodes were produced in which the porosity of the positive electrode mixture was variously changed, and a battery was produced according to the above-described procedure [production of battery].
- the porosity and the initial discharge capacity of the positive electrode mixture, the discharge capacity after 100 cycles, and the capacity retention after 100 cycles are shown in Table 6 below.
- FIG. 33 shows the relationship between the porosity, the initial discharge capacity, and the capacity retention after 100 cycles.
- the capacity retention ratio is the ratio (%) of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles to the discharge capacity in the first cycle.
- FIG. 34 shows the initial discharge curve of a battery in which the porosity of the positive electrode mixture was set to 0.57. Note that this specification The pond had a capacity retention rate of about 100% up to 1000 cycles, and it was confirmed that the discharge carp up to 1000 cycles almost overlapped the initial discharge curve. The batteries having other specifications of the porosity of the positive electrode mixture had almost the same discharge curve morphology. In order to simultaneously satisfy the characteristics of a discharge capacity retention rate of 70% or more after 1,000 cycles and a discharge capacity of 70 (mAh) or more, the porosity must be set to 0.2 to 0.6. I understood.
- the initial discharge capacity of the electric double layer capacitor of the comparison is 26. 8 (mAh), the discharge capacity after 10 00 cycles the capacity retention after 26. 8 (mAh) s 1000 cycles was 99.9% .
- Fig. 34 shows the initial discharge curve.
- the electric double layer capacitor has a capacity retention rate of about 100 ° / 1000 cycles. It was confirmed that the discharge carp up to 1000 cycles almost overlapped the initial discharge carp. Although the capacity retention rate of the electric double layer capacitor up to 1000 cycles was extremely high, the obtained discharge capacity was smaller than that of the battery of the example.
- the electric energy calculated from the discharge curve in Fig. 34 is 0.263 (Wh) in the case of the battery of the embodiment and 0.027 (Wh) in the case of the electric double layer capacitor.
- the example battery was about 10 times as large as the electric double layer capacitor.
- the present invention for example, it is possible to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a large capacity and extremely excellent cycle characteristics, and a method for producing a positive electrode thereof.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2002590434A JP4392169B2 (ja) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | 非水電解質二次電池及びその正極材料の製造方法 |
| EP02726422A EP1403944A4 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | WATER-FREE ELECTROLYTIC SECONDARY BATTERY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN ANODE MATERIAL THEREFOR |
| US10/713,554 US7238449B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2003-11-14 | Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof |
| US11/516,228 US7608366B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2006-09-06 | Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof |
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| JP2001-145587 | 2001-05-15 | ||
| JP2001145587 | 2001-05-15 |
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| US10/713,554 Continuation US7238449B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2003-11-14 | Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof |
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| WO2002093666A1 true WO2002093666A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
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| PCT/JP2002/004705 Ceased WO2002093666A1 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | Nonaqueous electrolytic secondary battery and method of producing anode material thereof |
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| US (2) | US7238449B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1403944A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4392169B2 (ja) |
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| WO (1) | WO2002093666A1 (ja) |
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| JP2007305522A (ja) * | 2006-05-15 | 2007-11-22 | Fdk Corp | 蓄電素子 |
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| US9831521B2 (en) | 2012-12-28 | 2017-11-28 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolytic storage element |
| WO2016143294A1 (ja) * | 2015-03-10 | 2016-09-15 | 国立大学法人東京大学 | 電解液 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1526178A (zh) | 2004-09-01 |
| EP1403944A4 (en) | 2008-08-13 |
| JPWO2002093666A1 (ja) | 2004-10-07 |
| US20070015057A1 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
| US7238449B2 (en) | 2007-07-03 |
| US7608366B2 (en) | 2009-10-27 |
| JP4392169B2 (ja) | 2009-12-24 |
| US20040131940A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
| EP1403944A1 (en) | 2004-03-31 |
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